This document discusses the use of various waste materials in road construction as a way to reduce waste and costs. It outlines how materials like paving waste, industrial ash, and plastics can replace natural aggregates in asphalt, concrete, and other road building materials. Using waste provides environmental and economic benefits. Case studies show roads successfully constructed with materials like crushed concrete, fly ash, and shredded plastics blended into asphalt. Waste-based roads are often more durable and less permeable than conventional roads.

1. GOOD MORNING SIR
Waste material used as
construction material

2. CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. ROAD CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL & PAVEMENT DESIGN
III. ADVANTAGES
IV. TYPES OF WASTE MATERIAL
V. CASE STUDEY
VI. REFERENCES

3.  Introduction. . .
 As the world population grows, so do the amount and type of waste being generated.
 Many of the waste produced today will remain in environment.
 The creation of non decaying waste material, combined with a growing consumer
population, has resulted in a waste disposal crisis.
 One solution to this crisis lies in recycling waste into useful products.
 It is try to match society need for safe and economic disposal of waste material with
highway industry need for better and more cost effective construction material.

4.  Road Construction Material. . .
 Highway construction projects utilize these natural rock material: aggregate, crushed rock,
broken stone, sand and gravel.
 All of this material can be fully or partially replaced with recycled materials.

5.  Surface :-
 Asphalt is a residue produced when crude oil is refined for gasoline. It is combined with aggregate
materials, including sand and gravel, in an asphalt mix, which is used for flexible pavement on road.
 A rigid pavement typically used for bridges and overpasses, consists of a concrete mix made of
cement and aggregates.
 Base :-
 Base course unbound or bound materials.
 Subbase :-
 Sabbase aggregate, unbound material.
 Subgrade :-
 Subgrade are commonly compacted before the construction of a road and sometime stabilized by the
addition of asphalt, lime, portland cement or other modifier.

6.  Advantages :-
 Domestic and industrial waste products provide a prospective source of alternative
material.
 These material are cheaply available.
 Also, their use in road construction provide an effective solution to the associated problem
of pollution and disposal of these waste.

7.  Following types of waste material used in road construction:-
 Pawing Waste Materials. . .
 Industrial Ash Material. . .
 Plastic Waste Material. . .

8.  Pawing Waste Materials. . .
 Most of the paving wastes discussed in this section are crushed concrete or pulverized
bituminous.
 Material Properties. . .
 Generally, concrete rubble consists of a mixture of stone, dirt, wood, brick, organic
material, and broken concrete with and without some reinforcing steel.
 Impurities such as reinforcing bars, wood, and inorganic material are removed from the
crushed concrete.
 Having been crushed, the reclaimed material may be blended with aggregate for reuse.

9.  CONTI. . .
 Pulverized bituminous materials have been used in cold place recycling, both as pavement
and shoulder material.
 The material is also used as an aggregate surfacing in areas where washout is a problem.

10.  Construction. . .
 Coarse and fine aggregates for concrete mixture can be produced by crushing old concrete.
 Portable processing equipment has been used most successfully concrete mix with crushed
concrete aggregates.
 Reclaimed portland cement concrete (PCC) and asphaltic concrete can be used as
aggregates with added sand to make new portland cement concrete.
 The old slabs should be broken with a pneumatic hammer to minimize subgrade soil
adhesion.

11.  CONTI . . .
 Most steel can be removed during crushing.
 The asphaltic concrete should be removed with an excavator and stockpiled separately.
 The sand is added to modify grading for mix aggregate requirements.
 The mix design is not particularly different from mixes using aggregates.

13.  Industrial Ash Material. . .
 Industrial ash is divided into two categories: flyash and bottom ash.
 Flyash is produced in thermal power station.
 Bottom ash is coarser than flyash and has a different material characteristics.
 Material Properties. . .
 Properties of industrial ash strongly depend upon the process and equipment used to
generate the waste ash.
 However, wastes with the same: general material characteristics are discussed together to
avoid a detailed subgrouping.

14.  CONTI. . .
 Fly ash is a product of burning finely ground coal in a boiler to produce electricity.
 It is removed from the plant by exhaust gas .
 Fly ash is a pozzolan, a siliceous material which in the presence of water will react with
calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to produce cementitious compound.
 It is useful in cement and concrete application.
 Flyash is generally final than portland cement (1 to 50 microns in diameter) and consists
mostly of small spheres of glass of complex composition involving 40 to 50 percent silica
oxide, 5 to 40 percent ferric oxide and 5 to 35 percent alumina oxide.
 Its composition varies with the source of coal.

15.  CONTI. . .
 The properties of flyash depend on the type of coal burning boiler. . .
1. Stoker Fired Furnace: usually not good for highway construction.
2. Cyclone Furnaces: generally not good for use in PCC and not widely available.
3. Pulverized Coal Furnaces: usually the best in quality and in large quantities.
 Bottom ash waste is the heavier, finely divided residue that falls down out of the coal fired
burners used to generate electrical power.
 Two major types of bottom ash exist according to two basic types of boilers used.

16.  CONTI. . .
 Dry bottom ash - produced by the dry bottom boiler which has an ash hopper below an open
gate at its base.
 The heavy ash collected by the ash hopper contains molten slag.
 Dry bottom ash is composed of fine angular particles which are gray to black in color and
resemble fine sand.
 Some of the smaller particles have a glassy appearance and the surface of the particles is very
porous.
 Its chemical composition includes 20 to 60 percent silica oxide, 5 to 35 percent ferric oxide, 10
to 35 percent alumina oxide, 1 to 20 percent Calcium oxide.

17.  CONTI. . .
 Wet bottom ash/boiler slag - produced by the wet bottom or slag tap boiler which has a
water-filled ash hopper at its base orifice.
 The rnolten ash collected by the water hopper quenches in the water, crystallizes, solidifies,
and forms angular, black, glassy particles ranging from 0.25 to 0.5 inch in size.
 A typical chemical composition of wet bottom ash includes 42.7 percent silica oxide, 27.5
percent ferric oxide, 21 percent alumina oxide, 6.4 percent calcium oxide, and 2.2 percent
other.

18.  Construction. . .
 Flyash can be added to portland cement for the treatment of base materials.
 Four basic steps are needed including; spreading flyash and cement over the pulverized
mix, blending the materials together, wetting the mix, and compacting the mix with a
vibratory roller. A typical mix contains, 80 percent ground materials, 16 percent flyash and
4 percent cement.
 In another base stabilization method, a pozzolan aggregate mixture (PAM) is used for base
construction.
 PAM contains approximately 85 percent aggregate, 3 to 4 percent lime, and 12 percent
flyash.
 Aggregatc used in PAM should be well graded stone, sand, gravel, or slag with a maximum
size of 1 inch.

19.  CONTI. . .
 Flyash can be used as a fill material for roadway embankments.
 It is light weight so used as binder in stabilized base or subbase due to pozzolanic
properties.

20. Plastic Waste. . .
 Disposal of waste plastic is major problem because it’s non-biodegradable.
 The roads constructed using waste plastic, popularly known as plastic roads.
 The ICPE has been promoting the use of plastic waste to construct asphalt roads.

21.  Construction. . .
 STEP – 1 :-
 Plastics waste (bags, cups, bottles etc.) cut into a size between 2.36 mm and 4.75 mm
using shredding machine.

22.  STEP – 2 :-
 The aggregate mix is heated to 165 C and transferred to mixing chamber. Amount of plastic
to be added is 8% of bitumen.

23.  STEP – 3 :-
 Similarly the bitumen is to be heated upto a maximum of 160 C to have good binding and to
prevent weak bonding.

24.  STEP – 4 :-
 At the mixing chamber, the shredded plastic waste is to be added. It get coated uniformly
over the aggregate within 30 to 60 second.

25.  STEP – 5 :-
 The plastic waste coated aggregate is mixed with got bitumen and the resulted mix is used
for road construction. The roller used is 8-ton capacity.

26.  PLASTIC WASTE ROAD. . .
 In a first in the state Madhya Pradesh Rural Road Development Authority (MPRRDA) has put to
constructive use plastic waste to lay 22 roads.
 MPRRDA has so far utilized at least 17 tonnes of plastic waste for construction of these roads
which cumulatively will measure 35 km in length, going by the fact that it takes 0.5 tonne of such
waste to make each km of road.
 As a pilot project first started laying roads in three districts of Bhopal, Indore, and Jabalpur.

27.  PLASTIC WASTE MATERIAL USED IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION IN GUJARAT..
 In Ahmedabad, every year AMC spends millions of rupees for constructing new roads and for
resurfacing old roads.
 However, due to low quality during the monsoon a huge number of roads in the city are washed
away and it severely impacts the AMC coffer.
 The municipal corporation foresees array of benefits of using plastics waste in road construction
such as reduction in discarded plastics bags in the city, protecting the roads washing out in
monsoon, reduction in cracks in roads due to melting bitumen in summer, cost effectiveness and
significant increase in the income of rag pickers.

29. SR. NO. PROPERTIES PLASTIC ROAD ORDINARY ROAD
1 STABILITY VALUSE MORE LESS
2 BINDING PROPERTY BETTER GOOD
3 SOFTENING POINT LESS MORE
4 PENETRATION VALUE MORE LESS
5 TENSILE STRENGTH HIGH LESS
6 SEEPAGE OF WATER NO YES
7 DURABILITY OF ROAD BETTER GOOD
8 COST OF PAVEMENT LESS NORMAL
9 MAINTENANCE COST ALMOST NIL MORE
10 ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY YES NO
 COMPARISON BETWEEN ORDINARY ROADS AND WASTE PLASTIC ROADS. ..

30.  References. . .
 Waste Products in Highway Constuctioin - Chunhua IHan, Ph.D.
 Butte, W.A., E.M. Kohn and E.G. Scheibel, Highway Binder Materials from Cellulosic and Related Wastes.
FHWAReport No. FHWA/RD-130, December 1980.
 Terrel, R.L. et al., Evaluation of Wood Lignin as a Substitute or Extender of Asphalt. FHWAReport No.
FHWA/RD-80/125, October 1980.
 Brock, J. D., and Shaw, D., From Roofing Shingles to Roads. Technical Paper T- 120, Astec Industries,
Chattanooga, TN, 1989.
 Paulsen, G., Stroup-Gardiner, M., and Epps, J., Roofing Waste in Asphalt Paving Mixtures. ” Center for
Construction Materials Research, University of Nevada, Reno, 1988.