This is a self made presentation which acclaimed laurels from the audience as well as the guides . Hope it helps!!

1. RECYCLING AGRO-WASTES IN BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY : A GREENER ALTERNATIVE
DEEPAK KUMAR ROUT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY

2. OUTLINES
 INTRODUCTION.
 Application of agro-waste for sustainable
construction material design.
 Potential uses of agricultural solid wastes in the
construction industry.
 Physico-mechanical properties of sustainable
construction materials.
 Methods of production and environmental impact
of several materials.
 Conclusion.

3. Why use agro-wastes as building materials ?
 Large demand placed on building material industry :
Causing chronic shortage of building materials .
 Production of conventional building materials
consume lot of thermal and electrical energy : causes
heavy pollution .
 Disposal of solid wastes generated from agricultural
production activities is a major serious problem in
developing countries.
 Viable solution to the problem of land filling.

4. The INDIAN scenario….
Status of solid waste generation in India ( million tonnes /
year )

5. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY : An
idea for life !!!
 Sustainable infrastructure and GBRS ( Green
Building rating systems )
 Environmental conscious designs : Leading to a
pollution free environment and hence promoting the
standard of life.
 Recognization by sustainability rating systems (
USGBC , LEED etc. )
 Optimized Energy Performance credits.

6. PARTICLE BOARDS
 Patent number : 01:
Investigator : Xiao-Yang Zhou & Hua-Guan Li .
Materials used : Cotton stalk with zero addition on chemicals.
Results : 1) Strong Correlation of thermal conductivity with board
density.
2) Internal bond strength was good at relatively low density .
Suitability : Ceiling and wall application to save energy.
 Patent number : 02 :
Investigator : German Quintana.
Materials used : Pre-treated banana bunch using non-synthetic binders.

7. PARTICLE BOARDS ( continued…. )
 Patent number : 03 :
Investigator :Pranee Lurtsutthiwong & Krisna Mukul.
Materials used : Corn peel.
 Patent number : 04 :
Investigator : Joseph Khedari.
Materials used : Durian peel and Coconut coir mixture.
 Patent Number : 05 :
Investigator : A Sampathrajan , KR Swaminathan
Materials used : Maize Husk , Paddy straw , Maize Cob ,
Coconut coir and Groundnut shell.

8. PARTICLE BOARDS (continued … )
 Several researchers had developed various
agro-waste based particle boards and the
following properties were investigated.

9. PARTICLE BOARDS (continued … )

10. PARTICLE BOARDS (continued … )
- Particle board made of
coconut coir
-Particle board made of maize
husk and corn cob.

11. MASONRY COMPOSITES / BRICKS
 Patent Number : 01 :
Investigator : D Rajput , SP Raut.
Materials used -cotton waste from 1% to 5 % by weight
-recycle paper mill waste from 89% to 85% by weight
-fixed content of Portland cement ( 10% by weight ).
 Results indicated that the bricks are thermally stable and meet
the standards ( 1S 3495 (Part 1-3) : 1992 )

12. MASONRY COMPOSITES / BRICKS
 Patent Number : 02 :
Investigator : Abdul Hai Alami
Materials used : Unburnt olive husks added to clay bricks.
 Results : Specimen scored lower thermal conductivity than
conventional clay bricks.
 Patent Number : 03 :
Investigator : Kung-Yuh Chiang.
Materials used : Rice husks and Water treatment sludge.
 Results : Low Density and Higher strength bricks.

13. MASONRY COMPOSITES / BRICKS
 Patent number : 04 :
Investigator : C Lertsatitthanakorn
Materials used : Rice husk ash based sand-cement blocks.
 Results : Reduces Solar heat transfer by 46 Watts.
 Patent number : 05 :
Investigator : Ismail Demir.
Materials used : Tobacco residues and sawdust.
 Results : Insulation capacity of bricks increases with increase in
porosity . Hence Tobacco , Sawdust residue and grass can be used in an
environmental friendly way as organic pore forming agents in clay
bricks.

14. MASONRY COMPOSITES / BRICKS
 Patent number : 06 : ( Low Cost & Light Weight
Building Composites )
Investigator : Halil Murat Algin , Paki Turgut.
Materials used : Cotton wastes , Lime stone powder
wastes , Sawdust.
 Results : The obtained compressive strength ,
flexural strength , ultrasonic pulse velocity , unit
weight and water absorption values satisfy the
international standards.

15. MASONRY COMPOSITES / BRICKS
- Bricks made of Rice-Husk
ash and Cotton wastes
- Straw building blocks

16. CEMENTITIOUS / POZZOLANA / BINDER
MATERIAL
 Patent Number : 01 :
Investigator : Noor-ul Amin.
Materials Used : Bagasse ash as cement replacement in concrete.
 Results : They clearly invoke bagasse ash as an effective mineral
admixture and with original ratio of 20% cement , they reduce the
chloride diffusion by more than 50%.
 Patent Number : 02 :
Investigator : Chai Jaturapitakkul.
Materials used : Palm oil fuel ash.
 Results: Compressive strength was increased alongwith the Sulphate
resistance of concrete.

17. CEMENTITIOUS / POZZOLANA / BINDER
MATERIAL
 Patent Number : 03 :
Investigators : V Ramasamy , S Biswas , W Xu , SA Menon.
Materials used : Rice Husk Ash ( RHA )
 Results : After burning at optimum combustion temperature (600˚C) , it can
partially replace cement as mineral admixture for construction purpose. RHA
enhances the strength and reduces the water absorption of concrete.
 Patent Number : 04 :
Investigators : DAAdesanya , AA Raheem
Materials used : Corn Cob Ash ( CCA )
 Results : CCA Blended cement was prepared by replacing ordinary portland
cement clinker with CCA. The developed cement satisfies both the NIS 439 : 2000
and ASTM C 150 requirements.

18. CEMENTITIOUS / POZZOLANA / BINDER
MATERIAL
 The various physio-mechanical properties are
tabulated as follows :
 Cement replacement , water to binder ratio ( w/b ) and
compressive strength of various agro-wastes for ordinary
concrete :
Agro-Waste Cement
Replacemen
t ( % )
W/B Ratio
( % )
Compressiv
e strength ,
28 days (
MPa )
Bagasse Ash 30 0.53 32.00
Palm Oil
Fuel Ash
30 0.71 30.10
Rice Husk
Ash
30 0.504 49.74

19. CEMENTITIOUS / POZZOLANA / BINDER
MATERIAL
 All-round advantages :
Agro-waste blended cement concrete in comparison
to ordinary cement concrete:
o Greater compressive strengths.
o Reduction in maximum temperature rise of
concrete.
o Increased resistance to chloride penetration.
o Reduction in cost considerations.
o Added advantage of earning CER (Certified
Emission Reduction) credits.

20. CEMENTITIOUS / POZZOLANA / BINDER
MATERIAL
- Experimental structure
constructed with Baggase
ash pozzolana in
Tiruchirapalli , Tamil Nadu

21. REINFORCEMENT
 Research Topic number : 01 :
By : K Ghavami.
Broad area : Load behaviour of Bamboo reinforced
lightweight concrete beams.
 Results : Tensile strength of bamboo is relatively
high and is an attractive alternative to steel in
tensile loading applications . It is due to the fact
that the ratio of specific weight to the tensile
strength of bamboo is six times that of steel.

22. REINFORCEMENT
 Research Topic number : 02 :
By : MM Rahman , MN Rashid
Broad area : Performance evaluation of Bamboo reinforced concrete
beam.
 Results : Using bamboo as reinforcement in concrete can increase
the load carrying capacity of beams having the same dimensions.
- For Singly Bamboo Reinforced concrete beam , the load carrying
capacity is increased by 2 times as compared to steel reinforced
ones.
- For Doubly Bamboo Reinforced concrete beam , the load carrying
capacity is increased by 2.5 times as compared to steel reinforced
ones

23. REINFORCEMENT
 Research Topic number : 03 :
By : HMA Mahzuz , Mushtaq Ahmed.
Broad area : Strength properties of composite members made of Bamboo.
 Results :Samples constructed as aid of Bamboo can offer respectable
amount of strength that can be used for low-cost housing.
 Research Topic number : 04 :
By : Mark Adom , Russel Afrifa.
Broad area : Comparative study of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete beams with
Shear Links made of different materials.
 Results : Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Beams were to be reinforced
with steel stirrups to improve its load carrying behaviour.

24. REINFORCEMENT
Experimental use of Bamboo as
reinforcement in FUTURE CITIES
LABORATORY , Zurich.

25. AGGREGATES
 OIL PALM SHELL :
- Oil palm industry is one of the most important
agro-industries in countries like Malaysia ,
Indonesia , Thailand and Nigeria.
World Palm Oil Production( 1996 – 2000 )

26. AGGREGATES
 Problems involved in Palm Fruit Processing Industry :
- Produces large amount of solid waste in range of million tons.
- Solid wastes include oil palm bunches, palm fibre and fruit shells.
 Properties Of Oil Palm Shell ( OPS ) :
COLOUR : Dark Grey to Black.
SHAPE : Angular to Polygonal.
WEIGHT : 60% Lighter than conventional coarse aggregates.
LOS ANGELES ABRASION VALUE :80 % Lower than conventional coarse
aggregates: Has good resistance to wear.
IMPACT AND CRUSHING VALUES : Much Lower than conventional
aggregates : Has good absorbance to shock.

27. AGGREGATES
a) Old shells
b) Fresh shells
c) Crushed and ready-to-use
shells.

28. AGGREGATES
 COCONUT SHELL :
- Cultivation predominant in tropical regimes of Asia
and East Africa.

29. AGGREGATES

30. AGGREGATES
 Problems involved in Coconut Processing Industry :
- Annually 15-20 million tonnes of husks are produced , which
consists of 30% husk and 70% pith.
- Coconut shells are available in large quantities in tropical
regions of the world.
 Properties Of Coconut Shell :
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH : Higher than OPS concrete.
-REST ALL PROPERTIES ARE ALMOST COMPARABLE TO THAT OF OIL
PALM SHELL CONCRETE.
ADDED ADVANTAGES:
-Higher Compressive strength is retained even at later ages ( 365
days ) .
-Ultimate Bond Strength of this concrete is much higher compared
to the conventional aggregated concrete.

31. AGGREGATES
- Cross section of a concrete
made of coconut shells as
coarse aggregate

32. CLOSING REMARKS
 Accumulation of unmanaged Agro-wastes adds up to the
increased environmental concern.
 Agro wastes have shown the potential to develop energy
efficient and cost effective , sustainable building
materials with enhanced Thermo-mechanical behavior.
 The application of agro-wastes and its by-product as a
raw material is of practical significance for developing
material components as substitutes for traditional
construction materials and are environmental friendly.

33. REFERENCES
 S. P. Raut , R V Ralegaonkar , Development of sustainable
construction material using industrial and agricultural solid waste:
a review
of waste-create bricks. Constr Build Mater 2011;25:4037–42.
 S Yoshizawa , M Tanaka , TMS Minerals, Metals and Materials
Publishers; 2004. p. 1541–52 (II).
 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Report on management of
municipal solid wastes. Delhi (India): 2000.
 Suresh Chandra Pattanaik. A study of present status of waste
materials in the state of Orissa for utilization in making a green
building. All India Seminar on Eco Friendly Materials and Techniques
for Green Building Technology, Institution of Engineers (India),
Berhampur Local Centre, Orissa, 13–15 , September 2010.
 Indian Standard: IS 456:2000. Plain and reinforced concrete – code
of practice. New Delhi: BIS; 2000 [fourth revision].
 Indian Standard: IS 1077:1992. Common burnt clay building bricks