Steps which one has to follow in the process of research in a systematic way.

1. Steps of research
By Waheeda Bushra

2. RESEARCH
It is a process of multiple scientific steps in
conducting the research work.
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3. “
Reseach is a process of steps
used to collect and analyze
information to increase our
understanding of a topic or issue.
~ CRESSWELL
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4. Research is a Process
1.
It is conducted within a
framework of a set of
approaches. It may be
qualitative or quantitative and
depends upon academic
discipline.
2.
The logical sequencing of steps
undertaken in order to find the
answers to the research
questions are termed as
research methodology. It
adopts procedures, methods
and techniques that are tested
for their validity and reliability.
3.
It is unbiased and objective.
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5. Steps
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2 4 6
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3
1
Preparing Research
Design Selecting Samples Collecting Data
Developing Data
Collection
Instruments
(Research Tools)
Writing a Research
Proposal.
Processing &
Analyzing Data
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Formulation of
Research Problem
Writing a Research
Report.

6. 1.
Formulation of Research
Problem
• Literature review
• Formulation of objectives
• Identifying research variables and measurinbg scales
• Formulating hypothesis
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7. 2.
Preparing Research Design
• Problem structure
• Study design
• Experimental study
• Non-experimental study
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8. 3.
Developing Data Collection
Instrument (Research Instrument)
• Types of data
• Methods of data collection
• Designing research tool
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9. 4.
Selecting Samples Types of
samples
• Probability
• Non-probability
• Determining sample design
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10. 5.
Writing a Research Proposal
(Main elements)
• Need
• Benefits
• Types of data
• Justification for funds and other resources
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11. 6.
Collecting Data
• Observations
• Interviews
• Questionnaire
• Schedules
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12. 7.
Processing and Analyzing Data
• Editing and Coding
• Classification of data
• Tabulation
• Analysis
• Hypothesis testing
• Generalizations
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13. 8.
Writing a Research Report
• Title page
• Table of contents
• Chapters
• Bibliography
• Appendices
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14. thanks!
Any questions?
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