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EX.NO:09 HYDROPHYTES 44
00-00-00
FREE FLOATING HYDROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Eichhornia
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is Free Floating Hydrophytes.
• It contacts Water and Atmosphere.
• Presence of Well Developed Adventitious Roots for
Balancing the Plants in Water.
• Presence of Swollen Petioles For Floating the Plants in
Water.
• Presence of Root Pockets For Balancing the Plants in
Water.
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46
SUBMERGED FREE FLOATING HYDROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Ceratophyllum.
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is Submerged Floating Hydrophytes.
• It contacts only water.
• Presence of Dissected Leaves that used to Avoid Damages
from Water Current.
• Absence of Roots due to the entire body contact only with
water and involved in Absorption.
• Presence of Slender Stem that used to Avoid Damages from
Water Current by easily bending.
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48
ROOTED FLOATING HYDROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Lotus
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is Rooted Floating Hydrophytes.
• It contacts with soil, water and air.
• Presence of Underground Stem.
• Presence of Long Petiole that used to bring out the Leaves
on the surface of Water.
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50
ROOTED SUBMERGED HYDROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Vallisneria.
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is Rooted Submerged Hydrophytes.
• It contacts soil and water.
• Presence of Ribbon Shaped Leaves that used to Avoid
Damages from Water Current.
• Presence of Poorly Developed Roots for Fixation.
• Presence of Slender Stolen Stem that used to Avoid
Damages from Water Current.
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52
ROOTED EMERGENT HYDROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Sagittaria.
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is Rooted Emergent Hydrophytes.
• It contacts soil, water and air.
• Presence of Heterophyllous Leaves.
• Presence of Arrow Shaped normal Leaves above the Water
Level.
• Presence of Strap Shaped Modified Leaves below the
Water Level that used to Avoid Damages from Water
Current.
• Presence of Well Developed Roots for Fixation and
Absorption.
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54
EICHHORNIA PETIOLE (T.S)
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen for Section is Eichhornia Petiole.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Presence of Well Developed Epidermis made of Thin Walled
Cells
• Presence of Thin Cuticle.
• Presence of Well Developed Multilayered Hypodermis made
of Parenchyma Cells
• Presence of Loosely Packed Parenchyma Cells in Cortex
with Many Air Chambers.
• Presence of Poorly Developed Vascular Bundles Scattered
in Cortex.
• Presence of Not Well Differentiated Xylem and Phloem in
each Vascular Bundle.
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56
HYDRILLA STEM (T.S)
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen for Section is Hydrilla Stem.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Presence of Loosely Packed Epidermis made of Thin Walled
Cells
• Absence of Cuticle.
• Absence of Stomata.
• Presence of Few layered Hypodermis made of Parenchyma
Cells
• Presence of Loosely Packed Parenchyma Cells in Cortex
with Many Air Chambers.
• Presence of Poorly Developed Vascular Tissue.
• Presence of Not Well Differentiated Xylem and Phloem in
Vascular Tissue.
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EX. NO:10 XEROPHYTES 58
29-01-21
DROUGHT ESCAPING XEROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Solanum xanthocarpum
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is a Drought Escaping Xerophytes
• It is an Annual Plant, Complete their Life Cycle in Favorable
Season.
• During Rainy Season, it germinate from Seeds, Grow,
Reproduce and Die
• It Escapes from Dry season in the form of Seed with thick
Seed Coat.
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60
DROUGHT ENDURING XEROPHYTES
STEM SUCCULENT
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Opuntia
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is a Stem Succulent Drought Enduring Xerophytes.
• It is a Perennial Plant.
• It Undergo the Dry Seasons by Storage of water during
rainy season.
• It has Water Storing Parenchymatous Tissue in Stem.
• The Stem is Succulent due to the storage of water in the
Stem.
• The leaves are modified into Spines for reduce transpiration
• The Succulent Stem becomes Flat, Green and Carry the
Function of leaves called Phylloclade.
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62
DROUGHT ENDURING XEROPHYTES
LEAF SUCCULENT
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Aloe
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is a Leaf Succulent Drought Enduring Xerophytes.
• It is a Perennial Plant.
• It Undergo the Dry Seasons by Storage of water during
rainy season.
• It has Water Storing Parenchymatous Tissue in Leaves.
• The Leaves are Succulent due to the storage of water.
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64
DROUGHT ENDURING XEROPHYTES
ROOT SUCCULENT
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Asparagus
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is a Root Succulent Drought Enduring Xerophytes.
• It is a Perennial Plant.
• It Undergo the Dry Season by Storage of water during rainy
season.
• It has Water Storing Parenchymatous Tissue in Roots.
• The Roots are Succulent due to the storage of water.
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66
DROUGHT RESISTANT XEROPHYTES
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Casuarina
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• It is a Drought Resistant Xerophytes or True Xerophytes
• It is a Perennial Plant.
• It Resist Extreme Drought, by Developing Special
adaptation in their Morphology, Anatomy and Physiology.
• Leaves are modified in to Scales to Reduce Transpiration.
• The main stem is Woody.
• The Branches are Green and involved in Photosynthesis.
• Stomata are Sunken in Branches.
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68
T.S OF NERIUM LEAF
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen for Section is Nerium Leaf.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Presence of Multilayered Epidermis made of Thick Walled
Cells
• Presence thick Cuticle.
• Presence of Sunken Stomata in Lower Epidermis
• Presence of Trichomes in Stomata.
• Presence of Well Developed Mesophyll and Differentiated in
to Upper Palisade Parenchyma and Lower Spongy
Parenchyma.
• Presence of Well Developed Vascular Tissue and
Differentiated in to Xylem and Phloem
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70
T.S OF CASURAINA STEM
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen for Section is Casuarina Stem.
REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION:
• Presence of Well Developed Epidermis made of Thick
Walled Cells
• Presence thick Cuticle.
• Presence of Sunken Stomata.
• Presence of Epidermal Hairs in Stomata.
• Presence of Multilayered Hypodermis made of
Sclerenchyma Cells
• Presence of Closely Packed Parenchyma Cells in Cortex.
• Presence of Many Well Developed Vascular Bundles
arranged in Regular Rings.
• Presence of Well Differentiated Xylem, Cambium and
Phloem in each Vascular Bundle.
• Presence of Pith.
32. BOTRVMSBKCAPK
EX.NO:00
05-02-21 HALOPHYTES 72
PNEUMATOPHORE
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Pneumatophore of
Rhizophora
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• Pneumatophore is an additional Aerial Root for Respiration.
• The Pneumatophores are Aerial Negatively Geotropic roots
that develops from the horizontal lateral roots and Comes
out of the surface of water or mud
• Presence of Lenticels or Pneumatothodes in
Pneumatophore for Gas exchange during Respiration
• Presence of Aerenchyma tissue in Pneumatophores for
Storage and diffusion of Air to the Lower part of root.
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74
VIVIPAROUS GERMINATION
IDENTIFICATION:
The Given Specimen is Identified as Viviparous
Germination in Avicennia
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION:
• The seeds starts to germinate when they attached to the
Plant is called Viviparous germination
• In Mangrove halophytes, the Saline Water is Unsuitable for
seed germination and early growth of seedlings.
• The Embryo of the seed grows and develops in to seedlings
with in the Fruit when the fruit is attached to the plant.
• The seedling consists of a Club shaped Hypocotyle and a
downwardly pointed Radicle
• After the Hypocotyle attain the length of 50-75 cm, the
seedlings fall vertically down and fixed in the soil or mud
and grow
• The upper part of the Hypocotyle produces new shoot and
the radicle produces new roots of the seedlings with in few
hours.
