3. Types of industries
Industries are-
On the basis of size.
On the basis of raw material.
On the basis of ownership.
Industry and society.
Industrial labour.
Industry and war.
4. On the basis of size
The size of an industry depends upon the amount of
capital invested, number of labour employed and the
amount of production. We can classify the industries
in three groups :-
Cottage industry
Small scale industry
Large scale industry
5. Cottage industries
It utilizes local raw material. The products are mainly
for the local market. Labour work is mostly done by
family members and ordinary tools and equipments
are used. The farmers in their free time or craftsman
in rural areas make goods like ropes, baskets, cloth,
etc.
6. Small scale industries
It uses power driven machines and labour, raw
material can be obtained from outside and goods are
sold through traders. They play an important role in
the developing countries and produce cloth, paper
goods, toys ,furniture, etc.
7. Large scale industries
It use power driven machines, thousands of labours,
large capital investment, complex management, raw
material from far off places. The products are sent to
distant markets. Iron and steel mills, textile mills, etc
are some examples of large scale industry.
m
m A
large scale industry
8. On the basis of raw material
Agro based industry
Mineral based industry
Pastoral based industry
Forest based industry
9. Agro based industry
It obtain their raw materials from agriculture. Cotton
and jute text tiles, sugar industry, food processing
vegetable oils, etc are agro based industry.
10. Pastoral based industry
It obtain their raw material from animals like sheep,
goats, cattle,etc. they use hides, skins, bones, flesh ,
horns, milk, etc. the woolen textiles, leather goods,
dairy products, etc. are pastoral;- based industries.
11. On the basis of ownership
Depending upon the nature of ownership, the
industries can be classified as under-:
Private sector industries
Public sector industries
Joint sector industries
Cooperative sector industries
Multi-national sector industries
12. Private sector Industries
They are owned and managed by the individuals or a
group of individuals. Reliance Industries, TISCO,
TELCO are private sector industries.
Tata Iron And Steel Company
13. Public sector Industries
They are owned and managed by the central or state
governments or its agencies. Bhilai steel plant, bokaro
steel plant, Bharat heavy Electricals, etc are public
sector Industries.
Bokaro Steel Plant
14. Joint sector Industries
They are owned and managed jointly by the private
firms and the government agencies. Now the trend is
towards joint sector industries, which include Oil-
India, some banks, Gujarat Alkalies, etc.
A joint sector company of
West Bengal Housing Board.
15. Cooperative sector Industries
They are owned and managed by a group of people
belonging to a cooperative society. Generally the
members are producers of raw materials, such as
cane-growers. The examples are handloom sector,
food procession, dairy industry and sugar mills.
It is Meant for distribution as crop loans through
the Cooperative sector
16. Multi-National Industries
They are setup in a collaboration with foreigners
onvestros. Such industeris are owned and managed by
members of two or more countries. These include
companies like Coc-cola, Pepsi, etc.
17. Infrastructure necessary for industries
Industries are located only at such places, where the
products can be manufactured and the goods can
be easily sold at the lowest rate. Things needed in
industry are-:
Raw material
Power resources Labour supplies
Means of transport
Market
Water supply
Site
Climate
Finance or capital
Government policy
18. Raw material
A regular and assured supply
of raw material, which is to
be processed, is essential for
the location and growth of
industries. Many industries
are located with respect to
raw materials only. Raw
material are of two types-
weight loosing and pure
materials.
19. Power resources
Coal, mineral oil and electricity are important sources
of power for industries. Most of their industries tend
to be located near the source of power. The power
should be available not only in adequate quantities,
but also at very cheap rates.
20. Labour supplies
The continues and successful working of an industry
depends on an adequate supply of labour at reasonable
wages. Some industries, where most of their work is done
by machines, need skilled workers. The unskilled workers
are readily available in densely populated areas.
Workers to fill the large Labour supply
21. Means of Transport
Some type of Transport is
needed for the assembly of raw
materials and for sending the
finished goods to the market.
Thus, an efficient network of
transport at reasonable rates is
essential for the development of
industries. Railway or road
junctions or ports are
considering to be suitable for
locating industries.
22. Market
After the processing of raw materials, the finished
goods should reach quick the market. Nearness to
market s useful for quick sale of goods. It reduces the
cost of transporting the finished goods. Ready market
is most essential for the perishable and heavy
commodities.
23. Water supply
Most of the industries, like iron and steel, textile,
rayon, paper, etc need very large quantities of water.
For example- To produce one ton of steel, we need
300 tons of water. Thus, such industries near rivers,
canals or lakes. The water used in industries is
polluted after the use and now they are not of any
other purposes to use. To use it first we have to
recycle the water.
24. Site
Level land is always
preferred over hilly areas.
Large areas are needed to
build factories and also for
further expansion. Now
the big industries are
setup away from the urban
areas due to less cost of
land.
25. Climate
Extreme climatic conditions,
whether hot, cold or wet, is
not suitable for developing
industries. Although
scientific and technologies
progress has reduced the
importance of climate, but it
is still considered as an
important factor for locating
industries.
26. Finance or Capital
Modern industries need huge investments. Finance
from individuals, companies, banks or from
government are available in big cities. Thus the
planning and management of industries it
concentrated in cities.
27. Government Policy
In almost every country, the government plays an
important role in determining the location of
industries. Industries estates are developed in
different parts to reduce regional disparities.
Sometimes industries are developed in a particular
region due to concessions from the government.
There are many other factors of local Significance,
Which can also influence of an industry.
28. Industrial History
A cottage industry is an industry – primarily
manufacturing – which includes many producers,
working from their homes, typically part time. The
term originally referred to home workers who were
engaged in a task such as sewing or lace-making.
Some industries which are usually operated from
large centralized factories were cottage industries
before the Industrial Revolution.
29. Industrial development
The industrial revolution led to the
development of factories for large-scale
production, with consequent changes in society.
Originally the factories were steam-powered, but
later transitioned to electricity once an electrical
grid was developed. The mechanized assembly
line was introduced to assemble parts in a
repeatable fashion, with individual workers
performing specific steps during the process. This
led to significant increases in efficiency, lowering
the cost of the end process. Later automation was
increasingly used to replace human operators.
This process has accelerated with the
development of the computer and the robot.
30. Industrial technology
There are several branches of technology and
engineering specialized for industrial application.
This includes mathematical models, patented
inventions and craft skills. See automation, industrial
architecture, industrial design, industrial process,
industrial arts and industrial applicability.
31. Industry and society
An industrial society can be defined in many ways.
Today, industry is an important part of most societies
and nations. A government must have some kind of
industrial policy, regulating , Industrial pollution,
financing and Industrial labour.
32. Industrial Labour
In an industrial society, industry employs a major part
of the population. This occurs typically in the
manufacturing sector. A labor union is an
organization of workers who have banded together to
achieve common goals in key areas such as wages,
hours, and working conditions, forming a cartel of
labor.
33. Industry and war
The industrial revolution changed warfare, with mass-
produced weaponry and supplies, machine-powered
transportation, mobilization, the total war concept
and weapons of mass destruction. Early instances of
industrial warfare were the Crimean war and the
American civil war, but its full potential showed
during the World wars.
