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Public Goods and Common Resources
1.
Public Goods and Common
Resources Chapter 11 Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.
2.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. “The best things in life are free. . .” Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets… …for these goods, prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers.
3.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. “The best things in life are free. . .” When goods are free, people do not have the incentive to produce. Market forces are absent. Government must step in.
4.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. The Different Kinds of Goods When thinking about the various goods in the economy, it is useful to group them according to two characteristics: Is the good excludable? Is the good rival?
5.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. The Different Kinds of Goods Excludability People can be prevented from enjoying the good. Laws recognize and enforce private property rights.
6.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. The Different Kinds of Goods Rivalness One person’s use of the good diminishes another person’s enjoyment of it.
7.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Four Types of Goods Private Goods Public Goods Common Resources Natural Monopolies
8.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Types of Goods Private Goods Are both excludable and rival. Public Goods Are neither excludable nor rival.
9.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Types of Goods Common Resources Are rival but not excludable. Natural Monopolies Are excludable but not rival.
10.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Types of Goods Rival? Yes No Yes Private Goods Ice-cream cones Clothing Congested toll roads Natural Monopolies Fire protection Cable TV Uncongested toll roads No Common Resources Fish in the ocean The environment Congested nontoll roads Public Goods National defense Knowledge Uncongested nontoll roads Excludable?
11.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. The Free-Rider Problem A free-rider is a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.
12.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. The Free-Rider Problem Since people cannot be excluded from enjoying the benefits of a public good, individuals may withhold paying for the good hoping that others will pay for it. The free-rider problem prevents private markets from supplying public goods.
13.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Solving the Free-Rider Problem The government can decide to provide the public good if the total benefits exceed the costs. The government can make everyone better off by providing the public good and paying for it with tax revenue.
14.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Some Important Public Goods National Defense Basic Research Programs to Fight Poverty
15.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Are Lighthouses Public Goods?
16.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Cost-Benefit Analysis In order to decide whether to provide a public good or not, the total benefits of all those who use the good must be compared to the costs of providing and maintaining the public good. Cost benefit analysis estimates the total costs and benefits of a good to society as a whole.
17.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Cost-Benefit Analysis A cost-benefit analysis would be used to estimate the total costs and benefits of the project to society as a whole. It is difficult to do because of the absence of prices needed to estimate social benefits and resource costs. The value of life, the consumer’s time, and aesthetics are difficult to assess.
18.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Common Resources Common resources, like public goods, are not excludable. They are available free of charge to anyone who wishes to use them.
19.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Common Resources Common resources are rival goods because one person’s use of the common resource reduces other people’s use.
20.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Tragedy of the Commons The Tragedy of the Commons is a story with a general lesson: When one person uses a common resource, he or she diminishes another person’s enjoyment of it. Common resources tend to be used excessively when individuals are not charged for their usage. This creates a negative externality.
21.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Examples of Common Resources Clean air and water Oil pools Congested roads Fish, whales, and other wildlife
22.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Why Isn’t the Cow Extinct? (As opposed to other animals!) Private Ownership and the Profit Motive!
23.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Importance of Property Rights The market fails to allocate resources efficiently when property rights are not well-established (i.e. some item of value does not have an owner with the legal authority to control it).
24.
Harcourt, Inc. items
and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Importance of Property Rights When the absence of property rights causes a market failure, the government can potentially solve the problem.