Soap contain alkali matter, which affects our skin and even skin may crack. To maintain the oily and moisture balance on our skin, fatty material required in soap. In general the fatty matter in soap is approximately 70% to 80% .Fatty matter below 70% makes our skin dry, rough and skin may crack. Whereas percentage [%] of fatty matter above 80% makes the soap sticky and oily and washing becomes very difficult. In this project, we investigate the amounts of fatty matter in different soaps.

1. [CHEMISTRY PROJECT]
[Comparison Of Fatty Acid
Content In Different Soaps]
Project Prepared By:
Name:
Class: XII-Science
Roll Number:

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude towards our chemistry teacher Mr.Sumit
Sharma for his guidance, support and encouragement throughout the duration of the project.
Without his motivation andhelp, the successful completion of this project would not have been
possible.
XII-Science

3. CERTIFICATE
It is hereby certified that, the original and genuine research work is carried out to investigate
about the subject matter and the related data collection and hasbeen completed solely and
satisfactorily by this student regarding the Project titled “COMPARISONOFFATTYACID
CONTENTINDIFFERENTSOAPS”.
Signature (Subject Teacher)

4. INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Theory
 Soap
 Structure of soap
 Limitation of soap
 Cleansing action of soap
 Difference Between Soaps & Detergents
3. Procedure
4. Observations
5. Result
6. GraphicalRepresentation Of the Results
7. Conclusion
8. Bibliography

5. INTRODUCTION
A soapisasubstanceusedwithwaterfor washing and cleaning, made ofa compound ofnatural oils or fats
with sodium hydroxide or another strong alkali, and typicallyhaving perfume and colouring added.
Household uses for soaps include washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping, where soaps act
assurfactants,emulsifyingoilsto enable them to be carried awaybywater. Soaps for cleaning are obtained
bytreating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strong base.
Soaps are key components of most lubricating greases, which are usually emulsions of calcium
soap or lithium soap and mineral oil.
Manyothermetallicsoapsarealsouseful,includingthoseof aluminium,sodium,andmixturesofthem.
Suchsoapsarealsousedasthickenerstoincreasetheviscosityofoils.

6. THEORY
 SOAP
Soap are the sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acids. The fatty acid contains long chain of 16-18
carbonatoms.
 STRUCTURE OF SOAP
Soapcontainstwoparts:Along hydrocarbonchain,whichiswaterrepellingcalledanonpolartail.Anionic
partwhichiswaterattractingcalledhydrophobic.Itiscalledpolartail.Soapmayberepresentedas: CH2-
(CH2)14--COONa.
 PREPARATIONOF SOAPS
Soaparealsomadefromanimalfatsand vegetableoil.Fatsandoilsareesterofhigherfattyacidsarecalled
Glyceroides.WhenoilsandfatsareheatedwithasolutionofNaOH,theybreakdownto sodiumsaltof
respectivefattyacidsoapandglycerol.Thisprocessofmakingsoapbyhydrolysisoffatsand oilwithalkalisis
calledsaponification.ThesoapisseparatedfromthesolutionbyaadditionofcommonsaltNaCl.Saltsis
addedinthe soapsolutiontodecreasethesolubilityofsoapdueto whichsoapseparatesoutfromthe
solutionintheformofsolidandstartsfloatingonthesurface.Thecrustofsoapthusformed isremovedand
putit inmouldstogetsoapcakes.ThesolutionleftbehindcontainsglycerolandNaCl.
 LIMITATION OF SOAP
Soapisnot suitableforwashingclotheswithhardwaterbecauseofthefollowingreasons:Hardwater
containssaltofCa andMg, whensoapisaddedtohard water,Caand Mg ionsofhardwaterreactwithsoap
forminginsolubleCaandMg saltoffattyacids.Thereforealotofsoapiswashedifwaterishard.Whenhard
waterisused,soapformsinsolubleprecipitatesofCaand Mg salt fromwhichsticksofclothesbeingwashed.
Thereforeitinterfereswiththecleansingabilityofthesoapandmakesthecleansingprocessdifficult.

7.  CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP
The dirtinthe clothisduetopresenceofdustparticleinfatorgrease,whichstickstothecloth.Whenthe
dirtyclothisdippedinsoapor detergentsolutionthesoapanddustparticlecomeincontactwitheachother
thenonpolartailsofthesoapbegintodissolveinnon-polaroilorgreasewhilethepolarheadpartremains
directedinwater.As moreparticlesenterthegreaseeachfatoroilsurroundedbyanumberofnegatively
chargepolarheadandthe similarchargerepeleachother.Theoilor greasedropletsbreakoffand arestill
surroundedbynegativelychargedpolarheadofthesoapmolecule.Asaresulttheclothgetfreefromthedirt
and thedropletsarewashedawaywithwater.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEENSOAPS &DETERGENTS
SOAPS DETERGENTS
1) Soaparesodiumsaltoflong chaincarboxylic
acids.
1) Syntheticdetergentsaresodiumsaltsoflongchain
benzenesulphonicacid.
2) Soaparenot suitableforwashingpurposewhen
waterishard.
2) Syntheticdetergentcanbeusedforwashingeven
whenwaterishard
3)Soaphaverelativelyweakcleansingaction. . 3 )Syntheticdetergenthaveastrongcleansing
action.

8. PROCEDURE
1. Took 10 gm ofquantityofeachsampleinwhichpercentageof fattymaterialwastobedetermined.
2. Preparedthesolutionofeachsoapinwater.
3. Added 10 to12 dropsofHCl ineachsolutionandheatedthesolutionfor 5to 10 min.Fattymatterfloated
onthesoapsolutionsurfacebyformingupperlayerandthenthefilterpaperweighed.
4. Thencollectedthefattymaterialfromeachsolutionbyfiltrationandagainweighedthefilterincluding
filtrate(fattymaterial)anddissolvedinthefiltrate(fattymaterial)inetherforcalculatingfatmaterials
5. Thenpouredthesolutioninseparatingflaskandremovedthesolutionexceptoilymaterial.
6. Then theremainingsolution wasexposedinsunlighttoevaporateetherfromsolution.
7. Thenoilymatterwasweighedbyweighingmachine.

9. OBSERVATIONS
1. SantoorBeautySoap
Weight of filter paper 0.3856 grams
Weightof filterpaperwithfattymaterial 7.5856 grams
Amountoffat 7.2 grams
2. LuxBeautySoap
Weightof filterpaper 0.2956grams
Weightof filterpaperwithfattymaterial 7.5956 grams
Amountoffat 7.3 grams
3. Lifebuoy GermProtectionSoap
Weightof filterpaper 0.4701grams
Weightof filterpaperwithfattymaterial 7.2701grams
Amountoffat 6.8grams

10. RESULT
1. FattyAcid ContentinSantoorBeautySoapis7.2g. /sampleof10 gm.
2. . FattyAcid Contentin LuxBeautySoapis7.3g./sampleof10 gm.
3. . FattyAcid Contentin LifebuoyGerm ProtectionSoap is 6.8g./sample of10 gm.
GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION
Graphicallyplottingtheresultsofvarioussoapsamplesinaccordancewiththeamountoffatpresentin
thempresentsus:
Order of quantities of Fat in different samples of soaps Is Lux
BeautySoap> SantoorBeautySoap > LifebuoyGermProtectionSoap
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
Lux Beauty Soap Santoor Beauty
Soap
Lifebuoy Germ
Protection Soap
Amount Of Fat Present (in grams per 10grams
product)
Amount Of Fat Present (in
grams per 10grams product)

11. CONCLUSION
Soapcontainalkalimatter,whichaffectsourskinandevenskinmaycrack.To maintaintheoilyand
moisturebalanceonourskin,fattymaterialrequiredinsoap.
Ingeneralthefattymatterinsoapis approximately70%to80%.Fattymatterbelow70%makesourskin
dry, roughand skinmaycrack.Whereaspercentage[%]offattymatterabove80%makesthesoapsticky
and oilyand washingbecomesverydifficult.
Fromthe tableitisclearthattheLuxinternationalisthebestsoap amongstthethreeforbathingpurpose
becauseitcontainsthehighestamountofFattyAcidContent.

12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.google.com
 Completereference chemistry byS.Chand
 www.answers.com