really helpful for your projects try to do some work on your own to make it look more presentable i guess this is is enough to make you all know the importance of this project

1. MM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
SESSION:- 2022-23
NAME- ADITI GUPTA
CLASS- 12TH
SECTION- A
SUBJECT- CHEMISTRY
PROJECT WORK

2. INVESTAGOTARY
PROJECT
FOAMINGCAPACITY
OF SOAPINHARDWATER

3. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project has
been made by Aditi Gupta of
class XII A on the topic FOAMING
CAPACITY OF SOAPS under the
guidance of our chemistry teacher
Mr. Shubhrant Wardhan and have
been completed it successfully.
Yours truly
Aditi Gupta

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my teacher
Mr. Shubhrant Wardhan as well
as our principal Mrs. Disha
Nagdev who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic
FOAMING CAPACITY OF
SOAPS ,

5. which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know about
so many new things I am really
thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank
my parents and friends who helped
me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.

6. INDEX
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
INTRODUCTION
COMMERCIAL PEPARATION
EXPERIMENT
OBJECTIVE & THEORY
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION TABLE
RESULT TEST FOR HARDNESS
BIBLOGRAPHY

7. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In everyday life we use different
soaps for many different reasons.
One of the most common use is for
bathing. In my home I have used
many different types of soaps for
bathing , I can’t help but notice how
all the different soaps produced
different amount of foam and that’s
how I decided to make it topic for
my investigatory project.

8. INTRODUCTION
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of
higher fatty acids like stearic, palmitic and
oleic acids can be either saturated or
unsaturated. They contain a long
hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20 carbon
with one carboxylic acid group as the
functional group. A soap molecule a tadpole
shaped structure, whose ends have different
polarities. At one end is the long
hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and
hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil
soluble.

9. At the other end is the short polar carboxylate ion
which is hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but
insoluble in oil and grease. Long Hydrocarbon
Chain Hydrophobic end Hydrophilic end When
soap is shaken with water it becomes a soap
solution that is colloidal in nature. Agitating it
tends to concentrate the solution on the surface
and causes foaming. This helps the soap
molecules make a unimolecular film on the
surface of water and to penetrate the fabric. The
long non-polar end of a soap molecule that are
hydrophobic, gravitate towards and surround the
dirt (fat or oil with dust absorbed in it).

10. The short polar end containing the
carboxylateion, face the water away from
the dirt. A number of soap molecules
surround or encircle dirt and grease in a
clustered structure called 'micelles', which
encircles such particles and emulsify them.
Cleansing action of soaps decreases in
hard water. Hard water contains Calcium
and magnesium ions which react with
sodium carbonate to produce insoluble
carbonates of higher fatty acids. This
hardness can be removed by addition of
Sodium Carbonate.

11. HARD WATER
Water that contains salts like calcium
and magnesium and does not generate
foam while washing is known as Hard
Water . Drinking hard water can have
certain health benefits. However, using
hard water for household or cleaning
purposes can be harmful as it might
damage your homes . An example of
hard water is groundwater.

12. COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS
The most popular soap making
process today is the cold process
method where fat such as olive oil
sector will strong alkaline solution
wild some Shoppers use the
historical hot process Handmade
soap different from industrial
shopping, usually and I accept that
is sometimes used to consume the
alkali and is not removed,

13. leaving a natural moisturizer soap and
detergent emollient search as search
added actress which is the saponification
process is sufficiently advanced that the
soap has begun after most of the oils
have saponified So that they remain
undirected in the finished soap.

14. FATS IN SOAP
Soap is derived from either vegetable or
animal fats sodium tallowate is derived from
fat soap can also be made of vegetable oils
as palm oil and the product is typically
softer. An array of saponification and fats
are used in the process of chest only with
coconut Palm oil to provide different
qualities for example only for oil provides
info coconut oil provides lots

15. of leather wild coconut and farmers
provide hardness Sometimes castor
oil can also be used as an event.
Unsaponifiable oils and fats that do
not yield so headed for further
benefits.

16. PREPARATIONOF SOAP
In cold process and hot process soap making it
may be required the cold process of making
take place at the sufficient temperature set of
a story the fat big used process can be used
right away because the early and fat
saponified quickly at the higher temperature
used in hot process soap making. Cold
process of making required measurements of
alkali and mouse and computing the ratio
using saponification charts to answer that the
finished product is mild and skin friendly.

17. IN HOT PROCESS
Hot process in the hot process together at 80-
100°C saponification which is the soap maker
can determine by taste or by eye.
IN COLD PROCESS
Cold which is the news to calculate the process
soap makes up the saponification value of the
fat used on a saponification chart appropriate
amount of alkali excess unreacted allegory in
the shop will result in a very high ph and can
burn are edited skin not enough so far easy
teacher the alkalis dissolved in water that also
heated.

18. Cold process Then if the solid at room
temperature .Once both substances to
have cooled to approximately 10 degrees
Fahrenheit guide this twister interest
there are wearing levels of traces .

19. EXPERIMENT
Soap samples of various brands are taken
and their capacity with the next informing
capacities said to be heavy tails capacities
in notice sample taken separately and their
foaming capacity is observed best cleaning
capacity the test request to be done with
distilled water as well as with the test of
soap on distilled water give the actual
strength of the cleaning capacity request to
be done with distilled water as well as
Ca+2 ,Mg+2 capacity.

20. OBJECTIVE
To compare the
foaming capacity of
various soaps in
hard water.

21. THEORY
The foaming capacity of soaps upon the nature
of the shop and its concentration this may be
compared by equal having the same
concentrations which saves the same amount
of time used during disappears gradually the
time taken to disappear in equal sample is
determined the longer the time take it for the
form today disappear elite sample is
determined the longer time taken for the
disappearance of the given sample offshore
of greater is its foaming capacity cleaning
action.

22. REQUIREMENTS
Five 100ml conical flask
Five test tubes
100ml measuring cylinder
Test tube stand
Weighing machine
Stopwatch

23. CHEMICALS REQUIRED
3 different types of
soap samples
Hard water

24. PROCEDURE
 Take 5 100ml conical flasks add number 1,2,3,4,5 put 60
table of water in each flask and add 8 grams of soap.
 Warm the contents to get a solution.
 Take 5 test tubes add 1 ml of soap solution to 3 ml of
water.
 Repeat the process for each soap solution in different
test.
 Close the mouths of the test tube and shake vigorously
for a minute do the same for all test tubes and with equal
force.
 Start the timer immediately and not is the rate of 2 mm
froth.

25. OBSERVATION
S.No. Soap used in the test tube Volume of
soap
solutions
Volume of
water added
Time taken
for
disappear--
ance of
foam
1 Santoor 8ml 16ml 15’32”
2 Lux 8ml 16ml 3’28”
3 Dove 8ml 16ml 11’42”

27. RESULT
The cleansing capacity of soaps taken is in the
order
SANTOOR>DOVE>LUX
From these experiment we can infer that
santoor has the highest foaming capacity in
other words highest cleaning capacity.
Lux on the other hand is found to be have least
amount of time taken disappearance of the
foam

28. Produced and thus is said to be have least
foaming
capacity and cleansing capacity test for hardness
in water.
TEST for Ca+2 and Mg+2 salts in the water
supplied Test for Ca+2 in water .H2O + NH4Cl
+NH4OH+(NH4)2CO3
No precipitate.
That show negative result for the presence of
salts.
Causing hardness in water. The water used
doesn’t contain salts of Ca+2and Mg+2 .The
tap water provided is soft and thus the
experimental.

29. BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.cbse.nic.in
NCERT books of chemistry
Together with lab manual chemistry
class 12th.
www.ask.com

30. Submitted to
Mr. Shubhrant Wardhan
Submitted by
Aditi Gupta

31. Soaps

32. Thank you
For
Reading
The project