This document discusses different types of detergents used in shampoo manufacturing. It describes the principle groups of synthetic detergents as having hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. Surfactants are then classified as anionic, cationic, amphoteric, or non-ionic. The document focuses on the manufacturing processes for anionic detergents and non-ionic surfactants. It also provides an overview of the raw materials used in shampoo production and the functions of various detergent compounds.

1. Presented By –
YASHRAJ CHAUHAN

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction of detergents
• Principle group of synthetic detergents
• Classification of surfactants
• Anionic detergents
• Cationic detergents
• Amphoteric detergents
• Non-ionic detergents
• Manufacture of shampoo

3. INTRODUCTION OF DETERGENTS
• Detergents are the sodium salts of long chain of
benzene sulphonic acid.
• It is divided into natural detergent and synthetic
detergent.
• Natural detergent is made from animal or
vegetable oil while synthetic detergent is made
from petroleum products.
• Detergents are usually sodium alkyl sulphate
and sodium alkyl benzene sulphonates.

4. EXAMPLES OF DETERGENTS
Two well known detergents of the sulphonates group or
sulphate group.

5. PRINCIPLE GROUP OF SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS
• Hydrophilic part: Hydrophilic is sodium salt. Which is soluble in
water.
Ex : -SO3-, -OSO3-, -OH , NR4 . This part is ionic and it attracted
by polar water molecules.
• Hydrophobic part : Hydrocarbon part of detergent is called
hydrophobic part. It is non-polar and insoluble in water but
soluble in oil.

6. HOW THE DIRT IS REMOVED …

7. SURFACTANTS
• Solute molecules or ions that are absorbed at
surface and reduce the surface interfacial
tension is called surfactants. They contain a polar
head and non-polar tail.

8. CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACTANTS

9. ANIONIC SURFACTANTS
• It ionises in aqueous solutions to yield a large anion and a
small cation
• This anions are responsible for its action
• They are mostly carboxylates
• Ex :- Sodium lauryl sulphate
Sodium acetyl succinate

10. MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF ANIONIC
DETERGENTS
OXO PROCESS
• The olifins, CO and Hydrogen gas is mixed & reacted at
100-250 atm pressure at 160-175 °C in presence of cobalt
as catalyst forming fatty alcohols due to polymerization of
olefins & hydrogenation.

11. MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF
ANIONIC DETERGENTS
ALPHOL PROCESS
• A hydrocarbon is used as
a solvent.
• The process involves five
steps:
• Hydrogenation,
Ethylation, Polymerization,
Oxidation and Hydrolysis.

12. MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF
ANIONIC DETERGENTS
WELSH PROCESS
• This is cheaper method of manufacturing primary long chained
alcohols from a olefins with HBr & UV light the reaction is as shown
below. The ester is then hydrolysed with water and then alcohols
and organic acid.

13. CATIONIC SURFACTANTS
• It ionises in aqueous solutions to yield a large cation and a small
anion
• This cation are responsible for its action
• They are amines and quaternary ammonium salts
• Mainly used as anti microbial agents and preservatives
• Ex :- Cetrimide(acetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide)

14. AMPHOTERIC SURFACTANTS
• They Contain carboxylate/phosphate groups as anion
ammonium/quaternary ammonium groups as cation
• They include polypeptides, Proteins, Cephalins, Lecithins, etc
• Ex :- N-dodecyl alanine

15. NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS
• They are widely in pharmaceutical industries
• They do not ionises in aqueous solutions
• Ex :- Polyoxy-ethylene
sorbitan fatty acid esters
Tweens, Spans, etc

16. MANUFACTURING OF NON-IONIC
SURFACTANTS
BATCH PROCESS
• This p- nonyl phenol is treated with ethylene oxide. When n is more than
20molecules then it has higher detergent property generally to make it
soluble could be at least in order to form non polar / ionic detergent
mostly fatty acids, Alkyl mercaptons, or fatty amides or amines are used.

17. MANUFACTURING OF SHAMPOO
• Shampoo is a hair care product, it is in the form of a
viscous liquid , that is used for cleaning hair.
• Shampoos are cleaning formulation used for wide range
of applications personal uses.
➢ RAW MATERIAL:-
➢ Synthetic detergents – sodium or potassium lauryl
sulphate, etc.
➢ Solubilizing agent – alcohol, sodium toluene
sulphonate, etc.
➢ Foam stabilizers – oxides
➢ Preservatives – formaldehyde
➢ Softeners – lanoline
➢ Scum remover – lemon
➢ Anti-dandruff agents – zinc pyrithione

18. DETERGENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Detergents and it’s compounds Function
Various surfactants Remove dirt particles, particularly the
hydrophobic molecules, from fabrics
Sodium perborate Removes stains and dyes from fabrics
Sodium tripolyphosphate (STTP) Softens water
Enzymes Remove biological dirt, mainly protein
Sodium carbonate and silicate Disperses dust particles in water
Silicones Control foaming
Perfumes Imparts appropriate scent to fabrics

19. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOAP AND DETERGENT
No. soaps Detergents
1. Soaps are sodium salts of long chain of carboxylic
acids.
Detergents are sodium salts of long chain of
benzene sulphonic acids or alkyl sulphate.
2. There are obtained by natural resources from plants
and animals(fats, oils).
There are synthetic materials, hydrocarbon of
petroleum or coal.
3. the ionic group in soap is –COO-Na+. The ionic group in detergents is –SO3
-Na+ or -SO4
-
Na+.
4. Their performance decrease in hard water. The hard water is does not affect their efficiency.
5. They take time to dissolve in water. They dissolve faster in water.
6. Soaps have relatively weak cleansing action. Detergents have a strong cleansing action.
7. They are biodegradable.
Ex.: Sodium stearate.
Some detergents are not biodegradable.
Ex.: Sodium lauryl sulphate.
8. Easily broken down by bacteria. Not easily broken down by bacteria.
9. Generally, they are cheaper. Generally, they are costly.
10 It is only one type
i.e. anionic.
It is cationic, anionic, amphoteric, non-ionic.