3. After these things I looked, and behold, a vast multitude that no one
could count—from every nation and all tribes and peoples and
tongues—was standing before the throne and before the Lamb.
They were clothed in white robes, with palm branches in their hands
and crying out with a loud voice, saying, “Salvation belongs to our
God, who sits on the throne, and to the Lamb!”
(Rev 7:9-10 TLV)
4. After these things I looked, and behold, a vast multitude that no one
could count—from every nation and all tribes and peoples and
tongues—was standing before the throne and before the Lamb.
They were clothed in white robes, with palm branches in their hands
and crying out with a loud voice, saying, “Salvation belongs to our
God, who sits on the throne, and to the Lamb!”
(Rev 7:9-10 TLV)
5. Nation — Ethnos, persons united by kinship, culture, traditions, & land
Tribe — φυλ
ή
Phule, Blood line, lineage, people with a common ancestor
Peoples — λα
ό
ς Laos, people with common cultural bonds or ties to homeland
Tongue — γλ
ῶ
σσα Glossa, language that is spoken.
Bauer, W., F. W. Danker, W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich, eds. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature., Accordance Ed.
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
7. Go therefore and make disciples of all ethnos, baptizing them
in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,
teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you. And
behold, I am with you always, to the end of the age.”
(Matt 28:19–20 ESV)
8. גוי (goy)
Nation, a de
fi
ned body or organized group of people, a de
fi
ned political, ethnic or
territorial group of people, without regard to religion.
Groningen, Gerard Van. Harris, R. Laird, Gleason L. Archer, and Bruce K. Waltke, eds. (1980). TWOT. Chicago: Moody Press.
9. עם (ahm)
A group of people, larger than a tribe or clan, without reference to any speci
fi
c
characteristics, or political structures
Groningen, Gerard Van. Harris, R. Laird, Gleason L. Archer, and Bruce K. Waltke, eds. (1980). TWOT. Chicago: Moody Press.
10. ἔ
θνος ethnos
1. A group of people, united by kinship, culture, and common traditions, nation,
2. People group foreign to Israel
Bauer, W., F. W. Danker, W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich, eds. (2000). BDAG. 3d, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
11. ἔ
θνος ethnos
Occurs 40x in New Testament, used in a missiological sense: God’s rule will extend to
all ethnos or nations, or messianic sense, God will judge the nations.
13. Ethnicity
Individuals who have a shared ancestral heritage. More
speci
fi
cally, ethnicity is the self-consciousness of a group who
share a common origin or a separate subculture to maintain a
distinction between themselves and outsiders.
Brown, R. (2010). Culture, ethnicity, and race. Ronald Jackson editor Encyclopedia of Identity. Sage Publication: p. 189
15. Defining Social Boundaries
• Share lineage, culture, language, homeland, religious beliefs
• Boundaries change over time
16. Defining Social Boundaries
• Share lineage, culture, language, homeland, religious beliefs
• Boundaries change over time
• Boundaries are often de
fi
ned by the dominate culture
21. Now the LORD said to Abram, “Go from your country and your kindred
and your father’s house to the land that I will show you. And I will make of
you a great nation, and I will bless you and make your name great, so that
you will be a blessing. I will bless those who bless you, and him who
dishonors you I will curse, and in you all the families of the earth shall be
blessed.”
(Gen 12:1–3 ESV)
32. Panethnic Identity
When smaller ethnic groups merge into one single ethnicity
Okamoto, Dina G. (2008). "Panethnic Identity". Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. Vol. 2. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. pp. 1019–1022.
33. Panethnic Identity
Similar ethnic subgroups have shared experiences, for example as
immigrants or in diaspora.
Okamoto, Dina G. (2008). "Panethnic Identity". Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. Vol. 2. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. pp. 1019–1022.
34. Social Forces creates pan-ethnic identity
• Common experience of Slavery
• Common experience of Immigration
• Common experience of the Holocaust
• Common experience of racism & discrimination
• Catalyst: The Ethnic Pride Movement in the 1960s - 1970s
35. Examples of Panethnic Movements
Hispanic Ethnic Identity in America
Ethnic Pride Movement led to merging of Cuban-American, Tejano in
Texas, Hispanic culture in Southern California, Chicano in Los Angeles
Okamoto, Dina G. (2008). "Panethnic Identity". Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. Vol. 2. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. pp. 1019–1022.
36. Examples of Panethnic Identity
African American Ethnic Identity
Emerged out of the institution of Slavery, and evolved during the Jim Crow
culture. Evolved again during Black Pride Movement (1960s)
Okamoto, Dina G. (2008). "Panethnic Identity". Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. Vol. 2. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. pp. 1019–1022.
39. How do ethnic groups define boundaries?
• Jewish Community — Ancestry or religion
• Black Community — Race & Ancestry
• Hispanic Culture — Language, and family’s country of origin
• LGBTQ Community — Gender Identity or sexual orientation
• Native American Community — Family Ancestry
• Asian American Community — Race & Ancestry
42. Phinney’s Model of Ethnic Identity
Stage 1— Foreclosure. Unexamined ethnic identity. Accept identity of family
members without exploration. May internalize stereotypes.
Phinney, J. S. (2006). Ethnic Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults
in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 117–134). American Psychological Association.
43. Phinney’s Model of Ethnic Identity
Stage 1— Foreclosure. Unexamined ethnic identity
Stage 2 — Moratorium. Exploration of identity. Di
ff
erentiation of culture of origin,
from dominant culture; emotional experiences, personal awareness.
Phinney, J. S. (2006). Ethnic Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults
in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 117–134). American Psychological Association.
44. Phinney’s Model of Ethnic Identity
Stage 1— Foreclosure. Unexamined ethnic identity.
Stage 2 — Moratorium. Exploration of identity.
Stage 3 — Achievement. Acceptance of personal identity, and appreciation of
multiculturalism.
Phinney, J. S. (2006). Ethnic Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults
in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 117–134). American Psychological Association.
46. Components of Ethnic Identity
1. Ethnic Awareness — Cognitively understanding one’s ethnicity
Phinney, J. S. (2006). Ethnic Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults
in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 117–134). American Psychological Association.
47. Components of Ethnic Identity
1. Ethnic Awareness
2. Ethnic Self-Identi
fi
cation— Self-identifying as member of ethnic group
Phinney, J. S. (2006). Ethnic Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults
in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 117–134). American Psychological Association.
48. Components of Ethnic Identity
1. Ethnic Awareness
2. Ethnic Self-Identi
fi
cation
3. Ethnic Attitudes — Internalized feelings as a member of ethnic group
Phinney, J. S. (2006). Ethnic Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults
in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 117–134). American Psychological Association.
49. Components of Ethnic Identity
1. Ethnic Awareness
2. Ethnic Self-Identi
fi
cation
3. Ethnic Attitudes
4. Ethnic Behavior — Practicing behavior patterns of group behavior
Phinney, J. S. (2006). Ethnic Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults
in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 117–134). American Psychological Association.
50. W. J. Barry’s Model of Acculturation
A person will choose one of four ways to engage
with their ethnic identity
51. Barry’s Acculturate Model
1. Assimilation — Person will adopt the cultural norms of the dominant culture minimizing their
own ethnic identity
2. Separation — Person will reject the cultural norms of the dominant culture, embracing only
their ethnic identity
3. Integration — Person will adopt the cultural norms of the dominant culture and seek to
integrate their own ethnic identity
4. Marginalization — Person rejects the cultural norms dominant culture, and rejects their own
ethnic identity
Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(6), pp. 697-712
52. Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(6), pp. 697-712
54. Hansen’s Law of “Third Generation Return”
The third generation of immigrants will seek out the heritage their parents
failed to pass down to them.
Bender, E. I., & Kagiwada, G. (1968). Hansen’s Law of “Third-Generation Return” and the Study of
American Religio-Ethnic Groups. Phylon (1960-), 29(4), 360–370. https://doi.org/10.2307/274020
56. Post-Ethnic Identity
Emerging Adults have diverse cultural experiences and select
which apspects of their heritage, culture, and ancestry they
identify with
Biale, D. Galchinsky, M. (1998). Insider/Outsider. University of California Press: p. 29
57. Ethnographic Questions
1. What ethnicities can I identify within a society or culture?
2. How do members de
fi
ne their ethnicity (culture, ancestry, country of origin?
3. How do members de
fi
ne membership and boundaries of their ethnic group?
4. Is the ethnic group a dominant or marginalized people-group?
5. Are there sub-cultures within the ethnic group?
6. What is my Christian responsibility in preserving their heritage?
59. Cultural Heritage
Heritage is the cultural legacy which an ethnic group receives from the
past, and is passed on to future generations.
UNESCO UIS https://uis.unesco.org
60. Types of Cultural Heritage
1. Tangible Culture — artifacts, books, songs, art, buildings & structures
2. Intangible Culture — folklore, traditions, language, history
3. Natural Culture — natural resources a culture possesses or cares for
64. Discussion: In the course of ministry…
1. Do we have a responsibility to uphold & reinforce ethnic identity?
2. Do we have a responsibility to help preserve ethnic heritage?
3. What are ethical guidelines to observe as we engage ethnicity?
