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1. Ethnicity
INT-450 • Topic 2d • Week 5

2. Ethnicity in the Bible

3. ‫גוי‬ (goy)
Nation, a de
fi
ned body or organized group of people, a de
fi
ned political, ethnic or
territorial group of people, without regard to religion.
Groningen, Gerard Van. Harris, R. Laird, Gleason L. Archer, and Bruce K. Waltke, eds. (1980). TWOT. Chicago: Moody Press.

4. ‫עם‬ (ahm)
A group of people, larger than a tribe or clan, without reference to any speci
fi
c
characteristics, or political structures
Groningen, Gerard Van. Harris, R. Laird, Gleason L. Archer, and Bruce K. Waltke, eds. (1980). TWOT. Chicago: Moody Press.

5. ἔ
θνος ethnos
1. A group of people, united by kinship, culture, and common traditions, nation,
2. People group foreign to Israel
Bauer, W., F. W. Danker, W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich, eds. (2000). BDAG. 3d, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.

6. ἔ
θνος ethnos
Occurs 40x in New Testament, used in a missiological sense: God’s rule will extend to
all ethnos or nations, or messianic sense, God will judge the nations.

7. Go therefore and make disciples of all ethnos, baptizing them
in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,
teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you. And
behold, I am with you always, to the end of the age.”
(Matt 28:19–20 ESV)

8. Composition of Ethnicity

9. Ethnicity
Individuals who have a shared ancestral heritage. More
speci
fi
cally, ethnicity is the self-consciousness of a group who
share a common origin or a separate subculture to maintain a
distinction between themselves and outsiders.
Brown, R. (2010). Culture, ethnicity, and race. Ronald Jackson editor Encyclopedia of Identity. Sage Publication: p. 189

10. Ethnic Groups Share
One or more common lineage, culture, language, culture, religious
beliefs, which lead them to distinguish themselves from other groups

11. Ethnic Groups Share
De
fi
ned Social Boundaries

12. Ethnongenesis:
How does ethnicity begin?

13. How does ethnicity begin?
Emergence of feature distinguishing the people-group from others

14. Now the LORD said to Abram, “Go from your country and your kindred
and your father’s house to the land that I will show you. And I will make of
you a great nation, and I will bless you and make your name great, so that
you will be a blessing. I will bless those who bless you, and him who
dishonors you I will curse, and in you all the families of the earth shall be
blessed.”
(Gen 12:1–3 ESV)

15. Passover Story
Israel, as an independent nation
began in Exodus

16. Passover Story
Shared experience, language,
faith, and lineage

17. How was English
ethnicity formed?

18. How was English
ethnicity formed?
Romans — Latin
Celts
Anglo-Saxons — Germanic
Normans — French
Vikings — Danish

19. How was English
ethnicity formed?
Island was isolated
Distinct culture, language, and
society evolved

20. How did Chicano culture emerge?

22. Panethnicity:
How do ethnic groups merge?

23. Panethnic Identity
When smaller ethnic groups merge into one single ethnicity
Okamoto, Dina G. (2008). "Panethnic Identity". Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. Vol. 2. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. pp. 1019–1022.

24. Panethnic Identity
Similar ethnic subgroups have shared experiences, for example as
immigrants or in diaspora.
Okamoto, Dina G. (2008). "Panethnic Identity". Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. Vol. 2. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. pp. 1019–1022.

25. Social Forces creates pan-ethnic identity
• Institution of Slavery
• Experience of Immigration
• Ethnic Pride Movement in the 1960s - 1970s
• Holocaust (1939-1945)
• Experience of Racism

26. Examples of Panethnic Movements
Hispanic Ethnic Identity in America
Ethnic Pride Movement led to merging of Cuban-American, Tejano in
Texas, Hispanic culture in Southern California, Chicano in Los Angeles
Okamoto, Dina G. (2008). "Panethnic Identity". Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. Vol. 2. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. pp. 1019–1022.

27. Examples of Panethnic Identity
African American Ethnic Identity
Emerged out of the institution of Slavery, and evolved during the Jim Crow
culture. Evolved again during Black Pride Movement (1960s)
Okamoto, Dina G. (2008). "Panethnic Identity". Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. Vol. 2. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. pp. 1019–1022.

28. The Making of Black America (PBS, 2023)

29. Theories of Ethnicity

30. Primordial View (Essentialist)
There is a real, [objective] tangible foundation to ethnic identi
fi
cation.
SOKOLOVSKII, S., Tishkov, V., & TISHKOV, V. (2009). Ethnicity. In A. Barnard, & J. Spencer (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social and cultural Anthropology (2nd ed.). Routledge.

31. Primordialist View
1. Ethnicity is a biological phenomenon.
2. Ethnicity is a logical product of culture and history.
SOKOLOVSKII, S., Tishkov, V., & TISHKOV, V. (2009). Ethnicity. In A. Barnard, & J. Spencer (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social and cultural Anthropology (2nd ed.). Routledge.

32. Ethnicity is Biological
19th century evolutionary theories

33. Pierre van den Berghe
1933 - 2019
Professor of Anthropology in South Africa
Ethnicity is rooted in a genetic predisposition
of people to identify with each other

34. Ethnicity is Cultural
19th century evolutionary theories

35. Instrumentalist View (Social Critical Theory)
Ethnicity is a product of political myths, created and manipulated by cultural
elites (those in power) in their pursuit of advantages and power. The cultural
forms, values and practices of ethnic groups become resources for elites
(those in power) in competition for political power and economic advantage.
SOKOLOVSKII, S., Tishkov, V., & TISHKOV, V. (2009). Ethnicity. In A. Barnard, & J. Spencer (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social and cultural Anthropology (2nd ed.). Routledge.

36. Instrumentalist View
Critical Social Theory — Those in power de
fi
ne ethnic di
ff
erences to serve
socio-economic advantage.
SOKOLOVSKII, S., Tishkov, V., & TISHKOV, V. (2009). Ethnicity. In A. Barnard, & J. Spencer (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social and cultural Anthropology (2nd ed.). Routledge.

37. Constructivist View
Ethnicity is a self-designation that classi
fi
es a person in terms of their most
general and inclusive identity, their origin and background, and membership
in social organizations who establish social boundaries based not on culture,
but de
fi
ning membership.
SOKOLOVSKII, S., Tishkov, V., & TISHKOV, V. (2009). Ethnicity. In A. Barnard, & J. Spencer (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social and cultural Anthropology (2nd ed.). Routledge.

38. Constructivist View
A group de
fi
nes itself and establishes boundaries. People construct their
ethnic identity.
SOKOLOVSKII, S., Tishkov, V., & TISHKOV, V. (2009). Ethnicity. In A. Barnard, & J. Spencer (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social and cultural Anthropology (2nd ed.). Routledge.

39. Who is a Jew?
State of Israel
1. Person with one Jewish maternal
grandparent,
2. Has not converted to another religion.
3. Or a person who has undergone an
Orthodox conversion to Judaism.

40. Who is a Jew?
Consensus of American Jewry
1. Person with at least one Jewish
parent, who does not ascribe to
another religion (ex. Christianity)
2. or Converted to Judaism (any branch)
3. Or Raised in a Jewish home and now
self-identi
fi
es as Jewish
Pew Research (2020). American Jews in 2020

41. Which views make the most sense
1. Primordial (essentialist)
2. Instrumentalist (social critical theory)
3. Constructivist
SOKOLOVSKII, S., Tishkov, V., & TISHKOV, V. (2009). Ethnicity. In A. Barnard, & J. Spencer (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social and cultural Anthropology (2nd ed.). Routledge.

42. Boundaries of Ethnicity

43. Boundaries
Who gets to be in?
Who is told they are out?

45. How do ethnic groups define boundaries?
• Jewish Community — Ancestry or religion
• Black Community — Race & Ancestry
• Hispanic Culture — Language, and family’s country of origin
• LGBTQ Community — Gender Identity or sexual orientation
• Native American Community — Family Ancestry
• Asian American Community — Race & Ancestry

46. Development of Ethnic Identity

47. Little White Lie (2014)

48. Jean Phinney
Model for development of Ethnic Identity
Prof. Psychology Cal State LA

49. Phinney’s Model of Ethnic Identity
Stage 1— Foreclosure. Unexamined ethnic identity. Accept identity of family
members without exploration. May internalize stereotypes.
Phinney, J. S. (2006). Ethnic Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults
in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 117–134). American Psychological Association.

50. Phinney’s Model of Ethnic Identity
Stage 1— Foreclosure. Unexamined ethnic identity
Stage 2 — Moratorium. Exploration of identity. Di
ff
erentiation of culture of origin,
from dominant culture; emotional experiences, personal awareness.
Phinney, J. S. (2006). Ethnic Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults
in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 117–134). American Psychological Association.

51. Phinney’s Model of Ethnic Identity
Stage 1— Foreclosure. Unexamined ethnic identity.
Stage 2 — Moratorium. Exploration of identity.
Stage 3 — Achievement. Acceptance of personal identity, and appreciation of
multiculturalism.
Phinney, J. S. (2006). Ethnic Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults
in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 117–134). American Psychological Association.

52. Components of Ethnic Identity

53. Components of Ethnic Identity
1. Ethnic Awareness — Cognitively understanding one’s ethnicity
Phinney, J. S. (2006). Ethnic Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults
in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 117–134). American Psychological Association.

54. Components of Ethnic Identity
1. Ethnic Awareness
2. Ethnic Self-Identi
fi
cation— Self-identifying as member of ethnic group
Phinney, J. S. (2006). Ethnic Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults
in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 117–134). American Psychological Association.

55. Components of Ethnic Identity
1. Ethnic Awareness
2. Ethnic Self-Identi
fi
cation
3. Ethnic Attitudes — Internalized feelings as a member of ethnic group
Phinney, J. S. (2006). Ethnic Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults
in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 117–134). American Psychological Association.

56. Components of Ethnic Identity
1. Ethnic Awareness
2. Ethnic Self-Identi
fi
cation
3. Ethnic Attitudes
4. Ethnic Behavior — Practicing behavior patterns of group behavior
Phinney, J. S. (2006). Ethnic Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults
in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 117–134). American Psychological Association.

57. W. J. Barry’s Model of Acculturation
A person will choose one of four ways to engage
with their ethnic identity

58. Barry’s Acculturate Model
1. Assimilation — Person will adopt the cultural norms of the dominant culture minimizing their
own ethnic identity
2. Separation — Person will reject the cultural norms of the dominant culture, embracing only
their ethnic identity
3. Integration — Person will adopt the cultural norms of the dominant culture and seek to
integrate their own ethnic identity
4. Marginalization — Person rejects the cultural norms dominant culture, and rejects their own
ethnic identity
Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(6), pp. 697-712

59. Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(6), pp. 697-712

60. Law of Third Generation Return

61. Hansen’s Law of “Third Generation Return”
The third generation of immigrants will seek out the heritage their parents
failed to pass down to them.
Bender, E. I., & Kagiwada, G. (1968). Hansen’s Law of “Third-Generation Return” and the Study of
American Religio-Ethnic Groups. Phylon (1960-), 29(4), 360–370. https://doi.org/10.2307/274020

62. Post-Ethnic Identity (Hybridity)

63. Post-Ethnic Identity
Emerging Adults have diverse cultural experiences and select
which apspects of their heritage, culture, and ancestry they
identify with
Biale, D. Galchinsky, M. (1998). Insider/Outsider. University of California Press: p. 29

64. Abe (2019)

65. Ethnographic Questions
1. What ethnicities can I identify within a society or culture?
2. How do members de
fi
ne their ethnicity (culture, ancestry, country of origin?
3. How do members de
fi
ne membership and boundaries of their ethnic group?
4. Is the ethnic group a dominant or marginalized people-group?
5. Are there sub-cultures within the ethnic group?
6. What is my Christian responsibility in preserving their heritage?

66. Cultural Heritage & Ethics

67. Cultural Heritage
Heritage is the cultural legacy which an ethnic group receives from the
past, and is passed on to future generations.
UNESCO UIS https://uis.unesco.org

68. Types of Cultural Heritage
1. Tangible Culture — artifacts, books, songs, art, buildings & structures
2. Intangible Culture — folklore, traditions, language, history
3. Natural Culture — natural resources a culture possesses or cares for

69. 1. Tangible
Texts of the Old Testament
Leningrandensis Text 1100 AD

70. 2. Intangible
Hebrew Language

71. 3. Natural
Land of Israel

72. Discussion: In the course of ministry…
1. Do we have a responsibility to uphold & reinforce ethnic identity?
2. Do we have a responsibility to help preserve ethnic heritage?
3. What are ethical guidelines to observe as we engage ethnicity?