Sources of Hydrogen, Storage of Hydrogen, Bio-Hydrogen, Fuel Cell Development.

1. HYDROGEN FUEL & ITS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SRIDHAR S.I
&
ARUN PRASATH .T

2. HYDROGEN
• A colourless, odourless, and highly flammable
gas.
• Atomic number-1.
• It is found only in compound form.
• Combined with oxygen, it is water (H20) .
Combined with carbon, it forms organic
compounds such as methane (CH4), coal, and
petroleum.
• An excellent fuel which replaces fossil fuels.

3. SOURCES

4. HYDROGEN vs. FOSSIL FUELS
Advantages of Hydrogen:
• Zero carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
• Additional utilisation potential
• Improved distribution efficiencies
• Ecologically safer fuel

5. HYDROGEN
Is not Clean When Produced
Current
H2
Technology

From fossil fuels
(Natural Gas)

CO2 Emissions
Sustainable
H2
Technology

From renewable and H2O

No CO2 Emissions

6. NEED FOR HYDROGEN FUEL
1990 2000 2010 2020
YEAR
ENERGY(kWh)
Western Europe, North America
Asia
Africa, Middle East
Other
104028
119772
144516
174156
1.4 %*
1.9 %*
1.9 %*
* Compound Annual Growth Rate

7. Barriers For H2 Fuel
• the cost of efficient and sustainable hydrogen
production and delivery must be significantly
reduced.
• new generations of hydrogen storage systems
for both vehicular and stationary applications
must be developed.
• the cost of fuel-cell and other hydrogen-based
systems must be reduced.

8. H2 PRODUCTION
Current Methods:
• Coal Gasification.
Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) Method.
• From natural gas.
Renewable Methods For Sustainable Development:
• Electrolysis.
• Solar-Hydrogen.
• Thermo-Chemical Process.
• Bio-mass Gasification. Etc…

9. ELECTROLYSIS
• passing an electrical current through water to split
individual water molecules into their constituent
hydrogen and oxygen.
• 65% energy efficiency is common, in case of
large electrolysers up to 85% efficiency is
possible.
• At present, however, the technique is only used at
relatively small plants, with a cost of 2.40-3.60
$/kg of hydrogen produced.
• This high cost is expected to limit electrolysis to
niche markets in the near and mid term.

10. DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR-HYDROGEN
Photo–Electrochemical Generation of Hydrogen from
Water
• ADVANTAGES
• Sustainable and environmentally friendly
• Direct solar to hydrogen conversion
• No H2/O2 separation required
• Stored fuel for use anywhere and anytime
H2O
PHOTO-CATALYST
(TiO2)
HYDROGEN
GAS
SUNLIGHT

11. •A titanium dioxide electrode immersed in deoxygenated water
and coated with platinum catalyst particles will split water into its
constituent elements upon irradiation with sunlight.
•Photo excited electrons are consumed to generate hydrogen
and holes are used to produce oxygen.

12. WHAT IS TiO2
• Commonly called as Titanium
dioxide, titania, rutile.
Why do we use TiO2?
• Photosensitive oxide semiconductor.
• Absorption of Sunlight
• Reactivity with Water
• Will not corrode – Survives for centuries
• Abundant – Australia is world production leader.

13. FUTURE
OF
SOLAR-HYDROGEN

14. Thermo chemical process:
• uses heat to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.
• heating water to extreme temperatures, perhaps
3400 K.
• Because of the high temperatures required, however,
direct thermal conversion is yet impractical outside
the laboratory.
• Chemical reactions can be employed to reduce the
required temperature.

15. Various Forms of H2 Fuel

16. STORAGE
• The hydrogen storage capacity is only 1.2 mass%.
35 and 70MPa
compressed hydrogen
gas cylinders
100 MPa compressed H2 cylinder
is also being developed.
The hydrogen storage is about 2.7% at 35 MPa and 5.5 mass% at 70 MPa.

17. Hydrogen storage in liquid state
Hydrogen storage in liquid state has high storage capacity, but it resumes
a lot of energy in liquation and low temperature keeping, therefore, the
energy utilization efficiency is low.
The US space shuttle Engine uses
Hydrogen and oxygen as a fuel.
The flame is almost invisible

18. • Hydrogen also forms ionic bonds with some
metals, creating a compound called a hydride.
H2 Solid:
• achieved by decreasing the temperature below
hydrogen's melting point of 14.01 K (−259.14 °C).
• Can be used as fuels in rockets.

19. HANDHELD HYDROGEN
(Amminex)
Researchers at the Technical University of
Denmark (DTU) have developed an
ammonia-based solid-state hydrogen
storage solution: a tablet that can be held
in your hand.
Essentially an Ammonia storage
method

20. • The tablet is a metal ammine complex that stores 9.1% hydrogen
by weight in the form of ammonia absorbed efficiently in
magnesium chloride: Mg(NH3)6Cl2.
• The storage is completely reversible, and by adding an ammonia
decomposition catalyst, hydrogen can be delivered at temperatures
below 347º C (656º F). The tablets can be recharged with
additional ammonia.

21. MeOH FUEL
• Methanol replacing hydrogen gas as the fuel of
the future.
• Rather than releasing carbon dioxide into the air,
it can be used to produce methanol – which is an
excellent fuel for cars and airplanes – using solar
energy.
• Methanol is easy to store, as opposed to
electricity. As a vehicle fuel, it is ready to be used
in the current infrastructure.

22. METHOD:
• Hydrogen gas is the first step in producing
methanol.
• First the water molecules are split so that
hydrogen and oxygen are formed.
• The hydrogen then reacts with carbon dioxide,
and methanol is formed.
• Methanol can be mixed in petrol or, if slightly
modified, be used alone in modern petrol
engines.

24. Photo-process in H2 Production
• Photo processes use the energy and other special
properties of light (usually sunlight) to produce hydrogen
from either water or biomass.
• Photo biological techniques are based on the
photosynthesis cycle used by plants and by some bacteria
and algae.
• The efficiency of photo biological hydrogen production is
only 1 to 5%, but researchers hope to increase it to 10%
or more.

25. BIO-HYDROGEN
• Biologically produced hydrogen is called as bio-
hydrogen.
Hydrogenase Mediated Pathway:

27. BIO-PHOTOLYSIS

29. FUEL CELL DEVELOPMENT
• Fuel cells are emerging as a leading alternative
technology to replace more polluting internal
combustion engines
• A fuel cell is a device akin to a continuously recharging
battery and generates electricity by the electrochemical
reaction of hydrogen and oxygen from the air.
• An important difference is that batteries store energy,
while fuel cells can produce electricity continuously as
long as fuel and air are supplied.
• In transportation, hydrogen fuel-cell engines operate at
an efficiency of up to 65%, compared to 25% for
present-day petrol-driven car engines.

30. Pollution free….
• Hydrogen-powered fuel cells emit only water
and have virtually no pollutant emissions, even
nitrogen oxides, because they operate at
temperatures that are much lower than internal
combustion engines.

31. Hydrogen (or a hydrogen-containing fuel) and oxygen
are fed into the anode and cathode of the fuel cell and
the electrochemical reactions, assisted by catalysts,
take place at the electrodes. The electrolyte enables the
transport of ions between the electrodes, while the
excess electrons flow through an external circuit to
provide electrical current.

32. FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS:
• Mostly in Transportations

36. Scientific and technical challenges for
the hydrogen economy
• Lowering the cost of hydrogen production to a level
comparable to the energy cost of petrol.
• Development of a CO2-free route for the mass production of
sustainable hydrogen at a competitive cost.
• Development of a safe and efficient national infrastructure
for hydrogen delivery and distribution.
• Development of viable hydrogen storage systems for both
vehicular and stationary applications.
• Dramatic reduction in costs and significant improvement in
the durability of fuel cell systems.

37. Key players working on Hydrogen
and Fuel Cell technology in India
• Benaras Hindu University (BHU)
• Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL)
• Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
• National Chemical Laboratory (NCL),
Pune:
• Indian Oil Corporation Limited
• Tata Motors

38. CONCLUSION
• By 2050, the global energy demand could double or triple and oil
and gas supply is unlikely to be able to meet this demand.
• Hydrogen is the best alternative.
• Until 2020, hydrogen production from fossil fuels and by
electrolysis of water using grid electricity is expected to be the
most important sources of hydrogen. During this transition period,
advanced and clean reformation/gasification processes, CO2
capture and sequestration and new efficient and low-cost
electrolysers will have to be developed.
• The UK, however, has world-leading scientific expertise and
facilities, as well the renewable resources to accelerate this
transition to a hydrogen era.

39. THANK YOU..

40. REFERENCES: