Brief History of Human Civilization

1. Chapter- 3
BRIEF HISTORY OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION
Group Members:
Amrendra (072BCE022)
Amrit Raj (072BCE023)
Anish (072BCE024)
Anish (072BCE025)
Anisha (072BCE026)
Anisha (072BCE027)
Asmita (072BCE028)
TUTOR:
ASST. PROF. SHUKRA RAJ PAUDEL
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
IOE, TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

2. 2
2

3. Brief History of Human Civilization
Contents
1. Early Civilization
2. Great Renaissance of Europe
3. Early part of Industrial Revolution
4. Transformation of Industrial Society into Information
Society
5. Impact of World War 1 and 2, Population Explosion
6. Rise of Environmental Issues
7. Climate change as a threat to Human Civilization
3

4. 3.1 Early Civilization
Source:
study.com
4

5. Stone Age
Believed to be started 2.6
million year ago in Africa
Tools used were stone, animal
bone horns and wood
Nomadic culture prevails
They also started to carve
symbol and sign on cave wall
Ended about 3000 BC
Source:www.shutterstock.com
Source:cbse.eduvictors.com
5

6. Bronze Age
Source : www.ancientcraft.co.uk
 Started around 3000 BC
 first metal discovered : coper
 Later only bronze (mixture of copper and tin) was
discovered
 They knew to mould vessels and weapons
 bronze were either intentional mixture or accidental
unknown uses is not clear
 Well organised Agriculture and domestication of animals
Prominent place were Mesopotamia and ancient Greek
Source: www.st-austins.co.uk6

7. Bronze age (cont. …
) World first empire is supposed to emerge with bronze
Idea of state and kingdom along with trade and
warfare
In the Indian sub continent Indus valley or Harappa
civilization (modern Pakistan) also developed around
2600 BC
Harappa civilization differ from other bronze age
civilization in view of having no kings or palaces but
were rich in art commerce and religion
Mohenjo Daron ;located west of Sindh(Pakistan)
Mohenjo Daron was most organised and advanced
city ( drainage, water bath, terracotta)
Script of this times is still not decoded
It ended around 1200 BC when human began to forge
iron : rise of iron age Source: study.com
The great bath of Mohenjo
Daron
7

8. Iron age
source : www.bbc.co.uk
 Expected to be started with discovery of iron
 Though iron melting furnace were not used, they
heavily used iron by just softening by heating and
moulding with hammer.
 Existed from end of bronze age to 500 AD
 Born of Muhammad prophet (570 BC)
 Buddha (550 BC ) , Jesus Christ, emperor Ashoka,
Aristotle, Plato, Socrates Archimedes, Pythagoras
existed in this age
 In this age concept of empire, wealth, trade and
warfare reached peak
 Before Alexander death, he concurred every thing
from Egypt to Indus river
Alexander the great Egyptian coin 3rd
century BCE (study.com)8

9. Iron age ( cont.
…)
Roman civilization also happened
Spreading of Mongolian’s all over globe
In the Indian subcontinent this time is known to be Vedic
period, as Hinduism were on top.
The oldest, written in the ancient script of Vedic Sanskrit,
was likely created around 1200 BCE.
Peoples in Indian sub continent were more organised in
the sense of culture, social, politics, economic and
government.
People in Indian sub continent were more spiritual
oriented in this time
Romans and china (great wall of china) were the
prosperous one
Slavery system was started
source : sites.google.com
Ancient Egyptian sundial.
Daytime divided into 12 parts.9

10. Facts about region in Nepal
Emperor Ashoka visited Buddha birth place around 249 BC
 Whether Ashokan built the pillar himself or the people of Lumbini
built it for him after he left is still unknown
 German archaeologist found the Ashoka pillar in 1895.
In 2016 the Ashokan Pillar was digitally preserved by the Digital
Archaeology Foundation along with other monuments in the area.
10

11. Middle age
Existed between 500 AD to 1450 AD
Rise of Islam around 600 AD
Arabian empire were powerful
Islamic invasion occurred more in Indian subcontinent
than Europe
Baber and Akbar conquest India
Introduction of Persian culture in India
Jengis khan conquest china
Asia and Europe trade via Mongolia silk road
Source: Wikipedia (Baber
1483-1530)
Akbar (1542-1605)
11

12. Middle Age(cont..)
Source: WikipediaSource: slideplayer.com
12

13. Towards the Modern world
 In between 1450 to 1660 AD
In 1492 Columbus discovered
America
Vasco da gamma discovered
India in 1497
Era of classical arts : Leonardo da
Vinci(Mona Lisa)
Galileo(Earth was round ;
Telescope), Newton(laws of
motion )
lived in this era
Great advancement in
mechanical revolution
Clocks and microscope were
invented
source :www.thoughtco.com
Robert Hooke microscope
1665
discoverysciencenews.blogspot
.com
Pendulum
clock
First clock
machine
Source:wikipedia
13

14. Human Learning Tools Summary:
Source: above mentioned sites 14

15. 3.2 GREAT RENAISSANCE OF EUROPE
Fig: View of Florence, birthplace of the Renaissance
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/ 15

16. RENAISSANCE
– MEANS
“REBIRTH” IN
FRENCH. THIS
WAS A TIME
PERIOD
FOLLOWING
THE MIDDLE
AGES THAT
LASTED FROM
THE 1400-
1700S.
There was a renewed interest in learning about the
achievements of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
Fig: Italy’s Geography
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/
16

17. • Downfall of Roman Emperor.
• Introduction of dictatorship.
• The freedom of human beings have been controlled by the
pope and the dictators.
• There was on any freedom of speech as well as religion.
• There was no good environment for the flourishment of the
farmers,buisenessman and other middle class people.
• This era is considered as the dark ages in human civilization.
• Rise of Islam, fall of Kastuntuniya(modern
turkey),Development of printing press,economic causes help
for the renaissance movement.
Background
17

18. 3.2.3 Development of Science
• Printing press was invented
Printing press by Johann Gutenberg
from Germany
•Nicolas Copernicus describes :Earth
was not center of solar system
•The rediscovery of ancient texts and
the invention
of printing democratized learning
•Science and art were intermingled in
the early Renaissance,
with polymath artists such as
Leonardo da Vinci making
observational drawings of anatomy
and nature.
Fig a: Johan Gutenberg Fig b: Printing
Press
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance
18

19. • Galileo Galilei built on Nicholas
Copernicus knowledge using his own
telescope proved that earth revolves round
the sun
•Galileo is a central figure in the
transformation of the scientific Renaissance
into a scientific revolution.
•Galileo got sentence to House arrest for
discovering Earth revolves around the sun
Fig : Galileo Galilei
Fig : Telescope by Galileo
Contd.
19

20. 3.2.4 Development of Arts
• David by Michelangelo (1501-1504) is
one of the famous sculpture of this time.
• The Sistine Chapel ceiling, painted by
Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512, is a
cornerstone work of High Renaissance art.
• Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da
Vinci ‘s Mona Lisa was a great art which
showed a genuine smile.
Fig: The tomb of Michelangelo in the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance/File:Michelangelo 20

21. Fig : Sistine Chapel Fig : Mona LisaFig : David sculpture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/media 21

22. 3.2.5 Philosophy
• A principle in humanism originated
during renaissance.
•It was possible due to introduction of
printing started by Johann Gutenberg
due to this there was the spread of
learning to the masses.
Before the invention of the printing
press, knowledge belonged to priests,
monasteries and universities.
Suddenly, many thousands of people,
could learn far more than they ever
could before
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/media 22

23. RENAISSANCE LITERATURE
• William Shakespeare is probably the
most famous Renaissance writer.
• He is most famous for his plays, but
also wrote poetry.
• His writing shows a deep
understanding of human nature and
expressed the thoughts and feelings of
his characters.
• More people learned to read after the
invention of the printing press. Ideas
were shared with others in distant
areas. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/media
23

24. NAVIGATION AND EXPLORATION
• The introduction of latitude lines on maps
made it easier for navigators to find their
way.
• Discovery of North America and South
America.
• New instruments allowed sailors to locate
their positions.
• New ships could carry enough food and
water for longer voyages.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/media
24

25. 3.3 Early Part of Industrial Revolution
What is industrial
revolution?
• It is the increase in
production brought about
by the use of machines
characterized by the use
of new energy.
• a period during which
predominantly agrarian,
rural societies in Europe
became industrial and
urban.
• Started in England in the
late 1700’s (1760-
1820/30)
Source: https://wattsupwiththat.com/new-climate-
reconstruction-study
25

26. Contd.
• It began in England and
later spread to France,
Germany, Netherlands,
Austro Hungary and other
nation.
• By 1800’s industrialization
was limited even in
England
• By 1900’s it had
transformed the whole
world
• Textiles were the
dominant industry of the
Industrial Revolution in
terms of employment,
value of output
and capital invested.
Fig: A loom
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_
Revolution#/media 26

27. • Steam powered trains and ships connected different
places.
• Telegraph communications, a pillar of the Industrial
Revolution would change communication for ever
• Clocks became the technology of standardization.
Created a universal time.
• Portland Cement and the invention of concrete. Joseph
Aspdin (1824).
• The modern roads by John McAdam. revolutionized
road construction forever.
• modern electric battery was invented in 1800
(Volta). Mass production of the world's first battery
began in 1802 by William Cruickshank.
Contd.
27

28. Before the Industrial Revolution
• Farming was the main
occupation of majority of
people (> 80% people of the
world relied on farming)
• All commodities were local,
foreign goods were a rare
luxury.
• Production of goods was for
‘use’, rather than profit.
• Life expectancy ~ 35 years
• Travel and communication
between far off places - non
existent or extremely slowFig:Transformation of technology
28

29. A) What favored Industrial Revolution
in England ?
• Social Stability - peace followed the unification of
England and Scotland. They enjoyed a strong rule of law
and free market.
• Population Growth - large no of workers of different skill
level available.
• Agricultural Surplus - due to new techniques in farming –
the ‘ 2nd agricultural revolution’ of 17th century.
• Coal – technically speaking, it is the main reason of the
revolution. Burning coal to generate heat and smelt iron.
More efficient than charcoal. Abundant in England. Steam
Engine invented for the extraction of coal.
• the long coastline – no region is far away from a sea port.
This facilitated procurement of raw materials.
• Resource in the form of colonies – cheap raw materials
and ready markets. 29

30. Fig:The Iron Bridge, Shropshire, England, the world's first bridge constructed of iron
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/media 30

31. B)Inventions that aided and sustained
the revolution
• Textile industry was
the first to be affected
by industrial rev.
• It was completely
mechanized by 1830s
• John kay’s ‘flying
shuttle’ – weaving
industry
• ‘spinning jenny’ –
enabling the spinning
of 100s of yarns
together
• The power loom
• Precision
Manufaturing (thanks
to engineering)
• Concept of
interchangeable parts
(machine revolution)
and assembly line.
Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/media
31

32. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/media
Fig: Spinning Jenny Fig: Spinner
32

33. Steam Engine
• First steam engine by Thomas Savery in the form of a
steam pump to draw water from coal mines. Broke down
often and dangerous too.
• Newcomer developed a better version but applicable only to
a much larger scale. So, the credit often given to
Newcomen.
• James watt’s came with a much better version of steam
engine (1769) by introducing a condenser. Later he tweaked
the design to convert heat energy into rotatory motion by
introducing some mechanism. Later mass produced.
• Steam Engine is a reminder that a revolutionary technology
often isn’t one new invention but a process of existing ones.
33

34. Fig: Savery’s Steam Pump Fig: Newcomen’s Atmospheric Engine
Fig: Watt Steam Engine
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/
34

35. C) Impact of the Industrial Revolution
Positive
• Standardization of factory
work methods and
processes- massive
production quantities
• Improved communication
and transportation
• Roads, bridges, railway
tracks and canal – transport
+ travel for common man
• Urbanization – clean water,
sewerage systems, public
transport
• No more hunger and famine
– surplus food could be
transported easily
Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/
35

36. Negative Effects
• Capitalism – philosophy of
profit maximization.
Country’s trade controlled
by private ownership rather
than government.
• Exploitation of workers –
long working hours ,no
protective gear, hazardous
and unhygienic working
living conditions often led
to epidemics like Cholera
• Traditional weavers and
workers were wiped out by
machines
• Child labor flourished
because it was cheaper to
employ children ( and also
Contd.
Source:http://foundations.uwgb.org/children
-during-the-industrial-revolution/
Fig: Children During the Industrial
Revolution
36

37. Contd.
• Division between Social
Classes.
• Workers Exploited. Rich
became richer and the
poor poorer. Numerous
riots against the
capitalists.
• Rapid Urbanization
• Environmental
Degradation accelerated
in the name of progress
and development.
• CO2 produced during
revolution (coal burning)
is still contributing to
global warming today.
Source: https://ourworldindata.org/london-air-
pollution
37

38. Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914)
• Basically in America and Europe
- aeroplane
- electric motor
- steam turbine
- petrol car
• Development of Recorded
music , motion picture,
analytical engine , telephone.
• Production of steel (bessemer’s
process) and iron
Source: https://ourworldindata.org/industrial-
revolution
38

39. 3.4 Transformation of Industrial Society
Into Information Society
39

40. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
MASS
PRODUCTIO
N
SUPPORTING
LARGE
POPULATION
HIGH CAPACITY
FOR DIVISION
OF LABOUR
THIS SOCIETY USE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR
Source : pickitimage.com
40

41. 41

42. Industrial Society
ECONOMIC
POLITICAL
CULTURAL
ACTIVITY
CREATION
DISTRIBUTION
MANIPULATION
INTEGRATION
42

43. Changes from Information Society
DIGITAL INFORMATION
,COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
ECONOMY
EDUCATION
HEALTH
WARFARE
GOVERNMENT
DEMOCRACY
43

44. Sequence of Industrial Society Into
Information Society
INFORMATION AGE
LIBERATION OF
COLONIZED
COUNTRIES AFTER
END OF WAR
DEVELOPMENT OF
COMPUTER
TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION OF
GLOBAL SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION
START OF GLOBAL
IZATION
44

45. DATES ACHIVEMENTS
1950 DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY
1857 INFORMATION REVOLUTION AFTER SPUTNIK
LAUNCHED BY RUSSIA
1961 HUMAN BEINGS IN SPACE
1964 COMMUNICATION IN SPACE
1969 HUMAN BEINGS IN MOON
1981 SPACE SHUTTLE
1976 SUPER COMPUTER
1989 LAPTOP COMPUTER
Source : hekitimage.com
45

46. 3.5 World War I and II, Population
Explosion and Baby Boom
46

47. 3.5.1 The First World War
Source: U.S. government WWI posters
Caption of World War I propaganda poster
for enlistment in the US Army.
“Buy War Savings Stamps", poster for World War I war
savings stamps, 1918.
47

48. The First World War:
• When?
•War involving nearly all the nations of the world
•1914-1918
What?
48

49. • Why?
Long term causes:
1. Militarism
2. Alliance system
3. Imperialism
4. Nationalism
Short term cause:
Assassination of
Franz Ferdinand of
the Austro-
Hungarian Empire
Fig.: Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his Wife
Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg one hour before their deaths,
June 28, 1914. The assassination was the spark that ignited
the war.
The First World War:
49

50. Fig.: Gavrilo Princip, Yugoslav Nationalist,
murderer of Prince Ferdinanz
Source: historywiz
The First World War Contd..
50

51. The First World War Contd..
• Who?
•Germany
•Austria-Hungary
•Ottoman Empire
•Bulgaria
•Russia
•France
•Great Britain
•Italy
•Japan
•United States (1917)
Central Powers: Allies:
Kaiser Wilhelm II, Mehmed V, Franz Joseph:
The three emperors of the Central Powers in
World War I 51

52. The First World War Contd..
• Where?
Central Powers:
Allied Powers:
52

53. What ended the war?
The Treaty of Versailles
• After the Central Powers were exhausted by the war, especially
after the US began fighting, it sought an armistice (the end of
fighting).
• The Treaty of Versailles (ver-sigh)
was signed between the Allied powers
and Germany.
• It took land away from Germany.
• It dismantled Germany’s military.
• It forced Germany to make reparations
(payments) to the countries it harmed
in the war.
• This treaty so destroyed the German economy and the morale of
the German people, that within 20 years, they would start another 53

54. Impact Of World War I
Source: iwn.org.uk Source: alaforveterans
54

55. Millions of
dead,
wounded
or
homeless
people
Four
empires
broke up
Self-
determinati
on became
popular
New
nation-
states were
set up
New
boundaries
created
problems
World
economy
damaged
What was the world
like after World War
I?
Changes to
society
55

56. • Nearly 8 million soldiers killed.
• Millions of young men wounded and permanently
disabled by gas or exploding shells.
• Many others suffered from post-war trauma.
Millions of Dead, Wounded or homeless people
Impact Of World War I Contd..
56

57. Millions of Dead, Wounded or homeless people Contd.
Casualty Figures from World War I
57,000
750,000
1,800,000
1,700,000
1,400,000
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
America
Source: Marshall Cavendish Education
Impact Of World War I Contd..
57

58. Millions of Dead, Wounded or homeless people Contd.
• Millions of displaced refugees who had lost almost
everything.
• Poor living conditions, lack of food and spread of
disease.
• Many more killed due to diseases.
Impact Of World War I Contd..
58

59. Source:theguardian
59

60. 60

61. Aftermath Of World War I: Consequences
Political:
• U. S. emerges as a world power because of the assumption of
international responsibilities.
• 3 major European dynasties are taken out of power:
Romanovs--Russia, Hohenzollerns--Germany, Hapsburgs--
Austria-Hungary.
• New states are created in central Europe, some containing
several different nationalities, especially in Poland and
Czechoslovakia.
• The League of Nations is created to solve international
problems and maintain world peace. Will be a failure.
• Many nations turn to military dictatorships—primarily Russia,
Italy, and Germany, to control their political problems.
61

62. Four empires broke up
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and
Russia broke up into smaller countries.
• Many ethnic groups set up their own nations.
• Former colonies of German and Ottoman Empires
administered by Allied Powers until they were ready
for self-government.
Aftermath Of World War I:
Consequences Contd…
62

63. • 1917—Workers revolt against the
Czar
–Russian Empire was replaced
and beginning of a socialist
system under Vladimir Lenin.
• Allied countries (Great Britain,
France, Japan and the United
States) send troops to support
anti-communist forces, but
communist forces eventually
prevail.
• The Russian Empire were toppled
and replaced by social
government
a) Russian Revolution
Fig: Vladimir Lenin
Source: alphahistory 63

64. Contd.
• 1922 --Lenin establishes the
Soviet Union (USSR)
• The Soviet Union benefited
from Germany's loss, as one
of the first terms of the
armistice was the abrogation
of the Treaty of Brest-
Litovsk
• The Russian concession in
Tianjin was occupied by the
Chinese in 1920; in 1924 the
Soviet Union renounced its
claims to the districtSource: gettyimage
b) The Soviet Union
64

65. Contd.
• On 28 June 1919 the Weimar
Republic was forced, under threat
of continued Allied advance, to
sign the Treaty of Versailles
• In 1921, Adolf Hitler took control
of
the National Socialist German
Worker’s Party—better known as
the
Nazis.
• He became chancellor of
Germany in 1933 and eventually
claimed the title Fuhrer (guide of
Germany) and established
himself as dictator over the Third
Reich.Source: gettyimage
c) Fascism in Germany
Fig:Adolf Hitler
65

66. d) New Leaders Emerge
• In Italy, a new fascist
government emerged in 1922
under Benito Mussolini.
• He rose to power using
propaganda, brutality, and
intimidation—promoting an ultra-
nationalist Italy and himself as Il
Duce (“the Leader”).
• 1924—Lenin dies– Several
leaders struggle for power
including Leon Trotsky and
Joseph Stalin.
• Eventually, Stalin seizes power
and becomes a dictator over
USSR— imposing a
totalitarian state.
Source: alphahistory
Contd.
Fig:Benito
Mussolini
Fig:Joseph
Stalin
66

67. Self-determination Became Popular
• Self-determination and self-government championed as a
principle of peace.
Austro-Hungarian
Empire
Czechoslov
akia Hungary
Self-
determination
Self-
determination
Aftermath Of World War I:
Consequences Contd..
67

68. New Nation-states Were Set Up
Nationalism
Yugoslo
vakia
Lithuani
a
Latvia
Estonia
Poland Hungary
Many new
countries were
set up because
of nationalism.
Contd.
68

69. New Boundaries Created
Problems
• Although new nation-states were formed, ethnic
groups did not get to form nations of ethnic uniformity.
• Many ethnic minorities lived within the borders of
newly-created states.
• These new borders caused ethnic tension.
Contd.
69

70. World Economy Damaged
• World trade disrupted
• Resources of great powers depleted.
• Farms, factories and industrial areas destroyed  no
production.
• Infrastructure destroyed  lengthy restoration.
• Massive unemployment.
• Countries cash-strapped, saddled with huge debts.
Aftermath Of World War I:
Consequences Contd..
70

71. Economic:
• the total cost of the war: over $350 billion. How was this
paid for???
• heavy taxes: causes lower standard of living for the
European people.
• international trade suffers: nations raise the tariffs on
imports and exports.
• Russia: communist seize power and introduce a new
economic system.
• economic collapses bring on the Great Depression of the
late 1920’s and 1930’s.
Aftermath Of World War I:
Consequences Contd..
71

72. Social:
• almost 10 million soldiers were killed and over 20
million are wounded
• millions of civilians died as a result of the hostilities,
famine, and disease
• the world was left with hatred, intolerance, and
extreme nationalism.
Aftermath Of World War I:
Consequences Contd..
72

73. Changes To Society
• Divisions in society were heightened.
The war brought to the fore
differences between two
opposing camps of society —
pacifists and militarists.
The horrors of war
tilted some groups
more towards
pacifism.
But other groups became
even more fiercely inclined
towards militarism. They felt
this was the best way to
protect their country against
invasion and annexation.
Contd.
73

74. • Disillusionment with existing system.
• Segments of society lost faith in the existing system of government.
• Looked for alternative social ideologies.
• Communism emerged.
Contd.
Changes To Society
74

75. • Changes to the position of women.
• Many males in the families were killed in the war.
• Women’s responsibilities increased.
• Women’s expectations about their role in society also changed 
equal rights, equal opportunities.
Contd.
Changes To Society
75

76. • Changes to the position of workers.
• Working class given right to vote in recognition of
its contributions to the war  expansion of
electorate.
• Increasing support for government welfare
programmes such as state-provided healthcare
and education.
• Greater expectation for equality with middle class
and upper class.
Contd.
Changes To Society
76

77. Homeless people:
There were numerous
displaced refugees who
had lost almost everything.
What does this picture tell you about the
impact of World War I?
77

78. Destroyed infrastructure:
A lengthy restoration was
required and the economy
was damaged.
78

79. Changes to position of
women in society:
They expected equal
rights, equal
opportunities.
79

80. Unemployment:
Many jobs were
displaced by the war.
Source: Marshall Cavendish Education 80

81. Weapons Of WWI
New Technology + old tactics = horrible losses
81

82. Technology Of World War One
• Machine Guns
• Artillery
• Grenades
• Communications
• Transportation
• Tanks & Armor
• Aircraft
• Chemical Warfare
• U-Boats
• Convoy system
• Barbed Wire
All of these technologies had an
impact on the strategy and
tactics of the war.
Some were used in a new way,
others were used in response to
other technologies or new
tactics and strategies.
82

83. Trench knife
Trench Shovel-Germans
Gas Masks
Source: Marshall Cavendish Education
83

84. German stick grenade
WWI grenade
Source: Marshall Cavendish Education
84

85. Barbed wire strung out over No Man’s Land slowed
speed of the advance of the attacking troops
At times electrified cable ran thru the mass of barbed wire-had to be cut first!!
Source: Marshall Cavendish Education
Technology Of World War One Contd..
85

86. The Weapons Of WWI
• Machine guns - worsened the stalemate;
• Poison Gas – developed by the Germans. Caused
blindness, choking, burns, and even death. Very
unpredictable.
Mustard Gas
The most lethal of all the poisonous chemicals used during the war, it was almost
odorless and took twelve hours to take effect. Yperite was so powerful that only small
amounts had to be added to high explosive shells to be effective. Once in the soil,
mustard gas remained active for several weeks.
The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered, the eyes became very sore and they began
to vomit. Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial
tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane. This was extremely painful and most soldiers
had to be strapped to their beds. It usually took a person four or five weeks to die of
mustard gas poisoning. One nurse, Vera Brittain, wrote: "I wish those people who talk
about going on with this war whatever it costs could see the soldiers suffering from
mustard gas poisoning. Great mustard-coloured blisters, blind eyes, all sticky and stuck86

87. The Machine Gun
Germans first to mass produce it– the British thought it was not “sporting”
Source: militaryfactory
87

88. Poison Gas
Chlorine Gas – 1915 Germans first used it
Mustard Gas-sulfuric acid gas - yellow rags soaked in water or urine
Gas Mask
Source: culture24.org
88

89. The Weapons Of WWI Contd…
• The Tank – introduced by the British
• Could move across no-man’s land
• Airplanes – 1st time in history they were used in combat.
• Zeppelins – gas-filled balloons introduced by the Germans.
89

90. Tanks
Fig.: British-first tanks
Fig.: Early tank-Little Willie 1915
Fig.: French Tank
Fig.: German Tank – lagged behind Allies in
tank development
Source: world-war-1-facts
90

91. Both sides used bolt action
rifles for the infantry
91

92. U-boats
Submarines
Source: world-war-1-facts
92

93. Zeppelins
Flamethrowers
93

94. League of Nations
• Established in 1919 after World War
I
• It was the first international
organisation whose principal
mission was to maintain world
peace
• After some notable successes and
some early failures in the 1920s,
the League ultimately proved
incapable of preventing aggression
by the Axis powers in the 1930s
• UN formed after the failure of
League of Nations , after WWII
Contd.
Fig:Logo of League of Nations
Source:https:imgure.imgress
94

95. Summary Of The WW1
World War I
Major
countries
involved
Causes
Impact
Political
Economic
Social
Central Powers
Allied Powers
•Powerful countries.
•Competition for colonies.
•Arms and naval race.
•Alliance system.
•Strong nationalism.
Technological95

96. Between the Two GREAT WARS
• Construction and development were done throughout the
world
Invention of:
Radar (1912),
Talking film (1922),
Helicopter (1924),
Electronic TV (1927),
Jet Engine (1937)
96

97. World War II
97

98. Principal Belligerents:
• Axis powers:
 Germany
 Italy
 Japan
• Allies:
 China
 Poland
 Great Britain
 France
 Soviet Union, from June 1941
 United States, from December 1941
98

99. What Were The Four Main Causes Of WW2 ?
Treat
y
of
Vers
aille
s
1. Failure of the Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s borders were changed, and its economy
was bankrupted by reparations payments.
4. Appeasement and
Isolationism:
England and France
were still recovering from
WWI and unsuccessfully
tried to use diplomacy to
stop Hitler. Some
countries, such as the
United States, isolated
themselves to try to avoid
being drawn into other
nations’ wars.
3. Nationalism:
Extreme nationalism gave rise to Fascism in
Italy and Nazism in Germany and caused
2. Economic
Factors:
All countries
suffered the
effects of the
Great
Depression, and
people blamed
their governments
and sought
change.
Source: americafirst
99

100. When?
1939
Sept.1 -
Germany
invades
Poland
(official
start to
the war)
Sept. 3 -
Britain &
France
declare
war on
Germany
Dec. 7 –
Japan
bombs
Pearl
Harbor;
US enters
the War
1941
May -
Germans
Surrender
Sept. -
Atomic
Bombing of
Hiroshima &
Nagasaki,
Japanese
Surrender
1945
1939-1945
US involvement 1941-1945
World War II Contd...
100

101. Major Leaders Of WWII
Adolf Hitler
Nazi Germany
Benito Mussolini
Italy
Source: 2worldwar2
101

102. Major Leaders Of WWII Contd…
Hideki Tojo
Japanese Prime Minister
Winston Churchill
British Prime Minister
Source: 2worldwar2
102

103. Major Leaders Of WWII Contd…
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
US President
Joseph
Stalin
Russian
Leader
Source: 2worldwar2
103

104. • Rise of Totalitarian Regimes
In a Totalitarian country, individual rights are not viewed as important as the needs
of the nation. The government controls every aspect of public and private life.
Totalitarianis
m
Communist
Dictatorship
(USSR)
Fascist
Dictatorship
(Germany, Italy)
Military
Dictatorship
(Japan)
Fascism:
military
government
with based on
racism &
nationalism
with strong
support from
the business
community
World War II Contd...
104

105. 105

106. What Jobs Did Women Perform The Military During WWII?
• Women’s Army Corps (WAC) –women were barred from combat, but
they were allowed to join the armed forces and take jobs to free men for
combat. They worked as secretaries, drivers, nurses
• WASPS-Women Air Force Service Pilots –ferried planes across the
United States freeing up male pilots for combat
• ***WWII opened up many opportunities for women in the military and in
the workforce that had been off limits to them before the war.
World War II Contd...
106

107. Fig.: Women Air Force Service Pilots
World War II Contd...
Source: mintpressnews 107

108. The Aftermath Of World War II
• America was shocked and entered the war the very next day
(Dec. 8th).
• America, upon entering the war, rounded up Japanese into
Internment Camps.
• Germans and Italians also experienced severe mistreatment.
• Jingoism: patriotism in the form of warlike, aggressive,
ethnocentric behavior
108

109. The End Of World War II And Its Impact On
World Affairs
109

110. End Of WWII: V-E Day
 V-E Day (Victory in Europe
day) was May 7 and 8
1945. These are the two
days that the unconditional
surrender of the Axis Powers
in Europe were accepted
and signed.
 The War in Europe was
officially over.
Source: telegraph.co.uk 110

111. End Of WWII: Nuclear War
• New technology will be used by the
U.S.A. as a show of force to end the
war with Japan in the Pacific.
Fig.: Mushroom Cloud
Fig.: Little Boy Atomic
Fig.: Bombarded regions
of Japan
Source:history.com/news/world-war-ii-iconic-photos
111

112. End Of WWII: Nuclear War
• In order to bring the war to an end quickly, President
Harry S. Truman, decided that a show of extreme force
would end the fighting.
• On August 6, 1945, “Little Boy” was dropped on
Hiroshima.
• The U.S.A. then gave Japan an ultimatum,
unconditional surrender by the Japanese or there would
be a second nuclear attack.
• On August 9, 1945, with Japan failing to surrender, a
second nuclear bomb called “Fat Man” was dropped
on Nagasaki.
• On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allies. 112

113. End Of WWII: Hiroshima
The ruins of Hiroshima smolder one day after the atomic
bomb called “Little Boy” was dropped on August 6, 1945.
113

114. End Of WWII: Nagasaki
The ruins of Nagasaki smolder one day after the atomic
bomb called “Fat Man” was dropped on August 9, 1945. 114

115. End Of WWII: East & West Germany
115

116. The Holocaust
was the genocide of approximately six
million European Jews during World War
II, a program of systematic state-
sponsored extermination by Nazi
Germany. Two-thirds of the population of
nine million Jews who had resided in
Europe before the Holocaust were killed.
End Of WWII Contd…
116

117. Facts About The Holocaust
1. 6,000,000 Jews and 4,000,000 other Europeans
were killed by the Nazis during WWII.
2. Two-thirds of the population of nine million Jews who
had resided in Europe before the Holocaust were
killed.
3. Nazis persecuted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals,
Slavs, and the disabled.
End Of WWII Contd…
117

118. Victims of the Holocaust
End Of WWII Contd…
Source:history.com/news/world-war-ii-iconic-photos
118

119. Source:history.com/news/world-war-ii-iconic-photos
119

120. Source:history.com/news/worldwarIIdeaths
120

121. LATIN AMERICA
121

122. Why Was WWII The Deadliest War In World
History?
• Cities were bombed—civilians died in numbers like never
before
• 11,000,000 died in the Holocaust
• Improved technology led to higher death tolls (including the
atomic bomb)
• Total military and civilian deaths were over between 60 and 70
million world wide (WWI=10 million)
• U.S. lost 320,000 and another 800,000 wounded
122

123. Quick Facts Of WWII
• War Costs
• US Debt 1940 - $9 Billion
• US Debt 1945 - $98 Billion
• WWII cost $330 billion – 10 times the cost of WWI &
equivalent to all previous federal spending since 1776
123

124. Losses Of The Major Wartime Powers In WWII, 1939-
1945
• Germany
• 4.5 million military
• 2 million civilian
• Japan
• 2 million military
• 350,000 civilians
• Italy
• 400,000 military
• 100,000 civilian
• China
• 2.5 million military
• 7.4 million civilians
• USSR
• 10 million military
• 10 million civilians
• Great Britain
• 300,000 military
• 50,000 civilians
• France
• 250,000 military
• 350,000 civilian
• United States
• 274,000 military
124

125. Technological Development During WWII
1. Jet Planes, crewless planes, modern rockets, helicopters
Douglas C-47 Sky Train Waco CG 4A USAF Lockheed P-38 Lightning
Source:history.com/news/world-war-ii-photos
125

126. Technological Development During WWII Contd..
2. Advance in tank design and communication
Fig.: Sherman Tank
Fig.: Farklands War Tank
Fig.: Enigma Encryption
Machine
Source:warfaretanks.com/wwii
126

127. Technological Development During WWII Contd..
3. Atomic Weapons
Fig.: Little boy dropped in Hiroshima Fig.: Fat Man Dropped in Nagasaki
Source:history.com/news/world-war-ii-photos
127

128. Technological Development During WWII Contd..
• Oil pipelines under English Channels
• Acquaintance to nuclear energy
• Modern era of automatic digital computer began
• Small Arms development ( M1 Garand Rifle, Thompson
Submachine gums, etc.)
• Development of artificial harbours
128

129. What Were The Long-term Effects Of WWII?
Effect Examples
Power
Shifts
U.S. and U.S.S.R become world powers,
replacing England and Germany.
Tensions
Rise
Arms Race and Cold War begin.
Communis
m Spreads
U.S.S.R. sets up satellite nations in Eastern
Europe.
Hope
Survives
United Nations and Marshall Plan
implemented.
129

130. United Nations
Long-term Effects Of WWII Contd…
130

131. Cold War
• The Cold War was a time period when non-
cooperation between the two major world
Superpowers, the USA and the Soviet Union, that
caused a fear of nuclear war.
Long-term Effects Of WWII Contd…
131

132. Cold War: The World Takes Sides
Long-term Effects Of WWII Contd…
132

133. Population Explosion And Baby Boom
133

134. Source:biology-pages.info/images
• Baby boom (1947-1964 US)
• Marked by significant increase of birth
rate
• Baby boomers-people born during
such period
• After WWII France pop. increased
from 41 to 50 million
• The marriage rates and family size
kept on increasing
• Also supported by Vaccination
programs and Green revolution Crops
Fig:Increase in Birth rates after world war 2
134

135. Baby BOOM!
• Rapid domestic growth also lead to a baby boom and
expanding suburbanization.
• In 1957, an American baby was born every 10 seconds!
Source:biology-pages.info/images
135

136. Baby BOOM!
Why?
1. More men in society due to end of WWII.
2. GI bill allows men to start a family. Married at a younger
age than their parents (1 in 3 women married by age 19)
3. Medical science improved increasing the survival rate of
babies.
4. Prosperous economy encouraged parents to have
babies sooner (less likely to lose a job and not be able to
support a family).
136

137. 3.6. Rise of
Environmental 137

138. What Are Environmental Issues?
• Harmful effects of human activity on environment or mistreatment
of the planet
• not just a distant future threat
• main driver behind rising humanitarian needs
138

139. History
 Initially, Earth’s environment was in pristine condition
 Rise in human population and activities
 Rise in environmental issues
 History of rise in environmental issues can be tied together with
1.Industrial revolution
2.Population bloom
139

140. 1. Industrial Revolution
Source: grida.no
140

141. 2. Population Bloom
Source: https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth 141

142. Environmental
Issues
Deforestation
Pollution
Global
WarmingClimate change
Ozone Layer
Depletion
Waste
Disposal
Over population
Acid Rain
142

143. Over Population
One of the crucial current
environmental problem
population of the planet is reaching
unsustainable levels
shortage of resources like water, fuel
and food
Intensive agriculture practice
Source: thestatetimes.com
143

144. 1981: Total population=15,022,839
1991:Total population=18,491,097
2001:Total population=23,151,423
2011:Total population=26,494,504
Population data of Nepal
Source: researchgate.net 144

145. Deforestation
Destruction of forest
To make land available for residential,
industrial or commercial purpose
At present forests cover 30% of the land
but every year tree cover is lost amounting
to the country of Panama due to growing
population demand for more food, shelter
and cloth
Source: science.howstuffworks.com
145

146. Pollution
 Main source : Industry and motor vehicle
Toxins : Heavy metals, nitrates and plastic
water pollution is caused by oil spill, acid rain,
urban runoff
air pollution is caused by various gases and
toxins released by industries and factories and
combustion of fossil fuels
soil pollution is majorly caused by industrial
waste that deprives soil from essential
nutrients
Source: sciencing.com 146

147. Global Warming
slow and steady rise in temperature of
Earth’s surface
result of human practices like emission of
Greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4,
N2O
Temperatures today are 0.74 °C (1.33 °F)
higher than 150 years ago
Source: climate.nasa.gov
147

148. Source: royalsociety.org
148

149. A Degree of Concern: Why Global Temperatures
Matter
149

150.  rise in temperatures of the oceans and
the earth’s surface
 melting of polar ice caps
 rise in sea levels
 unnatural patterns of precipitation such as
flash floods, excessive snow or
desertification
Impacts
Source: climate.nasa.gov
150

151. Climate Change
occurs due to rise in global warming
New weather patterns
has harmful effects
Temperature records, disappearance
of ice, extreme weather events
Source: williamligget.com
151

152. Impacts
of climate
change
Season
change
Melting polar
ice
Flash flood
Diseases
Rise in
temperature
Weather
change
152

153. Ozone layer Depletion
• Gradual thinning of Earth’s Ozone Layer
• Prevents harmful UV radiation
• Depletion Ozone layer is attributed to
pollution caused by Chlorine and Bromide
found in Chloro-floro carbons (CFC’s)
• cause a hole in the ozone layer
• CFC’s are banned in many industries and
consumer products
Source: biologyexams4u.com
153

154. Waste disposal
one of urgent current environmental problem
over consumption of resources and creation of
plastics create global crisis of waste disposal
Developed countries producing an excessive amount
of waste or garbage and dumping their waste in the
oceans and, less developed countries
Plastic, fast food, packaging and cheap electronic
wastes threaten human health
Source: edie.net
154

155. Acid rain
occurs due to the presence of certain
pollutants in the atmosphere
due to combustion of fossil fuels or erupting
volcanoes or rotting vegetation which
release sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
into the atmosphere
pH of normal rain:5.4-5.5
pH of acid rain: 4.2-4.4
have serious effect on human health, wildlife
and aquatic species
Source: epa.gov
155

156. Impact of Acid Rain
Source: researchgate.net
156

157. Ocean Acidification
direct impact of excessive
production of CO2
25% of CO2 produced by humans
The ocean acidity has increased by
the last 250 years but by 2100, it
may shoot up by 150%
main impact on shellfish and
plankton
Source: pml.ek.uk
157

158. Loss of Biodiversity
Human activity leads to the extinction of
species and habitats
Eco systems are in danger when any
species population is decimating
Destruction of coral reefs in the various
oceans, which support the rich marine life
Source: futureoflife.org 158

159. Let us live!
159

160. Public health Issues
a lot of risk to health of humans, and animals
dirty water is the biggest health risk of the world
threat to the quality of life and public health
Run-off to rivers carries along toxins, chemicals and disease carrying
organisms
Pollutants cause respiratory disease like Asthma and cardiac-vascular
problems
High temperatures encourage the spread of infectious diseases like Dengue
160

161. Human Impact on Environment
• Destruction or modification of habitat
• Overexploitation for commercial,
scientific and education purpose
• Overgrazing for domestic animals
• Traditional rural practice
• Industrialization, urbanization
• Mining and quarrying
Source: nationalgeographic.com.auSource: en.wikipedia.orgSource: greentumble.comsource: financialexpress.comSource: businessworldghana.comSource: thehindu.com
161

162. Contd.
• Population pressure
• Use of drugs and chemicals
• Destruction of ecological balance
162

163. Correlation between Civil Engineering and Environment
• Impact greatly on environment
• Large scale and require large amount of energy(fossil fuel)
• Ecological changes brought about by reservoir formations, diversions
of rivers etc.
• Clearing of forests for roads, large structures, timber for formwork
• CO2 emissions in cement manufacture
• Land degradation and emissions in brick production
• Traffic congestion, roadblocks, pollution from vehicles
163

164. Conservation of Environment
Conserve
more
Consume
less
164

165. 3.7 Climate Change As A Threat To Human
Civilization
165

166. 3.7.Climate change as a threat to
human civilization
Climate change is a significant change in global
temperature ,precipitation , wind pattern of a region.
The current warming period is rapidly increasing
than past events.
166

167. Introduction to climate change
• For the comfort of human life , many technological advancement , social
development and development of science and technology has been made.
• For such comfort , we are over using the natural resources which results in
unintended consequences.
• The development of science and technology today , has been a threat to
our modern society.
• The main cause of climate change is the human activities.
167

168. Introduction to climate change(contd.)
Fig : Deforestation Fig : Greenhouse gas
Source : www.sanandres.esc.edu.ar
168

169. Introduction to climate change(contd.)
• The results that we are facing today is due to the human activities from
decade past.
• We can imagine the condition of future if this kind of rapid development
and modernisation increases exploiting the natural resources.
• Climate change is not only threat/risk to human life but also to the whole
living creatures.
169

170. Evidences of climate change
• Temperature measurement
• Sea level
• Arcitic sea ice loss
• Glacier
• Vegetation
• Precipitation
Source : www.sanandres.esc.edu.ar 170

171. Effects on human civilization
• Infectious diseases
Rising temperature creates the favourable condition for the viruses to
reproduce and replicate due to which spreading of virus is increased.
Diseases like malaria, dengue are projected to widen their range as the
hosts move to the warmer region .
Tropical diseases may spread including dengue fever, yellow fever , and
encephalitis.
171

172. Effects on human civilization(contd.)
• Infectious diseases (contd.)
Research have shown that the rate of spread of dengue fever have been
increased from 3%-5%.
• Weather events
Increase in the frequency and intensity of weather events like drought ,
storm, flooding .
Shifting patterns of precipitation(both snow and rain) have been observed.
172

173. Effects on human civilization(contd)
• Increase in temperature
Rise in sea level
Melting of ice sheets and glaciers
Growth of bacteria
Increases ground ozone
Fig.:Burning earth
• Widespread drought Fig.:Drought
Green house gases increases the air temperature which
results in evaporation of water bodies and land.
Source : www.sanandres.esc.edu.ar
173

174. Effects on human civilization(contd)
• Plants and animals
Increases the risk of chemical exposure on food.
The carbon dioxide of atmosphere enters the ocean and increases acidity
which stresses the ocean ecosystem.
Shifting in the life cycle of many plants and animals ,like flowers blooming
earlier and birds hatching earlier in the spring.
174

175. Effects on human civilization(contd)
• Effect on Quality of food and human health
Use of chemicals on crops increases which ultimately
decreases the quality of food.
Increases the respiratory problems, cardiovascular
disease, asthma and other lungs related diseases
due to the different gases.
High concentration of ozone leads to ozone related
illness and premature death.
175

176. Effects on human civilization(contd)
Effect on Quality of food and human health(contd)
Increases the gastrointestinal problems .
Disturbance in proper food distribution in the areas affected by flooding ,
storm etc.
176

177. Effects on human civilization (contd.)
Fig.: Hospitalised baby
source : babyimg.com/hospitalized
177

178. THANK YOU!