This chapter discusses the history of science and technology from ancient to modern periods. It aims to help students understand the timeline of developments, differences between periods, and define science and technology. Science is defined as systematic knowledge gained through observation and experimentation. Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to solve problems. Key developments are highlighted for each historical period from ancient tools and calendars to modern inventions like the steam engine and light bulb.

1. SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY, AND
SOCIETY: WORLD
HISTORY

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this chapter, the
students should be able to:
1. explain the historical timeline of
science and technology;
2. analyze the difference between
the different periods involved in the
development of Science and
Technology; and
3. synthesize and create their own
definition of Science and Technology
based on the discussion on this unit.

3. What is Science?
Science-comes from the Latin word
Scientia, meaning “knowledge”.
It refers to a systematic and
methodical activity of building and
organizing, knowledge about how
the universe behaves through
observation, experimentation or
both.

4. What is Technology?
Technology, for its part, is the
application of scientific knowledge,
laws, and principles to produce
services, materials, tools, and
machines aimed at solving real-
world problems.
It comes from the Greek root
word Techne meaning “art, skill, or
cunning of hand”. “Logia” meaning
subject or interest.

5. SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN
DIFFERENT PERIODS

6. CHAPTER OUTLINE
Science and Technology in
Different Periods
1. Ancient Period (ca. 3,000 B.C. -
500A.D.)
2. Medieval Period (ca. 500 - 1,500)
3. Renaissance Period (14th - 17th
Century)
4. Industrial Revolution (18th
Century)
5. In 19th Century
6. In 20th Century

7. Ancient Period (ca. 3,000 B.C. - 500A.D.)
-ca 750,000 Fire is used by Homo erectus.
EUROPE
-ca 45,000 Stone-headed spears are used in
Europe.
-ca 1000 Ironworking is introduced in Greece.
-ca 1000 Etruscan craftsmen make false teeth
from gold.
-ca 2000 The Minoans build palaces in Crete.
-ca 20,000 The wooden bow and arrow are
used in Spain and Saharan Africa. People in
Southern Europe use sewing needles made
from bone.

8. Ancient Period (ca. 3,000 B.C. - 500A.D.)
-ca 8,500 North Americans make stone arrow
heads.
THE AMERICAS
-ca 8,000 The Folsom people living on eastern
side of the Poe's Mountains develop
sophisticated tools.
-ca 1750 Peruvians build a long canal to irrigate
their crops.
-ca 1200 Fishermen in Peru makes rafts and
boats from reeds
-ca 6000 Pottery is made in South America.
-ca 2500 People in the Arctic makes flirt tools.
-ca 1200 Olmec sculptors carve figurines and
giant human heads.

9. Ancient Period (ca. 3,000 B.C. - 500A.D.)
-ca 11,000 The earliest-known day pots are
made in Japan.
ASIA AND OCEANIA
-ca 5200 People in Iran make wine.
-ca 2950 A lunar calendar is developed in China.
-ca 3000 Boats in China are equipped with
anchors.
-ca 2500 Clay pipes are used as drains in
Pakistan.
-ca 4000 Bronze is first made in Thailand.
-ca 3500 The plow is invented in both China and
Mesopotamia.
-ca 2500 Chinese doctors begin using
acupuncture.

10. Ancient Period (ca. 3,000 B.C. - 500A.D.)
-ca 2296 Chinese astronomers record the
sighting of a comet.
ASIA AND OCEANIA
-ca 1361 Chinese astronomers record a solar
eclipse.
-ca 850 The Chinese use natural gas for
lighting.
-ca 1000 The Hindu calendar of 360 days is
introduced in India.
-ca 1000 The Chinese begin writing on bamboo
or paper made from bark.

11. Ancient Period (ca. 3,000 B.C. - 500A.D.)
- ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus uses stone tools.
AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST
- ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus begins chipping
flakes of stones to sharpen for tools.
- ca 15,000 in Africa, bone harpoons (barbed
spears) are used for fishing.
- ca 10,000 people in Palestine build houses
from sun-dried bricks.
- ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus uses antlers to
create tools for cutting and drilling.
- ca 7500 Clay tokens are used for record
keeping in Mesopotamia.
- ca 6000 The world's first known city is built by
the people of Catal Huyuk in Anatolia (modern
Turkey).

12. Ancient Period (ca. 3,000 B.C. - 500A.D.)
- ca 4236 Ancient Egyptians devise a 365-day
calendar.
AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST
- ca 3100 Egyptians begin using hieroglyphics.
- ca 3000 Egyptians dam the Garawi River.
- ca 3500 The wheel is invented in Mesopotamia.
- ca 2630 Egyptians begin building pyramids.
- ca 3000 The Sumerians introduce a 360-day
calendar.
- ca 2600 Mesopotamians make glass.
- ca 2300 Babylonian astronomers study
comets.
- ca 2300 The earliest known maps are
produced in Mesopotamia.

13. Ancient Period (ca. 3,000 B.C. - 500A.D.)
- ca 2000 Babylonian mathematicians
introduce a positional number system.
AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST
- ca 1750 Babylonian astronomers compile lists
of planets and stars.
- ca 2000 Medicine becomes an important science
in Syria and Babylon.
- ca 1800 Mesopotamian mathematicians
discover the "Pythagorean Theorem".
- ca 1550 Egyptians are using about 700 drugs
and medications.
- ca 1350 The symptoms of leprosy are
described in Egyptian text.

14. Ancient Period (ca. 3,000 B.C. - 500A.D.)
- ca 1200 The Egyptians dig a canal to join the
Nile River to the Red Sea.
AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST
- ca 900 Farmers in Mesopotamia use an
irrigation system to water crops
- ca 1000 The Phoenicians develop an alphabet.

15. Medieval Period
(ca. 500-1500)

16. Medieval Period (ca. 500-1500)
The Medieval Period also known as “Dark
Ages” is considered to be one of the creative
periods in the history of humans and said to be
the start of the first industrial revolution.
The term “Dark Ages” came up because
there are few written records remained from
the said era. There are very little evidence that
will support that there was progress in the
society during the periods 500 to 1500

17. Medieval Period (ca. 500-1500)
Charlemagne (742-814) a medieval emperor
who ruled Western Europe in 800-814, tried to
establish a scholastic tradition.
The later Middle Ages (around 1250-1500 A.D.)
saw advancements in the philosophy of science
and the refinement of the scientific method.

18. Medieval Period (ca. 500-1500)
 Vertical windmills
 spectacles,
 mechanical clocks,
 greatly improved water mills,
 building techniques like the Gothic style,
and three-field crop rotation
Great New Inventions in Science
and Technology of the later Middle
Ages

19. Medieval Period (ca. 500-1500)
 printing press of Johannes Gutenberg (ca. 1395-1468)
in the 15th century. The invention of the printing
press itself obviously, owed much to the medieval
paper press, in turn modeled after the ancient wine-
and-olive press of the Mediterranean area.
 In its essentials, the wooden press reigned supreme
for more than 300 years, with a hardly varying rate
of 250 sheets per hour printed on one side.
Great New Inventions in Science
and Technology of the later Middle
Ages

20. Renaissance Period (144h-17th Century)
The term Renaissance is used to refer to the
period of “rebirth” as age of preparation for the
17th century scientific development and
achievements.
One of the greatest achievements in Western
Europe during this period was the technology of
printing books and other documents which
helped the rapid spread of knowledge and
information as well as the preservation of
culture.

21. Renaissance Period (144h-17th Century)
According to Wilde in his interview with
livescience.com:
Demand for Perfect Reproductions:
The interview suggests that the demand for
accurate reproductions of texts and a renewed focus
on studying them were catalysts for the adoption of
printing with movable type.
Printing with Movable Type:
Printing with movable type was described as one of
the most significant discoveries in human history. This
innovation allowed to produced Bibles, secular books,
printed music, and other materials on a larger scale,
reaching a broader audience.

22. Renaissance Period (144h-17th Century)
Greatest Contribution During Renaissance
Period.
-The article touches on the historical origins of
various elements crucial to the development of printing.
Wood printing came from China, papermaking
originated in 12th century Spain from Chinese
techniques, and printers' ink found its origins in Flemish
oil painting.
- In Mainz, Germany, Johannes Gutenberg made
crucial advancements in the technology by casting
metal type and locking it into the wooden press. This
marked a pivotal moment in the history of printing.

23. Renaissance Period (144h-17th Century)
Greatest Contribution During Renaissance
Period.
- The invention of the printing press spread rapidly,
reaching European countries between 1467 and 1483. By
1500, Europe had already produced a substantial
number of printed books, totaling six million copies.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
-made one of science's greatest achievement. He
presented the “Theory of heliocentric” where he said
that the sun is the center of the solar system instead of
the earth.

24. Renaissance Period (144h-17th Century)
Greatest Contribution During Renaissance
Period.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
- Galileo improved the telescope, discovered new
celestial bodies, and found support for a heliocentric
solar system. He conducted' motion experiments on
pendulums and falling objects that paved the way for
Isaac Newton's (1643-1727) discoveries about gravity.

25. Industrial Revolution (18th Century)
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain
and expanded to Europe, America, and Asia during the
18th century. It fundamentally changed production
methods and altered societal structures.
Skilled workers were displaced by the operation of
new machines, and companies increasingly hired
women and children due to lower labor costs.
Tradespeople replaced craftsmen, and applied
scientists took the place of amateur inventors.

26. Industrial Revolution (18th Century)
Three foundational technologies drove the
first Industrial Revolution:
 Iron production,
 the steam engine, and
 textiles.
The steam engine, notably improved by
James Watt after 1778, played a pivotal role in
powering machines and driving industrialization.

27. Industrial Revolution (18th Century)
British engineers Henry Maudslay and Joseph
Whitworth - contributed significantly to the later
phase of the Industrial Revolution by developing
and refining machine tools.
Robert Fulton
-introduced a steamboat using Watt's engine.
Thomas Edison
-invented the light bulb
Alexander Graham
-Bell invented the telephone, and
George Stephenson
-developed the first steam-powered locomotive.

28. Industrial Revolution (19th Century)
In the 19th century, witnessed the rise of
modern industry, from agriculture to industrial
manufacturing and technology-intensive services.
An unending stream of new products turned out
by factories employing radically new
technologies, skills, and organization drove this
emerging modern world.
Technological Advancements in the 19th Century:
 John Dalton (1766-1844) published his atomic theory
in 1803. Dalton also studied
color blindness.
 Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) formulated the
Periodic Table.

29. Industrial Revolution (19th Century)
Technological Advancements in the 19th Century:
 Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) formulated the
law of the Conservation of Energy in 1847. In 1851, he
invented the ophthalmoscope. In the late 19th
century, physics made great strides.
 James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) showed that light is
an electromagnetic wave in 1873 and was later on
proved by Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) in 1888.
 Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) discovered radioactivity
in 1896.
 Marie Curie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-1906)
discovered radium in 1898.
 Joseph Thomson discovered the electron in 1897.
In the 19th century, people mastered electricity.

30. Industrial Revolution (19th Century)
Technological Advancements in the 19th Century:
 Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) -discovered that
electric current is a wire caused a nearby compass
needle to move is 1819.
 Michael Faraday (1791-1867) -showed that a magnet
can produce electricity and in 1831 he invented the
dynamo.
 Samuel F.B. Morse (1791-1872)- invested the electric
telegraph is 193.
 Kari Benz (1844-1929) and Gottlieb Daimler (1834-
1900) -made the first cars in 1885 and 1836.

31. Industrial Revolution (20th Century)
The 20th century witnessed unparalleled
technological advances and scientific discoveries. It
became a defining era for progress, with
developments in communication, transportation, and
computing.
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak- in 1976 the creation of
the personal computer by Intel in 1971, and the
establishment of Apple the revolutionized computing.
The Internet, developed in 1969, became a global
communication tool with the World Wide Web
introduced in 1989.

32. Industrial Revolution (20th Century)
Henry Ford’s
-mass production system for the Model T in 1908
made automobiles affordable and transformed
society. Cars connected people across rural and urban
areas, revolutionizing transportation.
The 20th century saw the inception of A.I. during the
1940s. A.I. involves computers performing human-like
intellectual processes and has applications in medical
diagnoses and various fields. While it does not match
full human intellectual capacity, it represents a
significant breakthrough.

33. Assignment 1
Instruction:
In this section, you learned that necessity is the mother of
inventions and innovations. Inventions are not simply
made, but are motivated by various social, political,
cultural and economic contexts. In this task, you will
address the question: If you were an inventor, what would
you invent? In thinking about your invention make sure
that you come up with one that has not been invented yet
but is possible to invented in the near future. Sketch a draft
of your invention then answer the questions.
1. What is your invention? What does it do?
2. How is your invention similar to or different from
existing tools or technologies in terms of function?
3. Why is there a need for this invention? How will this
invention make the world better place to live in?

34. THANK YOU
VERY MUCH!