The document provides a brief history of human civilization from early civilizations through modern times. It discusses the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age and early civilizations. It then covers the Renaissance period in Europe which sparked growth in science, arts and philosophy. The document outlines the Industrial Revolution which began in Europe and transformed through mechanization and technology. Finally, it examines the transition to an information society and impacts of World Wars I and II on politics, economics, society and technology.

1. Brief History Of Human Civilization
Tutor:
Asst. Prof. Shukra Raj Paudel
Department of Civil Engineering
IOE, Tribhuvan University
2018-06-07
Group
members:
Prashant, 118
Pujan, 119
Rabin, 120
Rabs, 121
Rajan, 122
Rajat, 123
Rajesh, 124
1

2. Brief History of Human Civilization
3.1 Early Civilization
3.2 Great Renaissance of Europe
3.3 Early part of Industrial Revolution
3.4 Transformation of Industrial Society into Information Society
3.5 Impact of World War 1 and 2, Population Explosion
3.6 Rise of Environmental Issues
3.7 Climate change as a threat to Human Civilization
2

3. 3.1 Early Civilization
A.Stone Age
• Paleolithic/ Old Stone
Age
• Mesolithic/ Middle Stone
Age
• Neolithic/ New Stone
age
B.Bronze Age
C.Iron Age
D.Middle Age
E.Towards Modern Age 3

4. 3.1 Early Civilization
• Starting date 2.5million years ago
in Africa and the earliest end date
is about 3500 BC near East
• Began with the use of stones as
weapon
• Ended with first use of bronze
• Tools and weapons used during
Stone Ages were not made
exclusively of stone
• Organic materials like antler, bone,
fiber, leather, and wood were also
employed
A) Stone Age
Fig:Early civiization
Source:google/images
4

5. A) Stone Age
• 2.5 million years ago -9600 BC
• Longest Stone Age period
• Simple choppers and flakes
• Complex and symmetrical shapes
with sharp edges.
• Artistic life : cave paintings
• Hunter gatherers ,travellers ,cave
• Personal ornaments
a) Paleolithic /Old stone age
Source:https://www.slideshare.n
et/
5

6. A) Stone Age
• 9600BC to period when agriculture
starts(7000 BC South East Europe)
• Late hunter gatherers
• Major changes in our planet:
• Ice sheet melting
• Sea level rose , drowning low lying
areas
• Japanese land separated from
Asian main lands
• Bow & arrows, harpoons , fishing
baskets
• Temporary village
• Tribes and bands
b) Middle stone age
Fig:Use of harpoon/fishing
Source: https://www.pinterest.com
6

7. A) Stone Age
• 7000 BC (farming) in Southeast
Europe to 3000 BC near East
• Cereal cultivation and animal
domestication
• Development of plows , irrigation
system
• Chisel, plough ,polished stone
tools , etc
• With increase in population
villages increased , land gradually
evolved to town and finally to
cities
c) New Stone Age
Fig:Stone Tools
Source:https://study.com/academy
7

8. B) Bronze Age
Source : Google /images
• 2000 BC in late Uruk period in
Mesopotamia
• Dynamics period of
• Sumer
• Akkadian empire
• The old Babylonian
• Old Assyrian period
• The Kassite Hegemony
• In ancient Egypt, Bronze age began in
the protodynamic period , 350BC
• The Aegean bronze period began
around 3000 BC during establishment
of first trade network
8

9. Contd.
Fig : Picture writings by Egyptians
Source : google/images
• Copper was mined and alloyed with tin to
provide Bronze
• Bronze exported far and wide, supported
trade
• Devolopment of knowledge of navigation
• 1730 BC-invention of chronometer,
precise determination of longitude
• Invention of first writing system
• Inventions of picture writings by
Egyptians
• Construction of temples, tombs, war
chariots
9

10. C) Iron Age
Fig : Iron tools during Iron Age
Source:http://1216.virtualclassroom.org/technology/iron_age
• 1100BC -500AD
• Iron Age began: 1100 BC in the ancient
near East, ancient Iran, ancient India and
ancient Greece
• Main ingredients of weapon : Iron
• Gautam Buddha(nearly 550 BC)
• Emperor Ashoka in India
• Jesus Christ
• Victory of Aryans from 900-600 BC over
ancient worlds
• Greek civilization begins
10

11. Contd.
Fig : Socrates
Source:/periplanomeno.wordpress.com
• Greek people trade ,travel
• Greek philosophers: Thales, Pythagoras,
Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Aristotle ,
Archimedes
• Gathering of information
• Analyzing and solving problems
• Beginning of science
• Roman civilization
• Autocratic Roman Empire in Europe from
2000 BC
11

12. D)Middle Ages
Fig : Technology Development during the Medieval
Age
https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/
• Started from the 5th to the 10th century
• Beginning of Islam ,Islamic expansion,
prophet Muhammad
• Siege of constantino people(670 AD)
• Vikings invasions about 700 AD
• Irish monks discovers Iceland
• Promotion of science and educations for
all
• Universities ,studying ancient Greek,
• Arrangement of chemical elements
• School founded in monasteries subjects
include : Bible , Geometry, Astronomy ,
Music 12

13. Contd.
• Popularized the use of Indian numerical
• Difference between small pox and measles
• Kerosene , Optometry
• Christians attack and reconquer Jerusalem
• New inventions cross bow
• Inventions of wind mills, spectacles
,compass ,spinning wheels
• Silk roads for trading goods like herbs and
spices
• Voyage for trade and explorations
Fig: Printing Press 1435
Source: http://www.symfonybr.com/printing-press-
1435/ 13

14. E) Towards Modern World(1450-1600)
Source:https://www.123rf.com/
• 1492-Colombus discovered America
• 1500,Leonardo da Vinci, a new era of
classical arts
• Galielo , Kelper , Blasé Pascal , Robert
Hooke , Newton
• Age of mechanical revolutions
• Educations
• The Renaissance of Europe
• Age of Discovery and Imperialism
• Saw mills, microscope, telescope, clocks
14

15. https://www.tes.com/lessons/GqdPQ_3GqXaRjQ/early-humans-learning-tasks
Summary
15

16. 3.2.1 Renaissance
3.2.2 Geography of Europe during Renaissance
3.2.3 Development of Science in Europe during
Renaissance
3.2.4 Development of Arts in Europe during
Renaissance
3.2.5 Philosophy in Europe during Renaissance
16

17. 3.2.1 Renaissance
Fig: View of Florence, birthplace of the
Renaissance
Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/
• Renaissance is a French word meaning
Rebirth.
• The Renaissance is a period in the history
of Europe beginning in about 1400,is an
extension of the Middle Ages and following
the Medieval period
• It was an era in action together in arts and
science
• The Renaissance started in Italy but soon
spread across the whole of Europe
•Renaissance also introduced Humanism
17

18. 3.2.2 Geography of Europe
• Major trade centre Venice and
Genoa located on opposite coasts
were major trade centre of both
physical products and ideas, but
were bound by a lot of mountains
which made journey and
communication difficult.
•Due to this citizen had more time
for science and arts and also
money earned from trade financed
Italy's research and exposure to
science and arts.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/
Fig: Italy’s Geography
18

19. 3.2.3 Development of Science
• Telescope and printing press was
invented
Printing press by Johann Gutenberg
from Germany
•Nicolas Copernicus describes :Earth
was not center of solar system
•The rediscovery of ancient texts and
the invention
of printing democratized learning
•Science and art were intermingled in
the early Renaissance,
with polymath artists such as
Leonardo da Vinci making
observational drawings of anatomy
and nature.
Fig a: Johan Gutenberg Fig b: Printing Press
Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/
19

20. • Galielo Galilei built on Nicholas
Copernicus knowledge using his own
telescope proved that earth revolves round
the sun
•Galileo is a central figure in the
transformation of the scientific Renaissance
into a scientific revolution.
•House arrest for discovering Earth
revolves around the sun
Fig : Galielo Galilei
Fig : Telescope by Galielo
Contd.
20

21. 3.2.4 Development of Arts
• David by Michelangelo (1501-1504) is
one of the famous sculpture of this time.
• The Sistine Chapel ceiling, painted by
Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512, is a
cornerstone work of High Renaissance art.
• Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da
Vinci ‘s Mona Lisa was a great art which
showed a genuine smile.
Fig: The tomb of Michelangelo in the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/media/File:Michelangelo%27s_grave4.jpg 21

22. Fig : Sistine Chapel Fig : Mona LisaFig : David sculpture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/media 22

23. 3.2.5 Philosophy
• A principle in humanism originated
during renaissance.
•It was possible due to introduction of
printing started by Johann Gutenberg
due to this there was the spread of
learning to the masses.
Before the invention of the printing
press, knowledge belonged to priests,
monasteries and universities.
Suddenly, many thousands of people,
could learn far more than they ever
could before
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/media
23

24. 3.3 Industrial Revolution
What is industrial revolution?
• The industrial revolution was the
transition to new manufacturing
processes from about 1760 to 1870. It
brought radical changes to the world.
• This transition included : going from
hand production methods to machines,
new chemical manufacturing and iron
production, the increasing use of steam
power, the development of machine
tools and the rise of the factory system.
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/joysiiiy/industrial-
revolution-in-great-britain
24

25. Contd.
• It began in England and later
spread to France, Germany,
Netherlands, Austro Hungary and
other nations/empires
• The industrial revolution is
continuing till this day in many
ways
• Textiles were the dominant
industry of the Industrial
Revolution in terms of
employment, value of output
and capital invested
• The textile industry was also the
first to use modern production
methodsFig:A Roberts loom in a weaving shed in 1835
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/medi
a
25

26. The Preceding Millenia
• Farming was the main
occupation of majority of
people
• All commodities were local,
foreign goods were a rare
luxury
• Production of goods was for
‘use’, rather than profit
• Life expectancy ~ 35 years
• Travel and communication
between far off places - non
existent or extremely slow
Fig:Transformation of technology
26

27. A) Factors Leading to Industrial Revolution in
England
• Agricultural surplus in England due to new techniques in farming – the
‘agricultural revolution’ of 17th century
• the long coastline – no region is far away from a sea port. This facilitated
procurement of raw materials
• Semi skilled workers readily available
• Abundance of Coal and iron – England was an initial pioneer in these field
• A government that encouraged improvements in transportation and used its
navy to protect British trade
• The administrative and military expenditure of England was lower than other
monarchies of Europe at the time
• Resource in the form of colonies – cheap raw materials and ready markets
• Scientific inventions were facilitated and promoted
• Low population – high cost of labor
27

28. Fig:The Iron Bridge, Shropshire, England, the world's first bridge constructed of iron
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/media 28

29. B)Invention that spurred and sustained the
revolution
• Textile industry was the first
to be affected by industrial
revolution.
• It was completely
mechanized by 1830s
• John kay’s ‘flying shuttle’ –
weaving industry
• ‘spinning jenny’ –enabling
the spinning of 100s of
yarns together
• The power loom
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/media
29

30. The only surviving example of a spinning mule built by the inventor Samuel Crompton
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/media 30

31. Steam Engine – James Newcomer (1705)
• James watt’s steam engine (1769)- heat energy into mechanical energy
Fig: Watt steam engine.
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/media
Contd.
31

32. C) Impact of the Industrial Revolution
Positive Impacts
• Factory system
• Standardization of factory work
methods and processes- massive
production quantities
• Means of communication and
transportation
• Roads, bridges, railway tracks and
canal – transport + travel for common
man
• Urbanization – clean water, sewerage
systems, public transport
• No more hunger and famine – surplus
food could be transported easily
Fig:The Bridgewater Canal
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/
32

33. 33

34. Negative Effects
• Capitalism – philosophy of profit
maximization. Recourse of
production owned and controlled few
• Exploitation of workers – long
working hours ,no protective gear,
hazardous and unhygienic working
living conditions often led to
epidemics like Cholera
• Traditional weavers and workers
were wiped out by machines
• Child labor flourished because it
was cheaper to employ children (
and also women)
Contd.
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/ 34

35. Contd.
• De-industrialization of
colonies like India
• Population increase –
growth of slums, low
wages
• Europe’s population :
140 million in 1750
463 million in 1914
• Pollution- health and
environment concern
Fig:Manchester, England ("Cottonopolis"), pictured in 1840, showing the mass of factory chimneys
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/media/File:Cottonopolis1.jpg
35

36. 3.3.2 Industrial Revolution by 1900s (1815-1918)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution
Fig .Hematite Steel company
1. Basically in Europe & America
2. Discoveries of
- aeroplane
- electric motor
- steam turbine
- petrol car
3. Development of Recorded music ,
motion picture, analytical engine ,
telephone.
4. Production of steel and iron
36

37. 3.4 Transformation of Industrial Society Into
Informational Society
Fig.1 Computer Technology in form
of PC, laptops, phones and tablets
Source: google images
 Since the discovery of modern
computer, it has been the main
tool for exchange of information.
Majority of us use technology in
some form almost everyday.
 Information age has brought major
change in manufacturing
industries. Significant share of the
manufacturing industries now
produce goods related to
technology such as parts of
computers, smart phones, TVs,
etc. 37

38.  The modern computer
technology to information age is
the same as mechanization was
to industrial revolution
 Since majority of the human
beings now have access to the
exchange of information via
television, radio, phones,
internet etc. There has been a
big revolution in terms of
information exchange
 These technologies have been
implemented in the old industrial
tasks and now have been
gradually taking over newer
Contd.
Fig:Digital computing development.+
Source:https://www.nap.edu/read/1101/chapter/7#49
38

39. • Political Impact
• Economic Impact
• Social Impact
• Technological Impact
3.5 Impact of World War I
39

40. 3.5.1.1 Political impact
• 1917—Workers revolt against the
Czar –Russian Empire was
replaced and beginning of a
socialist system under Vladimir
Lenin.
• Allied countries (Great Britain,
France, Japan and the United
States) send troops to support anti-
communist forces, but communist
forces eventually prevail.
• The Russian Empire were toppled
and replaced by social government
a) Russian Revolution
Fig: Vladimir Lenin
Source:Wikipedia
40

41. Contd.
• 1922 --Lenin establishes the
Soviet Union (USSR)
• The Soviet Union benefited from
Germany's loss, as one of the
first terms of the armistice was
the abrogation of the Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk
• The Russian concession
in Tianjin was occupied by the
Chinese in 1920; in 1924 the
Soviet Union renounced its
claims to the district
Source :www.google.com/images
b) The Soviet Union
41

42. Contd.
• On 28 June 1919 the Weimar
Republic was forced, under threat
of continued Allied advance, to
sign the Treaty of Versailles
• In 1921, Adolf Hitler took control
of the National Socialist German
Worker’s Party—better known as
the Nazis.
• He became chancellor of Germany
in 1933 and eventually claimed the
title Fuhrer (guide of Germany) and
established himself as dictator over
the Third Reich.
Source:www.google.com/images
c) Fascism in Germany
Fig:Adolf Hitler
42

43. d) New Leaders Emerge
• In Italy, a new fascist government
emerged in 1922 under Benito
Mussolini.
• He rose to power using
propaganda, brutality, and
intimidation—promoting an ultra-
nationalist Italy and himself as Il
Duce (“the Leader”).
• 1924—Lenin dies– Several leaders
struggle for power including Leon
Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.
• Eventually, Stalin seizes power and
becomes a dictator over USSR—
imposing a totalitarian state.
Source:www.google.com/images
Contd.
Fig:Benito Mussolini Fig:Joseph Stalin
43

44. e) League of Nations
• Established in 1919 after World War
I
• It was the first international
organisation whose principal mission
was to maintain world peace
• After some notable successes and
some early failures in the 1920s, the
League ultimately proved incapable
of preventing aggression by the Axis
powers in the 1930s
• UN formed after the failure of
League of Nations , after WWII
Source:https://www.google.com.np/imgres?imgurl=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
Contd.
Fig:Logo of League of Nations
44

45. 3.5.1.2 Economic Impact
• America’s factories and country
sides were unharmed
• UK and France were able to
recover economically without any
difficulty
• Germany was under economic
depression, had a lot of damage
and was required to pay monetary
payments to allies
• Huge taxes imposed on people
• World trade disrupted
• Infrastructure destroyed
Source:www.google.com/world-war-consequences
Fig : Economic expenditure during world war 1
45

46. 3.5.1.3 Social Impact
Casualty Figures from World War I
57,000
750,000
1,800,000
1,700,000
1,400,000
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
America
• Many people killed and many more
missing
• Job replacements
• Reestablishment of school
• Progress in the sphere of women
• Millions of displaced refugees who
had lost almost everything.
• Poor living conditions, lack of food
and spread of disease.
• Many more killed due to diseases.
Source:www.google.com/images
46

47. 3.5.1.4 Technological impact
• Tank, pilot less drones
,aircrafts , submarines
• WWI introduce man
portable automatic
weapons, tanks, and planes
• The machine gun
lengthened the war and
forced it to become a trench
war.
• The bullets in a machine
gun could shoot 500 bullets
per minute therefor making
it much more difficult for the
rivalry county to fight back
Source: http://www.21stcentech.com/technology-war
Fig: Technologies during World War
I
47

48. 3.5.2 Impact of World War II
1. War crimes
2. United Nations
3. New Superpowers
4. Women’s right
5. Economic Impact
6. Technological Impact
48

49. a) War crimes
• Hitler’s policy of Nazi racism
targeted Jewish people and fed on
European anti-semitism
• Hitler viewed Jews as a national
enemy and began implementing
his Final Solution—elimination of
Jewish people by sending them to
concentration camps as slave
laborers and then executing them
in gas chambers
• The extermination of nearly 6
million Jews, as well as Gypsies,
Slavs, and other people deemed
undesirable came to be known as
the Holocaust
Source:www.google.com/images
3.5.2 Impact of World War II
Fig:Holocaust
49

50. b) Economic Impact
• World War II pulled the US out of the
Great Depression, not “New Deal”
• few consumer goods, because
most goods being produced
were war materials
• very few unemployed (men
fighting, women and minorities
worked in factories)
• US produced roughly half the
World’s industrial output
3.5.2 Impact of World War II
Source:Wikipedia/World war 2 50

51. c) Technological Impact
• Radar, Electronics, Atomic bombs
• Led by Robert Oppenheimer, the
Manhattan Project successfully
produced two Atomic bombs at
Los Alamos, New Mexico (called
Fat Man and Little Boy)
• On August 6th, 1945 a B-29
bomber called the Enola Gay
dropped the first Atomic bomb on
Hiroshima, Japan
• Three days later, a second bomb
exploded over Nagasaki
• Japan surrendered on August 14th,
1945—thus ending World War II
and beginning the Atomic Age
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_world#/media/File:Nagasakibomb.jpg
3.5.2 Impact of World War II
Fig :Atomic bombings: Hiroshima, Nagasaki, 1945
51

52. d) New Superpowers
• USSR and US emerged as new
super powers
• USSR was only damaged in the
western side and No battle took
place in the American soil
• Marshall plan of US –rejected by
USSR
Source:www.google.com/images
3.5.2 Impact of World War II
Fig:Russia and U.S.A
52

53. e)Women’s rights
• Women developed self confidence
• Many women filled industrial jobs
that had been held by men who
were sent overseas
• Gained strong sense of
independence
• Equality in payments
Source:www.google.com/images
3.5.2 Impact of World War II
53

54. f) United Nations
• Several problems led to World War
II so League of Nations was
demolished and United Nations
was formed on Oct,24 1945
• Split the power among the major
countries(UK, France, US, China,
and USSR)
• The UN's mission to preserve
world peace was complicated in its
early decades by the Cold
War between the United
States and Soviet Union and their
respective allies
Source:www.google.com/images
3.5.2 Impact of World War II
Fig:Flag of United Nations
54

55. Population Explosion
• Baby boom (1947-1964 US)
• Marked by significant increase of
birth rate
• Baby boomers-people born during
such period
• After WWII France pop. increased
from 41 to 50 million
• The marriage rates and family size
kept on increasing
• Also supported by Vaccination
programs and Green revolution
Crops
Source:www.google.com/images
Fig:Increase in Birth rates after world war
2
55

56. Causes of Baby Boom
• Sharp decline in the proportion of
women to remain childless(Westoff)
• Most of the immediate 1946-1947
“spike” in birth rate associated with
returning returning troops at the end of
WWII
• Younger women departed from
significant rising drift in female labour
force involvement in order to stay home
and start families
• Unified theory by Economist : male
income, the female wage, and material
aspirations(desired standard of living)
• They presumed that fertility is likely to
rise with rise in male income
Source:www.google.com/images
56

57. 3.6 Rise of environmental issues
Fig.1 Natural environment
Source: Google
• Environment refers to the natural
world where living things reside and
operate. Plants, animals, sunlight,
soil, water etc are some of the key
components of environment.
• Ecology is the branch of
environmental science that deals
with how living organisms are inter-
related to one another and to their
surroundings.
• Ecosystem is a biological system of
plants, animals and other living
organisms existing and interacting
together in an area with all the other
non-living physical components 57

58. Human Impact on Environment/Ecosystem
• Destruction or modification of
habitat
• Overexploitation of resources
• Overgrazing for domestic animals
• Change in arable land
• Industrialization, Urbanization
• Mining and quarrying
• Pressure from plants
• Population pressure
• Use of drugs and chemicals
• Destruction of ecological balanceFig: Human Impact on environment:pollution
Source:google.com/images
58

59. Human Impact on Environment/Ecosystem
Water pollution in a rural stream due to runoff
from farming activity in New Zealand
Wind turbines in an agricultural setting
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment#/ 59

60. Human Impact on environment/ecosystem
Kiviõli Oil Shale Processing & Chemicals Plant in ida-Virumaa, Estonia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment#/ 60

61. A composite image of artificial light emissions from Earth at night
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment#/
61

62. 3.6.1 Global Environmental Issues
Figure/graph
Fig: Melting glaciers at
Antarctica
Some of the global environmental
problems are:
• Pollution,
• Global Warming
• Overpopulation
• Natural Resource depletion
• Waste Disposal
• Climatic Change
• Loss of Biodiversity
• Deforestation
• Ocean Acidification
• Ozone layer depletion
• Acid Rain
• Water Pollution
• Urban Sprawl
• Genetic Engineering
Source:google.com/images
62

63. Fig: Processes involved in acid deposition (note that only SO2 and NOx play a significant role in acid rain).
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain#/media/File:Origins_of_acid_rain.svg
63

64. Genetic Engineering
Comparison of conventional plant breeding with transgenic and cisgenic genetic modification
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering#/ 64

65. 3.6) Climate Change as a Threat to Human Civilization:
Lakes formed by melting ice will
increase in size. Entire villages could
be destroyed including farming land,
roads, road and rail bridge.
Glaciers on Kilimanjaro have already
lost 82% of their ice since 1912 and
are estimated to be gone completely
by 2020.Glaciers in lofty Himalayas of
Asia are melting at a rate of 9 to 15m
per year. If the current trend continues,
there will soon come a time when
these glaciers will not exist, causing
hydropower stations to shut down.
a) Melting of glacier
Fig: Glacier AX010 estimated to disappear by 2060
65

66. b) Rising Sea Level
The rising sea level will
cause flooding along
coastal areas. Some cities
and islands that are low
lying can even get totally
submerged
According to NASA, the
average global sea level
over the last century has
risen by about 4 to 8 inches
– this means about 3.27mm
per year
Leads to saltwater intrusion
in freshwater sources
present near the coastFig: Changes in sea level since the end of the last glacial episode.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise#/media 66

67. Fig: By 2100, the levels will be twice as high as previously predicted, causing serious problems for
many coastal cities
67

68. c) Heat waves
Causes respiratory illness, renal
illness and death, cardiovascular
diseases, complications related
to diabetes etc
Temperature is expected to rise
by 4-5*C by 2100 due to global
warming. That will translate to
more deaths.
heat waves produces wildfires
low-humidity heat waves
associated with droughts
Higher summer temperatures
will increase electricity
demand for coolingFig:Rising number of deaths due to heat related illness
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
68

69. d) Floods
Floods displace people from their
homes, damage and destroy
infrastructure and buildings, and
take a toll on an economic level
In 2011 alone, 112 million people
worldwide were affected by floods,
and 3140 people were killed
More rains mean more floods,
human victims, destruction of
property and so on
Flood waters typically inundate
farm land, making the land
unworkable and preventing crops
from being planted or harvested
Fig:Heavy rainfall floods Bhaktapur district, Nepal, July 26
69

70. e) Drought
Extremely dry conditions that last
for months or years can lead to food
and water shortages and rising food
prices, which can contribute to conflict
New Zealand, for instance, lost
more than $3 billion from 2007-2009
because of reduced farm output from
drought
Economic losses include lower
agricultural, forests, game and fishing
output, higher food-production costs,
lower energy-production levels in
hydro plants
Fig:Crops dried due to the drought in the eastern
part of Bajura district, on Monday, September 28,
2015.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought
70

71. Fig: Fields outside Benambra, Victoria, Australia suffering from drought conditions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought#/media
71

72. THANK YOU For your patience!
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