1. DEVELOPMENT APPROACH
Group members:
Agaman, 015
Akhilesh, 016
Alok, 017
Amar, 018
Amit, 019
Amit, 020
Amit, 021
Tutor:
Asst. Prof. Shukra Raj Paudel
Department of Civil Engineering
IOE, Tribhuvan University
2019-7-23
2. What will student learn at the end of the presentation ??
1. Understand and compare different development
approaches
2. Familiarize the Infrastructure Development policies of
Nepal
3. Comprehend the ethnographic information collection
approach and participatory approach, tools and
observation
4. Intuit the terms resource mapping, wealth ranking,
poverty definition
Objectives of the Presentation
3. Presentation outline
1. Development Approaches (LEP)
2. Community management, engineers role as Facilitator
3. Key features: Infrastructure development policies of
Nepal
4. Ethnographic approach to collect information
5. Participatory approach as community empowerment
6. Participatory tools, focus group discussions, key
informants interview
7. Participatory observation, structured questionnaire
8. Resource mapping, wealth ranking, poverty definition
7. 1.1 LABOUR BASED
๏ MOSTLY LOCAL LABOURS
๏ GENERALLY COST EFFECTIVE
๏ HIGH QUALITY
๏ APPROPRIATE FOR DEVELOPING NATION
๏ MOSTLY USED TO CONSTRUCT :
๏ง FEEDER ROAD
๏ง DRAINAGE SYSTEM
๏ง SEWERAGE SYSTEM
๏ง IRRIGATON SYSTEM
๏ง HOUSES
7
11. 1. 3 PARCIPATORY APPROACH
๏ ACTIVE ENVOLVEMENT OF STAKEHOLDER
๏ FEELING OF OWNERSHIP
๏ IMPORTANT FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
๏ EASY TO GIVE SERVICE
๏ PROJECT DURATION
11
12. ๏ SECTION 2 :
COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT
&
ENGINEERS ROLE AS FACILITOR
12
13. Community management entails all the activities
around building the desired relationship with members
of the community, creating value for those members
and making a connection between an organization
and the community.
๏ Community Management 13
26. ๏ Principles of Community Management
1. Content
โข Create content that supports your goals
2. Cross Promotion
โข Use content of others that is relevant to your
audience.
3. Creating Relationships
โข Communicate through social media to connect
people.
26
27. ๏ Principles of Community Management
4. Cultivating Relationships
โข Acknowledge the fact that someone joins your
community and send a personal thank-you.
5. Collaboration
โข Work Closely together with businesses in your
industry or parties that are complimentary to yours.
27
29. ๏ Principles of Community Management
6. Consistency
โข Make sure your audience knows what to expect
from you.
29
30. ๏ ENGINEER AS A FACILITATOR
๏ผ Make any process easier and understandable.
๏ผ Helping to fulfill the objective by giving exact steps
required.
๏ผ Avoiding any pitfall by maintaining neutral point of
view.
๏ผ Engineer gets the technical and management aspect
of the project correct so ideal facilitator.
30
31. ๏ ROLE OF ENGINEER AS A
FACILITATOR
Acting as technical expert
and
Researching
Selecting Level,
Defining borders and
work scope
Ensuring all the
team members
understand the
process
Organizing and
directing activities
involved
Planning,
Scheduling and
Leading meetings
Focusing on Communication,
Recognizing training needs and
encouraging them
Solving certain conflicts
and interferences
31
32. ๏ SECTION 3 :
Key features of infrastructure development
policy of Nepal
32
33. ๏ Key features of infrastructure
development policy of Nepal
33
34. ๏ Key features of infrastructure
development policy of Nepal
๏ผ Strategic vision for Nepalโs development is
based on 3 โIโs for growth:
I. Inclusion
II. Investment
III. Infrastructure
34
source: documents.worldbank.org
35. ๏ Introduction : Infrastructure
๏ผ Infrastructure is usually understood as basic
physical and organizational structures and facilities
(e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) which forms
the foundation for society and economics.
๏ผ Infrastructure can be broadly classified into two
categories:
1. Economic Infrastructure
2. Social Infrastructure
35
36. ๏ Economic Infrastructure
๏ผ Economic infrastructure is the basic facilities which
directly benefit the process of production and
distribution in an economy.
๏ผ Roads, railways, telecommunication systems,
waterways, airways, financial institutions, electricity,
water supply etc are the examples of economic
infrastructure.
36
37. ๏ Social Infrastructure
๏ผ These are the basic amenities that do not directly
influence the economic activities, but indirectly have an
impact on the economy through achieving certain
social objectives.
๏ผ So education, health services and sanitation etc. are
the examples of social infrastructure.
37
38. ๏ Infrastructure Gap
๏ผ Infrastructure gaps present a significant challenge
for Nepalโs short and longer-term development goals.
๏ผ In common terms, infrastructure gap is the difference
between required infrastructure and current
economic infrastructure.
๏ผ Nepal needs to invest 10 to 15% of national income
this decade in order to bridge infrastructure gap.
38
40. ๏ Infrastructure development in
Nepal
๏ผ Nepal has many development policies in place that
aim to produce sustainability to development works in
Nepal and bring a better standard of living among
people.
๏ผ We have a long experience of planned development
of infrastructure through interim plans since 1956.
๏ผ Despite these efforts Nepal remains one of the
poorest countries. One of the most dominant
challenges of Nepal is to develop the basic
infrastructure to accelerate its pace of development.
40
41. ๏ผ Various studies show that 1 percent increase in the
stock of infrastructure is associated with a 1 percent
increase in gross domestic production (GDP)
๏ผ The cost of building an infrastructure is vast, but the
costs of failing to make one are incalculable.
๏ผ Lack of basic infrastructure has forced Nepal to
witness an average of below 4 percent economic
growth over the past decade. Thus, Nepal needs to
41
๏ Infrastructure development in
Nepal
42. ๏ Interim Plans of Nepal
๏ผ First 5 years Interim Plan (13/14-17/18)
๏ผ Plan Holiday 18/19
๏ผ Second 3 years Interim Plan (19/20-21/22)
๏ผ Third 5 years Interim Plan (22/23-26/27)
๏ผ Fourth 5 years Interim Plan (27/28-31/32)
๏ผ Fifth 5 years Interim Plan (32/33-36/37)
๏ผ Sixth 5 years Interim Plan (37/38-41/42)
๏ผ Seventh 5 years Interim Plan (42/43-46/47)
๏ผ Plan Holiday 47/48,48/49
42
43. ๏ Interim Plans of Nepal
๏ผ Eighth 5 years Interim Plan (49/50-53/54)
๏ผ Ninth 5 years Interim Plan (54/55-58/59)
๏ผ Tenth 5 years Interim Plan (59/60-63/64)
๏ผ Eleventh 3 Year Interim Plan (64/65-66/67)
๏ผ Twelfth 3 years Interim Plan (67/68-69/70)
๏ผ Thirteenth 3 years Interim Plan (70/71-72/73)
๏ผ Fourteenth 3 years Interim Plan (73/74-75/76)
๏ผ Fifteenth 5 years interim Plan(76/77-80/81)
(Approach paper)
43
44. ๏ Nepal Development Plans
(overview)
First 5 years Interim Plan (13/14-17/18)
โข After the downfall of rana regime in 2008,
government made an stride in the direction of
improving well being of people by starting the first
development plan in 2013.
โข Itโs the first turning point in the economic
development of Nepal because the plan had
envisaged creating a socio-economic environment
so that people of Nepal could also live a happy and
prestigious life.
โข Main strategy-Improvement of existing local
infrastructures and facilities
44
45. ๏ Nepal Development Plans
(overview)
โข The first plan failed to meet itโs expectations. (only
2/3rd of the budget resulted in expenditure.)
โข Why???
1. Lack of basic infrastructure.
2. Lack of information about the economy for
formulating an efficient plan.
โข Thus the Second plan wasnโt started just after the
end of first plan, second plan started one year later,
the planning holiday of one year was taken for
preparing the basis of planned development.
โข The pattern of plans regarding
objectives,strategies,policies, allocating
expenditures, exploring sources of finances are
same upto the fourth development plan.
45
46. ๏ Nepal Development Plans
(overview)
Fifth 5 years Interim Plan (32/33-36/37)
โข First major turn in the process of planned
development in Nepal.
โข The purpose was to make the plan some more
realistic, people oriented, practical, regional and
effective.
โข Main objectives-
1. Increase in production of peopleโs requirements.
2. Maximum utilization of labour power.
โข Sixth and seventh plan follow same pattern as in fifth
plan.
โข These plans were used to strengthen the
fundamentals of panchayat regime by giving more
authorities to different panchayat units in the name of
โback to village campaignโ.
46
47. ๏ Nepal Development Plans
(overview)
Eighth 5 years Interim Plan (49/50-53/54)
โข There was no real economic achievement till 7Th
plan.
โข After first peopleโs movement in 2047, panchayat
regime was overthrown an multiparty system was
returned.
โข Started after the 2 years of 7th plan.
โข The strategies was changed so that it can meet the
desires of people who had fought for the democracry
and multiparty system.
โข Objectives
1. Sustainable economic growth.
2. Poverty allevation.
โข 8th , 9th plan followed the same pattern.
47
48. ๏ Nepal Development Plans
(overview)
Eleventh 3 Year Interim Plan (64/65-66/67)
โข After the downfall of kingship
โข It was very difficult to make a new full fledged plan to
meet new aspirations of people who had made the
movement successful.
โข Thus โ 3 yearโ interim plan was implemented.
Objectives
1. To give emphasis on relief, reconstruction and
reintegration.
2. To achieve employment oriented, proper and
broad based economic growth.
48
49. ๏ Nepal Development Plans
(overview)
โข From the 11th plan, there has not been influential
change in socio-political situations.
Twelfth 3 years Interim Plan (67/68-69/70)
โข Achieve millennium development goal and reduce
poverty to 21%
Thirteenth 3 years Interim Plan (70/71-72/73)
โข Uplifting Nepal from LDC to developing countries by
2022
49
50. ๏ Fourteenth year plan
๏ผ Economic Growth rate - 7.2%
๏ผ Agricultural sector โ 4.7%
๏ผ Non agricultural sector โ 8.4%
๏ผ Human Development Index โ 0.57
๏ผ Electricity access โ 87%
๏ผ Internet Access โ 65%
๏ผ Drinking water access - 90%
50
51. ๏ 15th year plan ( Overview)
SN Nationโs goal,
destination and
index
Unit 2074/75
Reality
2080/81
goal
1 Economic Growth
Rate
% 6.8 10.3
2 National per capita
income
American
Dollar
1047 1595
3 Population under
poverty
% 18.7 11
4. Life Expectancy Year 69.7 72
5. Literacy rate % 58 90
6. Unemployment rate % 11.4 6
7. National and
Provincial Highway
k.m. 6979 15,000
8. Railway k.m. 42 200
51
Source: npc.gov.np
52. ๏ SOME POLICIES OF NEPAL
โข Nepal Agricultural Perspective Plan, APP (1997-
2017)
โข 20-Year road plan โ(2002-2022)
โข National Transport Policy of Nepal -2001
โข Priority Investment Plan (1997-2007)
โข Local self government Act 1999 and regulations
2000
52
53. ๏ Conclusion
๏ผ Nepal has been trying to develop the country with
the help of various development plans since 1956.
๏ผ In comparisons to Singapore, Nepal was fast in
initiating planned development. The first master
plan introduced in Singapore was in 1958.
๏ผ Our country has opportunities along with the
challenges. The opportunities like challenges also
change in time to time. Because of changing
nature of opportunities and challenges,the
development plans in Nepal have been found
taking turns in the course of time.
53
54. ๏ Conclusion
๏ผ Our country has a wider prospect of fostering
development if it can minimize its challenges in
the path of development on one hand and identify
the peopleโs participation on the other.
๏ผ Following are the major challenges our country is
facing and policies introduced should take
account the following factors:
โข Lack of accountability, good governance and
peopleโs participation at various levels.
โข Lack of economic confidence among domestic
and foreign investors.
โข Distortion in policy matters, strategies and
programs of plans.
โข Lack of standard operating environment i.e full of
beaurocratic hurdles and red tapism.
54
55. ๏ SECTION 4 :
Ethnographic approach to collect information
55
Source:Insihtsinmarketing.com Source:interaction.degign.org
56. ๏ Ethnography
Defined as:
โข a method of observing human interactions on
social settings and activities
โข as the observation of people in their โcultural
contextโ
โข the study and systematic recording of human
cultures
โข Rather than studying people from the outside
you learn people from the inside
56
57. ๏ Ethnography
๏ฑ Ethno - folk; graphy โ description;
๏ฑ Ethnography โ partial or full description of a group
๏ฑ Researchers becomes the part of the group he/she
studies
๏ฑ Derived from the field of Anthropology โ study of man
kind
๏ฑ No preset limitation of what will be observed
๏ฑ No end point as it is a continuous process
57
58. 2.5 Qualities of Ethnographies
๏ฑ Data collected through observations and
interviews
๏ฑ Ethnographic research is conducted in a groupโs
own natural habitat
๏ฑ Along with the content and artifact in an
environment, their interaction with each other are
studied as well
๏ฑ The researcher is also a learner, constantly
studying and verifying new aspects of culture and
trying to fit.
41
59. 2.5 When to use
ethnography๏ถ Searching for meaning of cultural norms
and views
๏ถ To find reasons for certain behaviors and
practices
๏ถ To examine social trends and instances
๏ถ To examine social interactions and
encounters
๏ถ To understand the roles of families,
relationship and organizations
59
61. 2.5 Procedures of Ethnographic
Studies
๏ถ Indentifying problem and making questionaires
๏ถ Observation of community and data collection
through:
๏ง Open access (without permission, like in malls, parks, etc)
๏ง Closed access (with permission, like in hospital, homes,
institution, etc)
๏ถ Analysis and data collection is done
concurrently
๏ถ Finally, an Ethnography is created that gives
pictures of the community and its data
61
62. ๏ SECTION 5 :
Participatory Approach as Community
Empowerment
62
63. ๏ ITS IMPORTANCE
๏ Freedom of thought and expressing views
๏ Opinions and decisions of people count
๏ Identify weakness and strengths
๏ Build self esteem and capacity
63
64. ๏ ITS SCOPE
Rapid expert
analysis
Questionnaires
Key informants
Learning and
action
Visual diagrams
Group
discussions
Active
participations
Opinions are shared
but power is not
Empowering method
for extractive process
Extractive Empowering
64
67. ๏ Its Strategic Approaches
2. Partnership
๏ผ Developing professional teams
3. Empowerment
๏ผ Involving stakeholders at all levels
shaping programs and placements
67
69. ๏ STEPS
1. Manipulation
๏ผ The action of manipulating people in a clever, skillful
or unscrupulous way to participate
2. Information
๏ผ Informing citizens of their rights, responsibilities and
option through news, media, pamphlets, posters, and
responses to inquiries.
69
70. ๏ STEPS
3. Consultation
๏ผ Inviting citizensโ opinions and formally consulting or
discussing
4. Partnership
๏ผ Association of two or more people as partners like
joint policy boards, planning committees and
mechanisms for resolving impasses.
70
71. ๏ STEPS
5. Delegated Power
๏ผ Authorize to do something as a representative
through Negotiations between citizens and public
officials.
71
73. ๏ Participatory tools
1. Participatory Rural Appraisal :
๏ผ PRA is one of the participatory tools that aims to
incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural
people in the planning and management of
development projects and programmes.
๏ผ It facilitates a lot of information exchange, analysis as
well as other action among stakeholders.
73
74. ๏ Participatory tools
2. Beneficiary Feedback:
๏ผ Beneficiary feedback system offer a means to
collect the views of stakeholders on the
current ongoing status and quality of the
development work
74
75. ๏ Participatory tools
3. Key Informant Interview:
๏ผ It is a qualitative assessment technique that can be
used to gain information from a wide range of people
concerning a community such as community leaders
, residents etc.
๏ผ A person is referred to as a key informant of an
organization if he/she can offer in depth insight into
that particular organization.
75
76. ๏ Participatory tools
4. Most Significant Change Technique:
๏ผ This technique is one in which influential change
stories of people who are directly or indirectly
affected by the development activity are collected at a
field level.
๏ผ Most significant stories are selected and subjected to
discussion.
76
77. ๏ Participatory tools
5. Outcome Mapping:
๏ผ It is a methodology that monitors and evaluated
development activities such that these activities
bring about a sustainable change in the community.
๏ผ It is an approach that is based on evaluation rather
than theory.
77
78. ๏ Focus group discussions
A focus group discussion (FGD) is a good way to
gather together people from similar backgrounds or
experiences to discuss a specific topic of interest
with the help of a facilitator.
78
79. ๏ How to conduct a focus group ?
I. Conceptualization
II. Interview Phase
III. Analyzing and Reporting
79
81. ๏ Interview Phase
๏ผ Developing the questions.
๏ผ Use open-ended questions and avoid โyesโ or
โnoโ questions.
81
82. ๏ Analyzing and Reporting
๏ผ Immediately after the session, moderator and
assistant spot check the data and information
collected to make sure they are collected
properly.
๏ผ Collected data should be interpreted and present
the meaning of data rather than summarizing the
data.
๏ผ The data analysis must be systematic and
verifiable.
82
83. ๏ Advantages of using Focus groups
๏ผ Provides data more quickly and at lower cost.
๏ผ Easy to conduct and requires less preparation.
๏ผ Researcher can interact directly with
respondents ( allow clarification, follow-up
questions)
๏ผ Very flexible; can be used with wide range of
topics.
83
84. ๏ Disadvantages of using Focus groups
๏ผ Less control over group
๏ผ Provide disorganized data making data analysis
difficult
๏ผ Require carefully trained interviewers.
๏ผ Uncertainty about accuracy of what participants
say.
84
86. ๏ Participatory Observation
:
1. Participant observation is one type of data
collection method typically used in qualitative
research.
2. The method of evaluation in which evaluator
gains information through observation and
records from direct involvement with the
surroundings.
86
88. ๏ Participatory Observation
:
3. It helps to understand the different aspects of locality.
4. It helps to develop relationships between the
components within the observation areas.
5. It helps the researcher to interact with the groups and
individuals of the observation areas to know them
closely.
88
89. ๏ SCOPE OF PARTICIPATORY
OBSERVATION :
1. Appearance :
๏ผ Clothing, age, physical appearance, social status,
religion
2. Verbal behavior and interactions :
๏ผ languages, tone of voice, how they interacts with
each others , ethnicity
89
90. ๏ SCOPE OF PARTICIPATORY
OBSERVATION :
3. Physical behavior & gestures :
๏ผ body language for communication, how they express
their feelings, social ranks, profession
4. Personal space :
๏ผ relationship between each others, how close people
are with each other
90
91. ๏ SCOPE OF PARTICIPATORY
OBSERVATION :
5. Human traffic :
๏ผ movement of people at observation site, time spent at the
site, types of people(age, gender, ethnicity) entering or
leaving the observation site.
6. People who stand out :
๏ผ people receiving more attention from others, their
characteristics , what makes them alike from others
people, kind of help people want from them
91
92. ๏ ADVANTAGES OF IT :
1. Used to observe actions across time
2. More in depth look at society and societal
phenomena.
3. Supply critical information which may be helpful for
project plan, data compilation and understandings.
92
93. ๏ ADVANTAGES OF IT :
4. Helps to be more familiar with contexts , relationships
and behaviors.
5. Observe the situation and background when any
actions occurs.
93
94. ๏ DISADVANTAGES OF IT :
1. Time consuming
2. Needs good memory and attentiveness of
researchers
3. Researchers can lose their objectives as they
participate in groups.
4. Need to focus on objective of research as it is a
subjective method
94
95. ๏ Types of participation observation :
1. Non participatory
๏ผ No contact with population or group to be studied
๏ผ Doesn't allow relationship formation
2. Passive participation
๏ผ Limited connections without making any relationships.
95
96. ๏ Types of participation observation :
3. Moderate participation
๏ผ Researchers act both as an insider as well as an outsider
๏ผ It keeps the researcher focused on researchโs objectives.
96
98. ๏ Resource Mapping
Resource mapping is the process of identifying
what is valuable in your community and
developing strategies for mobilizing those
resources. Regardless of the nature of our
program, resource mapping can support a variety
of efforts, from identifying potential partners in
finding meeting space and speakers.
98
100. ๏ Wealth Ranking
Wealth ranking (PWR) is a participatory poverty
assessment method that uses the ratings of local
reference groups concerning the relative poverty
status of households in their community. This paper
assesses the accuracy of PWR in predicting
absolute (income) poverty, and compares PWR with
three other poverty assessment methods.
10
0
102. ๏ Poverty:
๏ผ Poverty is the scarcity or the lack of a certain
amount of material possessions or money. Poverty
is a concept, which may include social, economic,
and political elements. Absolute poverty, extreme
poverty, or destitution refers to the complete lack
of the means necessary to meet basic personal
needs such as food, clothing and shelter.
10
2
103. ๏ Poverty:
๏ผ The threshold at which absolute poverty is defined is
considered to be about the same, independent of the
person's permanent location or era. On the other
hand, relative poverty occurs when a person who lives in
a given country does not enjoy a certain minimum level of
"living standards" as compared to the rest of the
population of that country. Therefore, the threshold at
which relative poverty is defined varies from one country
to another, or from one society to another.
10
3
104. ๏ Poverty:
๏ผ Providing basic needs can be restricted by
constraints on government's ability to deliver
services, such as corruption, tax avoidance, debt
and loan conditionality and by the brain drain of
health care and educational professionals.
Strategies of increasing income to make basic needs
more affordable typically include welfare, economic
freedoms and providing financial services.
10
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