Health And The Environment ( Marine Life ) Essay

Health And The Environment ( Marine Life ) Essay
Overview:
On the 5th of October 2011, the MV RENA grounded off the Tauranga Coast, on the Otaiti
(Astrolabe Reef); this was a cause of a navigational error by the cargo crew. As a result of the
grounding, there was a heavy oil spill and loss in debris, this further lead to mass environmental,
economic and social implications in the short and long–term (Pullar, 2015). According to * Many
efforts have been made to reduce the implications towards health and the environment (marine life)
issues. Since the grounding there have been many recovery plans launched in order to restore mauri,
in that affected marine environment. In relation to this catastrophe a key development and
environmental issue is the proposal to leave the remaining cargo and debris from the grounded
Rena, submitted by the Owner and insurer of the Rena. There are few benefits and risks in relation
to leaving the wreck in its same position, off the Astrolabe reef; these potential benefits or risks
influence many parties.
The benefits are according to* are,
1) People/the public have faster access to the wreck its–self and affected area rather than removing
it.
2) The insurer and owner ensure that if wreck remains it will have little effect on the affected area.
3) The effected environment in terms of toxicity levels and marine life have dropped and are at a
stable rate, therefore by attempting a whole wreck removal could potentially damage the once
affected area.
The risks of leaving the wreck according to *
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Getting Into the Mind of a Late Medieval Peasant Essay
Getting Into the Mind of a Late Medieval Peasant
The middle Ages were dark and gloomy. People lived in castles and rode on horses. They constantly
fought each other with swords and shields. That mainly sums up the Middle Ages, right a world with
no technology sounds almost horrifying. However, there were many forms of "Medieval
Technology." Of course they didn't have electricity or batteries in the middle Ages, but that's not all
technology is. Technology is the application of science, especially in industry or commerce. So
basically, anything that improves or makes life easier is a form of technology. With that in mind, the
invention of those swords, shields, and castles of the middle ... Show more content on
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Hence, the windmill and water mill of the middle Ages were very important industrial
advancements.
Medieval Industrial Technology has also been characterized by many agricultural improvements.
Medieval farmers used the heavy plough to loosen soil for seed planting. It originated in Asia Minor,
but was later used in Northern Europe. These ploughs were normally mounted on two wheels, and
pulled by several horses or oxen. The heavy plough was also used to rid uncultivated land of weeds
and other vegetation. Even though it did not destroy most plant root systems, it did expose them to
the air, which inhibited their growth. The "ditches" created by the plough also slowed erosion caused
by heavy rains.
Before the heavy plough, most medieval farmers used a "lighter" plough. Unlike the heavy plough,
horses and oxen did not pull the light plough. This was a major difference in the effectiveness of the
light plough. The horse collar or horse harness was only used with the heavy plough. The collar puts
the workload on the horse's shoulders instead of the back or neck, such as in earlier models. The
horse collar allowed horses to use more power without straining their necks or backs. Medieval
Farming benefited immensely from these two important, agricultural inventions.
Medieval Construction and building also benefited from the invention of the horse collar. The

Changes And Continuities Of Indian Ocean Trade
There were many changes and continuities in the Indian ocean trade routes from the classical to the
post classic time period. The trade along the Indian Ocean spread culture, religion, technology,
crops, and other goods. This diffusion of goods, technology, and religion along the Indian Ocean
trade routes was very similar to the diffusion of European and Native American goods, technology,
and religion during the 15th–17th centuries in the Americas, often known as the age of exploration.
This is because along the India indian ocean during the post classical period, buddhism and
hinduism spread to Africa and China and Islam spread into India. From India, many goods including
cotton, spices, black pepper, ginger, cinnamon, cardamom, cloves, nutmeg, ... Show more content on
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One innovation that greatly increased trade in the Indian ocean were Chinese Junks. Junks were
Chinese sailboats that were created during the Song dynasty. The Arabian dhow sails were also
produced during this time period. This was very significant because during the classical period,
people could only travel along the Indian Ocean depending on the monsoon seasons. This is because
the current would only travel in specific directions depending on the season. This new Arabian dhow
allowed for travel against the wind and current, giving the merchants more control over trade. They
could transport a vast amount of goods due to their substantial size. Another technological
advancement was the creation of Arab astrolabes. The astrolabe uses the sun, the moon, and the stars
to identify one's location. This was highly useful for sea trade when determining the ship's latitude.
The Chinese compass was another useful technology for determining the cardinal directions and
navigation at sea. Therefore, without these significant technological innovations, trade along the
Indian Ocean would not have been as easy or

Abbasid Caliphate Dbq
The Abbasid caliphate was the empire of the golden age in the Islamic culture. This dynasty ruled
the Islamic caliphate for a very long time, which made it one of the most influential dynasties. Since
it ruled the Islamic empire for a very long time it became the largest empire in the world which
helped it have contact with neighboring places like China, India, and the Byzantine empire which
helped majorly with cultural diffusion. But, in what ways would the Abbasid caliphate be considered
a golden age throughout the dynasties in Islam?
Two major ways they could be in a golden age was from their literature and art. Since in the
beginning of the rise of the Islamic empire, they would only write poetry. As said in document 3 "As
salt resolved ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For centuries in the Muslim land the harsh and dry conditions made it hard to collect store and
transport water. Most of the progress made in technology and engineering. As said in the quote
"Muslim engineers also perfected the waterwheel and built underground water channels some fifty
feet underground. The underground channels had manholes (openings from the street) so that they
could be cleaned and repaired."(document 7) They created these inventions to help keep water and
keep it clean so that they would be able to survive and thrive in where they were staying. As for
astronomy most of their work was based off Hellenistic and Indian writing. This could show they
were in a golden age because they took the time and effort to figure out what would work and what
wouldn't work and try and fix it. Under one of the early caliphates most Muslim scholars started
learning from these writings. As said in this quote "The astrolabe, pictured, allowed people to find
their precise latitude by using the position of the stars. The astrolabe was later modified to be used
on ships. This innovation allowed Europeans to begin exploring the seas more safely. This lead to
the Europeans finding faster trade routes to Asia by sea and Christopher Columbus's "discovery" of
the New World."(Document 6) It talks about the creation and perfection of the astrolabe and how it
helped people find their exact latitude using the positions of the stars. This didn't just help
throughout the Muslim time but helped other generations of people after. It helped the Europeans
find trade routes faster and help Christopher Columbus "discover" the new world. Not only that but
it helped people navigate through the seas more

Age Of Exploration Dbq Essay
The age of exploration was a time period that brought two different worlds together. European
explorers were able to use the navigation to discover the new world. Theirs discovers caused a great
change in both worlds but it also brought negativity to both worlds. In document 3 it talks about one
of the causes of European exploration was different explorers had different reasons to explore the
new land. Some went for wealth, glory, and gold, while others travel for their own interest. Another
cause was the spread of Christianity in document 8 it says " As Catholic Christians, and princes who
love and promote the holy Christian faith, and are enemies of the doctrine of Mahomet, and of all
idolatry and heresy, determined to send me, Christopher ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In document 6 it shows a picture of the Columbian Exchange and what was being transferred from
the new world to the old world and you can see that disease where transferred through the animals
and humans from the old world to the new world. Another effect was that the Spanish were treating
the Natives horrible and forcing them into labor and beating them. In document one, it shows a
picture of the Spaniards cutting hands of Native for not meeting their gold quota. This document
showed that the Spanish viewed themselves as more powerful and smarter than the Natives. Their
there more negative effects of the age of exploration which was the enslavement of Africans. It says
in document 4 ad journal entry of a slave during the middle passage " The closeness of the place,
and the heat of the climate added to the number in the ships, which was so crowded that each had
scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us." The author of this journal entry felt like he was
almost suffocated because everything was crowded and the climate was so warm that he felt as if he
were to suffocate. Another negative effect was the new social structure which was based on races
created by the Spanish from their territories in the Americas. In document 5 it shows the new social
structure and how it is based off what race you were, for example, Peninsular ( Born on the Iberian
Peninsula ) was on the top and the Native Americans and Africans were on the bottom. One of the
last effects was territorial conflicts. In document 7 it shows a chart of the different dates of wars
between countries and the new world of who would get what and how much. For example, King
William's war from 1689–1697 was between New England and the New France the British won. All
the wars were fought between England and France and The Native Americans were also

Anasazi Influence On Native Americans
1. Adobe – a mixture of clay/earth, water and various organic material that is molded into small
blocks and dried in the sun. Used to construct dwellings, bricks being fused with a mud made of a
similar formula. Its versatility, durability, uniformity, heat efficiency and simplicity to make / use /
repair led to a widespread use. Popular with Native American tribes in a variety of locations.
Near the end of the Archaic Period, many Native American groups began to accept and implement
agriculture, as it provided a more reliable source of food. With the creation of planting fields came
the creation of permanent villages, and thereby the need for a new and more suitable building
material: adobe. Adobe provided long–lasting and efficient shelter ... Show more content on
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Astrolabe – a complex type of inclinometer in the shape of a sphere or large circle used to chart the
positions of stars, planets, moon and Sun, which could then be used to estimate location (use
triangulation) and time. Originally invented around 150 B.C., it was greatly developed in the Islamic
world. Similar, the marine astrolabe, a large disc shaped instrument used for navigation while at sea.
The astrolabe was vital for the Spanish, French, and English exploration of the New World. It
allowed them to estimate their location, an important asset that allowed them to venture further and
further inland without losing their bearings. The marine astrolabe was crucial in the accurate
navigation to and from the New World. Without the marine astrolabe the Spanish, French and
English would not have been able to efficiently colonize the New World, as they would be unsure of
their landing points and could easily become hopelessly lost at sea.
ECONOMIC – by helping the European countries discover and colonize the New World, it
indirectly helped / harmed their economies with the riches the poured into the exploration teams and
any riches they reaped from their

Greek Astronomy : The Contribution Of The Ancient Greek...
Ancient Greek Astronomy
Imagine if the ancient world didn't make any discoveries and the people of today had to start without
any prior knowledge. In about 500BC the ancient Greeks had an explosion of astronomical
discoveries. The ancient Greeks wanted to know the answer to one big question; how does the
universe work? The ancient Greeks contributed to astronomy through the discoveries about Earth,
the universe, and the tools they used.
The ancient Greeks contributed to astronomy through their discoveries about Earth. The first
discovery about Earth is that it is spherical. During a lunar eclipse (when Earth is between the sun
and moon) two Greek astronomers Empedocles and Anaxagoras found the Earth's shadow on the
moon. They saw that the shadow was clearly round (Library of Congress). This is evidence that the
Greeks contributed to astronomy through the discovery that Earth is not flat. Another Greek
astronomer tried to figure out the size of Earth. Aristarchus of Samos used the size of Earth's
shadow on the moon during a lunar eclipse and tried to scale the number to the real size (Library of
Congress). This supports that Aristarchus of Samos contributed to calculating the size of Earth
because he gave astronomy part of the equation. One more astronomer tried to find the size of Earth.
Eratosthenes measured the shadows cast in Alexandria and Syene to find the angle of Earth to the
sun (Library of Congress). This is proof that the Greeks contributed to astronomy by

Women In Islamic World
Women, Art, and the Islamic World
All throughout history men have been superior over women. Islam wasn't any different in that
aspect, though Muhammad said men and women were created equal. The Islamic men were known
to be great scholars of mathematics, astrology, medicine, and of natural sciences. They were also
known to have made great architectural structures and displayed beautiful pieces of artwork
throughout the buildings and all throughout the civilization of the Islamic people. It's fair to ask, did
the women have any part of the artistic beauty and structures displayed in Islam, or was it only the
men who were granted the privilege to make such advanced and beautiful structures and art within
the Islamic world during the early periods. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through research, it's easy to see that women impacted every aspect of Islamic culture. From the art
of poetry, calligraphy, and astrology, even mathematics and natural sciences, just as the men did.
Many great women left a mark on the early Islamic Empire and helped build a great civilization.
Powerful women like Queen Dayfa Khatun built great construction structures that provided a place
for study and worship, while other great women helped design astrolabes by hand so people can tell
what time it was and keep track of important days. These women helped shaped Islam into what it is
today. There are many misconceptions within the Islamic civilization with the art and who was
responsible for it. The art didn't follow traditional forms of the earlier civilizations, it had a whole
different outlook. The Islamic people didn't have statues of their people or of the king instead they
had poetry, calligraphy, and mosaic masterpieces. Though it's hard to figure out who contributed to
the art culture, it's clear to see that both men and women played a part in Islamic artwork despite the
claims that Islamic women did not. It's true the men had a bigger role than the women, though they
were supposed to be viewed as equals. Without the women who help build Islam it wouldn't be like
it is today. Women provided many great advances in the Islamic civilization and helped formed the
Islamic state as it is today. Women should be considered equal and have the same rights as the
Islamic men after all the women did help with sculpting Islam's

Stereographic Projection In The Renaissance
The Renaissance was a period of cultural and social rebirth, approximately beginning in the 14th
century through to the 17th century. Starting in Florence, Italy, the Renaissance was the re–
awakening of human curiosity in the earthly world, as well as a focus upon the writings of Greek
and Roman thinkers. Wealthy patrons commissioned artists to create works of great beauty, such as
Michelangelo's decoration of the Sistine Chapel's ceiling.. However, the wealth required even for the
paints were immense. Pigments such as lapis lazuli were worth more than gold leaf, and often
needed to be shipped across Europe. This demand sparked a growing economy, with Florence
becoming the dominant trade center for wool and cloth. Trade rapidly became very ... Show more
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Stereographic projection is the process of graphing a sphere onto a 2 dimensional surface, in this
case the plates on the astrolabe. Some astrolabes had the option of removable plates with different
markings for the navigator to use the astrolabe even in other time zones. Star mapping on the rete of
the astrolabe was based off how the night sky would look at a certain time and place, with the
brightest or most prominent stars marked with pointers. Sometimes these pointers would be crafted
into incredibly detailed and beautiful designs, ranging from flora and fauna to flames or humans.
The designs usually symbolized the name of the star it was pointing to; with a dog's head meaning
Sirius, or a small bird pointing to Vega/Wega. The planispheric astrolabe (astrolabe proper) was
made up of four parts; the mater, rete, plates, and alidade. The mater was the basis of the instrument,
with an edge known as a "limb" marked with the 24 hours for telling time. Plates were inserted into
the mater, often marked with the latitude, altitude, and azimuth. Older astrolabes often included
several different discs for differing latitudes, with the added possibility of moving the plate so it
more befits the user's location. The rete, as written above, was a disc mostly cut away to show where
the brighter stars were. It was rotated daily to follow the position of the stars in the sky (sidereal
motion). On the rete, the ecliptic showed the zodiac symbols, marked in 30 degree intervals,
corresponding to the path the sun takes across the sky. It was named such because a solar or lunar
eclipse can only occur when the sun or moon crosses it. Upon the rete lies a rule, with the rule and
rete held together with a screw–like mechanism. However, since screws had not yet been invented,
the astrolabe

Greek Root Astr
Over 60% of the words in the English language contain a Greek or Latin root ("Online English
Dictionary"). This quantitative figure conveys the importance of Greek and Latin on the
development of the words in the English language. One commonly used root, astr, has origins in the
Greek language ("Alphabetical Index"). Many words that use the root astr in them relate to stars or
space. The root astr, meaning star, comes from the Greek language, and it !is! used in words such as
astrolabe, astronomy, and astronaut (Harper). The genesis of the root astr occurred early in the
Greek language ("Alphabetical Index"). Greek, an Indo–European language, began in the 14th
century BC. The Greek language went through many changes following its creation and had many
important phases. The first phase, known as the Ancient phase, !was! subdivided into an Archaic
period, a Classical period, and a Hellenistic period. The Roman, Byzantine, and Modern phases
followed the Ancient phase. Greek also had many various dialects which differed in many ways, but
!were! mutually intelligible. During the Greek language's evolution through time, the Greeks
adopted the Phoenician alphabet for their own use. (Newton) The root astr ... Show more content on
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It most likely evolved from the French word astronaute. ("Online English Dictionary") . The word
astronaut comes from the Greek roots astron, meaning star, and nautes, meaning ship or sailor. Not
until the space race in the 1960s !was! it popularized and became a common word in many
Americans' vocabularies. The word astronaut !was! used by the United States Space Program as the
counterpart of the United Soviet Socialist Republics word cosmonaut, coming from the Greek roots
cosmos and nautes, during the space race. (Harper) Astronaut and cosmonaut may differ, but they,
like many other words, share a Greek

Ibn Sinan Dbq
Moreover, the transfer of ideas also had an intellectual impact in fields such as astronomy, medicine,
and mathematics. To begin with, Claudius Ptolemy, a Greek scholar, created a model of how the
solar system is arranged, the Earth in the center (document one). Claudius Ptolemy most likely
described the inverse with the Earth in the center because of the limited technology during his time
period, some time around 100 AD. Persian Muslim scholar, Al–Biruni, describes the Hindu view of
how the earth is shaped and that the earth is the center of the universe (document six). Al–Biruni is a
Persian Muslim and not a Hindu and therefore writes about these conceptions with the point of view
of an outsider. During this time period, various scholars came up with ... Show more content on
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This led people out of the dark and enlightened them about possibilities. Moving on, Cannon of
Medicine, written by Ibn Sina, explains the importance of studying the symptoms of disease in order
to create effective medicine. Ibn Sina was a prominent Islamic philosopher who was also trained
medically. Due to his experience in medicine and his ability to think philosophically he has a deeper
understanding of what must be done in order to improve medicine. Furthermore, an astrolabe which
is a maritime navigation device that aided in exploration and trade is pictured (document four). The
astrolabe was created around 200 BC and made its way from Islamic territories to Europe. Finally,
al–Khwarizmi, a Persian Muslim mathematician, discusses the Hindu numeric system (document
five). Al–Khwarizimi was Islamic and the period in which he lived was known as the Islamic
Golden Age, a time where interpretations of the Qur'an became more scientific. This affected the
way in which he viewed Hindu mathematics as seen in the first couple of sentences where he speaks
of God and His

What Was Columbus's Motivation For American Exploration
"With the dawn of the 16th century, there came together in Europe both the motivation and the
means to explore territory across the seas." During the sixteenth century, Spain found success in
conquering American lands thanks to prior interest in exploration fueled by religion, trade, and
technology. With their recent success against the Moors in a religious battle, both Ferdinand and
Isabella were ready to explore new lands in which they could plant the seeds of a new religion. The
desire of trade items that could only be found in Asia also gave them motivation to find a new,
quicker root the Far East. But, all of these feats would not have been possible if it were not for the
invention of new technologies, such as the compass and astrolabe, helping explorers find their way
around the world. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After Ferdinand and Isabella had won the religious war they fought against the Moors, they finally
became an independent nation. Having their own form of Christianity following the Protestant
Reformation, they were eager to find lands in Asia, Africa, and America where they could spread
god's word. When Columbus came to Spain in search of a sponsor of his oversea journey, Spain saw
their perfect opportunity. Columbus, being one of the only men brave enough to explore the
uncharted lands overseas, could claim a variety of land for his sponsor country. With these new
countries in Spain's possession, they would finally have land to spread their religion. For these
reasons, Spain saw religion as a motivator for exploration of the new

Muslim Contributions Dbq Essay
From around 750 to 1350, Muslims were able to contribute in the making of how our world. It
started when the Muslims inherited, adopted, and made advancements through people they have
conquered, Greece, Rome, and India. Their advancement allowed Muslim achievements to stand out
and make a lasting impact on world cultures; their contributions affected various areas including art,
architecture, medicine, agriculture, music, language, and technology. The Muslims were able to
make such great contributions because of their preserved knowledge, their civilization, and their
ability of simplification. These contributions impacted the world by helping medicine advance,
building a trade network, and the growth of mapmaking. Muslims both preserved existing
knowledge and extended it, which allowed Muslims to make their great contributions. Muslims had
many practical reasons for learning, including, the advancement of science, qualified physicians to
treat illness, and mathematicians and astronomers to calculate time. "Muslims had practical reasons
for supporting the advancement of science. Rulers wanted qualified physicians treating their
ills...relied on mathematicians and astronomers to calculate the times of prayer..." (Doc. 1) Around
A.D. 476, Europe entered an era where scholarship suffered, ... Show more content on
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According to document 4, Al–Khwarizmi, a Muslim mathematician wrote a textbook in the 800's
about algebra which was later adopted throughout Europe. Muslim mathematicians also adopted
Arabic numerals from Indians and used them in place–value system. (Doc. 4) These mathematical
advances also led to the creation of simple yet complicated structures. Also, after using their
observations and their understanding of mathematics, Muslim scholars were able to make an
advancement in mapmaking. They used astrolabe and armillary sphere to help study skies and make
calculations for calendars and maps. (Doc.

Renaissance Worldview Essay
The advancement of science in the Renaissance contributed to the belief and rapid advancement
in modern Europe. Scientific advancement had always been present, however a large portion of
the Renaissance worldview was the desire to learn about the world around us, and even, in the
case of the human body, the vast and unexplored world within us. This worldview and belief is still
present today, with scientists working around the globe to explore parts of the world and universe
we previously were not aware of. Some technologies in the Renaissance laid foundations for
ideas that are still used today, as the Astrolabe did with latitude and longitude, as well as time of
day. Alchemy laid the foundation for modern Chemistry. Exploration of the ... Show more content
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Gold and Silver are thought of as precious, valuable metals. This was no different in
the Renaissance, except at that time modern mining techniques were not available, and those
metals, known as Precious Metals, were much harder to come by. This was the main basis for
Alchemy, which focused on transmuting, or transforming base metals such as iron and lead, into
the precious metals. Another main goal of Alchemists was the creation of the fabled Philosopher's
Stone, thought of as an 'elixir of life' to preserve youth. During the Renaissance, the Swiss
alchemist Paraclesus believed in an element known as Alkahest, from which the classical
elements Earth, Water, Air and Fire were derived. Paraclesus believed that finding this fabled
element was the key to Alchemy, and transmuting Lead and Iron into Gold. Alchemy focused not
just on the transmutation of elements, but also the connection to the Spiritual realm, and the

healing of illnesses of the body with herbs (a practice still used today, despite advanced
medicine). While Alchemy has been discredited as a legitimate science, advancements in

The Importance Of Globalization In The World
Globalization seems to be highlighted only in its best or its worst times, the world's teleological
swing from connection to division. Yet we seem to be blind to the inclines and down falls. We
recognize innovation once it is complete, not while it is evolving, or we mourn over devastation
when the signs it was coming were there all along. As our society cycles through these peaks and
valleys we need to remember that ancient globalized societies rose and fell many times over.
Although or world changes and so does our definition of globalization we are still able to show
parallels of modern globalization in historical times. One amazing feat for globalization was the
astrolabe, it became a widely sought after tool in the mid–14th century. This demand for the tool
came about after Islamic peoples used it to find Mecca. Islamic, Jewish and Christian thinkers
revamped the astrolabe during a scientific revitalization. The tool shows many attributes from each
group: Arabic, old Spanish and Hebrew language was found on the astrolabe pictured in
MacGregor's writing Hebrew Astrolabe. The astrolabe does much more than tell your position it can
be used to find Mecca, tell time, survey and even find a person's horoscope. MacGregor goes on to
say that any explorer wanting to be taken seriously had to be well versed with this tool. Although
with a superb navigation tool comes drawbacks, such as who uses the tool and the places that the
tool takes them. Columbus happened to be one of these people, he used the astrolabe and other tools
to sail across the Atlantic and discover islands in the Caribbean. Columbus was lucky to have a sort
of perfect storm of new knowledge to help him cross the ocean. The introduction and perfection of
the cog ship allowed him to brave the open waters of the Atlantic. He also utilized the discovery and
knowledge of a Portuguese man named, Gil Eanns, who discovered and documented the Volta
Domar Largo, a method of sailing further out to sea to find a current to push a ship back to where it
came from. Once these Caribbean islands were discovered Columbus took to conquering them all.
After disease wiped out most of the native peoples the rest were enslaved and their lands
marginalized by Columbus

How Did Christopher Columbus Impact Society
Over thousands of years there have been many people who have modernized the world and shaped it
to be the way it is today. One of the people who has had a huge impact on this world is Christopher
Columbus. He was an Italian explorer and the founder of the new world. His goal was to find a
passage to India but instead found where the modern days bahamas are and opened the doors for
European exploration. Affected by this exploration was global population, global economy, political
reign, and advancements in technology. This new era is called the age of exploration.
During the age of exploration, the population of the earth dramatically increased in most places.
Although it increased globally, the population of African decreased. This was caused by the slave
trade going on between the Americas, Africa, and Europe. The Americas were in need of cheap
labor, but the Native Americans were sick and dying due to the diseases brought from Europe. So,
America sent slave ship to Africa to bargain with tribal leader for slaves. This caused most of the
strong generations of African ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The caravel was a ship that was able sail against the wind and in turn became a great ship for
explorers. The compass was a way for these explorers to navigate their way through open sea
without getting lost. The astrolabe was a device that let the explorers and other Europeans tell what
time of day it was or when the sun was going to set by measuring the stars. Along with many
advancements came an exchange of power. During the age of exploration, the Europeans gained a
lot of power over the indigenous people whose empires they overtook. They were able to do this so
easily because of the indigenous people's lack of advanced weapons and guns. Examples of this are
the European conquering the Aztecs and the Incas. The economy also changed greatly and even
made a new policy during this

The Golden Age Of Science In The Medieval Islamic World
The medieval Islamic world of science started as a controversial field to be working in. The
scientific practices went against the beliefs of the people because it stated things that were the
opposite of the readings in the Koran. Religious peoples said that Allah created everything in
existence himself while scientists said that everything occurred naturally. Even though there was
conflict over the beliefs of the people, the Islamic scientists still managed to prosper and produce a
Golden Age of Science in the medieval Islamic world. The contribution of the Arabo–Islamic
scholars to the genesis of modern sciences constitutes a passionately debated topic of research, and
in many encyclopedias of science and its history, the Arabo–Islamic ... Show more content on
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Islamic engineers invented a distillation process that expanded the kinds of medicines that could be
used. This allowed physicians to prescribe even more precise treatments for their patients. The
Islamic world of science produced a large amount of forward progress in the medical industry,
which helped people for centuries afterwards. Astronomy was a discipline that was very serious to
Islamic scholars and scientists, and throughout the Golden Age of Science they consistently worked
to further develop astronomy, even applying other fields to help them. In the opening years of the
Golden Age, astronomy was studied vigorously and even was used to assist the religion of the
people. Because of its importance to religious duties (for example, calculating the qibla and prayer
times), astronomy held a prominent place on the scientific scene. Rulers sponsored the construction
of observatories and large observation instruments and employed scientists such as al–Battani, al–
Khayyan, and al–Tusi to construct astronomical tables and keep time. An instrument that was well
known around the world was the astrolabe. It came from a Hellenistic origin and was perfected by
Muslim scientists and craftsmen. Many problems involving astronomy, that would normally take the
likes of mundane computing, could be solved quickly and easily with the astrolabe.

Astrolabe Reef Essay
Science based evidence: Over three years has passed since the incident, groups and scientists have
continued to monitor toxic levels within the affected area. ('Application For Resource Consent (MV
Rena)') Previously before the Rena grounded on the reef there was no scientific evidence to prove
the abundant and good visibility of marine life on the Astrolabe reef. Since the Rena grounded
scientific research has been carried out in order to restore the reef to its previous state and reduce
contamination (Judd). One aspect of the issue is the release of toxic chemicals/objects that can cause
potential harm to the ecology and water. This includes toxic metals that have the potential to adverse
on the environment, for instance copper when released in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This is a consequence of the erosion and breakdown of the cargo, releasing copper, creating the
sediment to have high toxic levels and adverse effect on water quality, primarily achieved through
the copper leaching ('Application For Resource Consent (MV Rena)'). Usually copper is a natural
element, however when copper is in high concentrations, such as, scraps (clove) this increases the
toxicity of the element itself. If cloves were to be released within the sediment of the ocean its
impact would be less to an extent as its not in large quantities. However the effects would last longer
as the cloves take longer to break down. The effects on the environment can reduce growth in
population of several species from algae to birds (The Rena Project) (H. Lucas and A. Horton).
Overall there are two arguments that involve both the release of copper (large quantities which can
be toxic) in relation to the removal of the Rena (WATER QUALITY AND ECOTOXICITY). If the
whole removal of Rena were to take place, it would expose the risk of large quantities of copper to
be exposed in an aquatic state, in the long–term it could be beneficial as it would not only restore
mauri but also remove any large quantities of

Astronomy Of The Islamic World
Astronomy in Medieval Islam Astronomy is the branch of science that deals with celestial objects,
space, and the universe as a whole. During the medieval era, a golden age of innovations in science
took part in the Islamic world. In particular cities in the Iberian Peninsula, like Cordoba, astronomy
blossomed and thrived as an aftermath of the genius and creativity that took place there. Innovations
in astronomy were vital in inspiring the other scientific discoveries, and were greatly encouraged by
the religious groups during the time. In the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, S. Nomanul
Haq and Massimo Campanini wrote that "astronomy is the only natural science that escaped the
censure of the medieval Muslim opponents of secular sciences (ʿulūm al–awāʿil) and found a home
in mosques, receiving the blessing of mainstream religious circles."1 Because of this support and
encouragement, scientists of astronomy were set up to thrive and innovate. Discoveries during this
period made fundamental advancements on Greek and Mesopotamian astronomy and were crucial
for the later advances of Copernicus and Kepler that give the view on astronomy that is held today.
The support of astronomy that garnered during the medieval era had many influences. One influence
was religion. Marking time accurately is essential for many religions including Islam, Judaism, and
Christianity. The Koran requires the faithful to pray five times a day at five very precise times: at the
exact moment

How Has Technology Shaped European Society
One prominent feature of European History has been its' technological innovations. Though an
individual invention becomes antiquated, technology continues to play a salient role in history, as it
spawns new ideas, social trends, and movements that live on beyond the tool's usefulness.
Technological innovations have reshaped European society by perpetuating ideas and movements
like overseas expansion, a higher standard of living, and urbanization. Up until the late 15th century,
the furthest any sailor had ventured was around the Mediterranean Sea and to its' neighboring
countries. No one dared to venture too far, as they had no clue where they were going nor how to get
back home. Though this changed with new navigational advancements like the

Astrolabes During The Age Of Exploration
During the age of exploration there were many highly important inventions being made and also
being used. One of the inventions from this time period is the astrolabe. The astrolabe is an ancient
astronomical computer that was used mainly by navigators to solve problems in relation to not only
time, but also problems relating to the position of the sun and the stars ("Morrison"). Astrolabes
were historically used by astronomers, astrologers, and navigators. Astrolabes had many amazing
uses like finding the time of day or time of night, finding the time of a celestial event like a sunrise
or a sunset and could also be used as a reference of celestial positions and many more ("Morrison").
Astrolabes were also one of the most basic astronomy education tools in the late ... Show more
During this time period many things were invented like the astrolabe, sextant, and caravel. The
caravel was invented by the portuguese, was much less heavy so it could travel up rivers, was
quicker for the longer journeys, and had a triangular sail instead of a rectangular sail. The astrolabe
was an instrument that, in its earlier time, was used for astronomy and astrology but ended up
mainly being used as a tool of navigation and to solve problems involving trigonometry, problems
relating to time, and the position of the sun and stars. The astrolabe was invented by Hipparchus
who lived from 190 BC – 120 BC and also made major contributions to trigonometry. Trigonometry
is a type of math that involves the relations between a triangle's angles and sides. The sextant, which
superseded the astrolabe, is a tool that measures the angle between two objects in order to find a
person's location in the world. As you can see each invention during this very important time period
is very important and each made their own major contribution to the world we live in

Medieval European Inventions
Inventions in Medieval Europe
Magnetic compass:
A magnetic compass has a magnetised needle, that is generally in line with magnetic poles of the
Earth, and is used to help people navigate.
The magnetic compass provided medieval Europe with many benefits, and changed how people
navigated. One benefit the compass offered was the opportunity to travel more often. People would
no longer have to rely on on nature or seasonal navigation techniques, such as migrating birds and
the tide. Exploring new parts of the world was made easier too, as explorers of the world wouldn't
have to rely on inaccurate signs like dead fish and seaweed to navigate, and wouldn't get lost as
easily.
Astrolabe:
Astrolabes are instruments used to make astronomical measurements. When they reached ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When sailors learned to navigate the sea by measuring the angle between the horizon and North Star
(Polaris,) the used the astrolabe on voyages around the world.
Printing Press:
The printing press, invented by Johann Gutenberg, had a significant impact in Medieval Europe. It
drastically cut the cost of producing printed materials, including books, and made copying easier.
Before the invention of the printing press, to make multiple copies of books, people (most often
monks,) would have to laboriously copy the text by hand. This was a very time–consuming and
costly manner, as the monks would commonly write on vellum (treated skins.)
The printing press made copying text incredibly faster and much cheaper. Gutenberg's printing press
"meant more access to information, more dissent, more informed discussion and more widespread
criticism of authorities," observes the British Library.
With his press, the first books that Gutenberg printed, were copies of the bible, all 200 copies selling
before the printing was complete! During the European Reformation, ideas associated with the new
Protestant faith were popularised, due to the printing press.

The Negative Effects Of The Age Of Exploration In The New...
The age of exploration was a prosperous time for many nations that not only brought forth major
advances in technology and trade, but also allowed two worlds to merge into one. The trade between
benefitted both worlds, but also brought on negative effects. There were multiple causes and effects
for the age of exploration. The need for wealth, to advance their society, and to expand power drove
the age of exploration. As positive results, the Colombian Exchange, economic prosperity and new
inventions. As negative results, slave trade entered the fray, wars over land between empires began,
and the people of the New World were pushed into a class structure. The age of exploration was in
fact a very prosperous time, but there were also negative effects on the two worlds. There were
many different causes that drove the age of exploration forwards and religion, advances in
technology, and trade were only a few of the many reasons. As religions in Europe grew, the leaders
of churches began to form the idea that maybe through trading routes, they should promote their
religions and gain popularity. Through the trading routes, missionaries travelled, seeking out
followers and promoting their religion where they could (Document 3). It was difficult trying to
convert people to a different religion, until through the Columbian Exchange, an alternative was
found. The Natives to the Americas were viewed as uncultured, monstrous, even. It was just so
much easier to view them as savages

Jonathan Lyons's The House Of Wisdom
Before the West began to make developments to their own education, the Muslim world already had
a significant comprehension on topics such as medication, geography and astrology. The book titled,
"The House of Wisdom," by Jonathan Lyons brought up many points and highlights of the
superiority of knowledge in the Muslim world. The chapter began by introducing the readers to the
Western world, explaining in detail the intelligence that the West had at the time. Lyons stated,
"They couldn't even tell time... Disease and malnutrition were rife. Medical care often involved
exorcism or the amputation of injured limbs... Few had any learning at all." The Arabs' reactions to
these "barbarians" were one of shock and confusion. Through the Crusades, the Western world was
able to utilize the existing knowledge of the Muslim world to make a breakthrough of their own
science. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Readers can infer that the Muslim world is much more superior in terms of medical knowledge in
the fact that the Arabs relied on medication and surgery to heal the injured or the sick. Islamic
scholars and doctors were able to translate their own knowledge and observations into medical texts
in great detail ("Muslim's Contributions to Medieval Medicine & Pharmacology" 1). Later, these
books and texts would be used by the Englishmen to develop their own comprehension of

The Age of Exploration took place in the 15th century all the way to the 16th century. During this
time period European explorers travelled all over the world searching for new trade routes and land.
All these explorers had different motivations to go on voyages, and although religion was one of the
motives of exploration, it wasn't the main one. Economics and technology also played vital roles in
European exploration.
Firstly, religion was a major factor in European voyage. The travellers wanted to spread Christianity
all over the world. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal stated that he was inspired by "his great
desire to make increase in the faith of our lord Jesus Christ and bring him to all the souls that should
be saved" (Duiker 494). Henry's words show how much people believed in their religion was the
best. Another person who played a key role in Christianity expansion was Queen Isabella of Spain, "
[she] showed fanatical zeal for converting the Muslims to Christianity and concentrated her efforts
on muslims of Granada" (Buckler 503). Though the queen wasn't able to wage an assault on Islam,
she didn't give up her hopes and instead moved onto pagan people, showing how determined
Europeans were to spread their religion. Another prime reason that shows religion is important is
that it served as a pretext for wealth and power, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without religion explorers didn't exactly have an excuse to go on a quest that was mainly for
material

What Caused The Age Of Exploration
During this late time period around the 1400s there were many things that occurred that caused the
age of exploration. The Age of Exploration was a birth that began with the discovery of new
technologies and new trade routes. This sparked the beginning of new wars between European
countries. One of the big things that helped Age of Exploration was the discovery of new
technologies. Some of the great technologies discovered was the pistols, carvels, compasses, new
maps and astrolabe. The astrolabe was the most popular astronomical instrument used until around
1650. Prince Henry was a great inspiration and example for the discovery of new technologies as he
owned his own navigation school. Travel and trade also played

Ipatia Research Paper
Hypatia of Alexandria
Hypatia, commonly addressed as Hypatia of Alexandria, was a mathematician, astronomer,
astrologist, and philosopher during the time of Ancient Greece. The city of Alexandria that Hypatia
lived in was originally part of Greece, until it was conquered by early Egyptians. Hypatia was born
around 350 – 370 CE and was raised by her father, Theon. Her father was a scholar of the Museum
of Alexandria, which was not, in fact, an actual museum. The Museum of Alexandria was roughly
similar to an academy, in the way that it was an early form of a school. The Museum also included
the Library of Alexandria, which was an area filled with papers and books filled with vast expanses
of knowledge. Theon was believed to have taught his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The name Hypatia, like most Greek names, has a definition; Hypatia's name in Greek is either
written as 'υπατος or Υπατια, which translates to words such as highest, exceptional, or supreme.
The name Hypatia is the female version of Hypatos; the name can also be translated to Russian,
where names vary from Ipatiy, which is "rare" and typically used for males, Ipati, which is similar to
Ipatiy, and is rare and typically used for males, to Patya, which is common and is a Russian
"diminutive" word. Many of the works Hypatia contributed to has been destroyed, this is mostly
because she stored most of her work in the Library of Alexandria, which was accidentally burned
during Caesar's conquest around 48 BC. She wrote many mathematical books about certain subjects,
she wrote thirteen books on algebra, which was her her favorite subject, and eight books on
geometry. Some historians though , believe she wrote the commentaries and made revisions on The
Astronomical Canon (possibly based on her father's commentary), a commentary on The Conics of
Apollonius (which leaded to the idea of hyperbolas, parabolas, and ellipses) and on

Muslim Advancements In Science
Muslims had many reasons for finding advancements in science. Rulers wanted professionals
treating their illnesses. They needed mathematicians to calculate the time for prayers. They had a
deep curiosity of the world and a quest for the truth. Muslim astronomers made advances in science,
math, astronomy and geography. A lot of muslim cities had observatories for people to study the
sun, moon, and stars. This helped them better understand time and clock making. Muslims also
improved the astrolabe which the greeks had invented to chart the stars. A muslim mathematician
wrote two important books. IN one book he laid the foundation for modern algebra and in the other
it explained the new numbering system which was created when the indian number

Early Modern Times Dbq
The Early Modern Times took place from the 1300s to the 1800s. It began with the Renaissance, a
time of creativity, rebirth and change in the way people viewed themselves & their world, and the
scientific revolution. It also consisted of the search for spices, trade, and the first global age. During
those times, developments, exploration, and trade became important and advantageous aspects in
constructing the early modern world. Developments had a critical impact on the emergence of
modern Europe. During the 1500s, thinkers applied the scientific method to the pursuit of
knowledge, encouraging many others to uncover many unknown features. The heliocentric model of
the world was just one important breakthrough that was introduced during ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Trade revolved around the idea of needing something one hemisphere did not have, that another did.
In Document 2, it is clear trade provided effective resources which carried out needs. The chart
expresses goods both, the western and eastern, hemispheres had. It shows that the Americas had
things like corn, pumpkin, and squash, while Europe and Asia had wheat, sugar and rice. It indicated
that trade was essential through showing that if the Western Hemisphere wanted to make pumpkin
pie it would need to trade with the Eastern Hemisphere to get sugar. Trade also affected foreign
relations. In some cases it helped and strengthened alliances, but in others it helped punish enemies.
In Document 6, Pope Innocent III granted Venice a special license to trade with Muslim peoples or
"the Saracens". "We...induced by the paternal affection we have for you, and commanding you..not
to aid the Saracens by selling or giving to them..iron, flax, pitch, pointed stakes, ropes, arms,
helmets, ships..". The special license restricted and punished Europe, Babylon and Persia. It made
Venice get permission and did not allow them to trade unless it was for resources they really needed.
Overall, trade became an important force and had many effects in the emergence of modern

Do You Know Any Names Of The Explorers That Sailed In The...
Do you actually know any names of the explorers that sailed during the late 1400s to the early
1500s? Do you know what the explorers used to navigate and how they made it to their planned
destination? European navigators relied on technology to help them explore the seas. Vasco Da
Gama, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan used their handy maps, ships, and even helpful
tools to sail at sea. These explorers were mainly looking for a trade route to Asia. Vasco Da Gama
was known as a fearless sailor. He set sail in 1488 and went around the southern tip of Africa up to
India. Da Gama was mainly in search of Christians and spices. Vasco Da Gama was an ambassador
and he was called "Captain– Major." Christopher Columbus completed four voyages. His most
famous voyage was in 1492. He took a total of four ships of different sizes to the Watland Islands.
Columbus was searching for a trade route to Asia also. Columbus knew the world was round before
he even set sail from Europe. Columbus thought many things when looking at the islanders. He says
they were completely naked, short hair, poor, and handsomely formed. Christopher mainly wanted
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ferdinand was still looking for a trade route to Asia. Between 1519 and 1520, he anchored to
Argentina. He was mainly looking for a sea route because trade routes were harder to get to. Since
his voyage, the Strait of Magellan was named after him. Most people knew the earth was round but
Magellan's voyage proved that it really was round. His goal was to convert people to Christians.
Magellan accomplished his goal and successfully converted many to Christians. Since Ferdinand
demanded people to become Christians and they yielded to such obedience, he burned some of the
villages and sent boats to fight. Magellan decapitated someone also, which means cutting off their
own head from their shoulders. Ferdinand suppressed his

The Positive And Negative Effects Of The Age Of Exploration
The Age of Exploration was from the end of the 15th century to the 18th century. There were many
causes for the time period that brought two worlds together. However, there were also many positive
and negative effects in the age. The time was very prosperous, but the negative effects that came
from it were dramatic. The need for advancement and expansion helped motivate the explorers we
still know today. There were many causes for the Age of Exploration. These causes drove the age
forward and some of them were God, Gold and Glory. Religion plays a big part in all society,
because either people agree on, disagree on or don't have a religion. "God" refers to the crusading
and missionary traditions of Christianity, put into place by rivalry with Islam and hatred for non–
Christian religions. Many people like the Spanish and Portuguese sent emigrants and Christian
missionaries to the New World to spread their religion. A big role in these causes was wealth among
finding and trading. As explorers found new places, they also found resources or goods to bring
back with them. "Gold" refers to the search for materials though getting and selling Asian spices,
African slaves, American metals and other resources. American materials supported a great
expansion of European economy and helped the Europeans buy Asian goods, especially from China.
"Glory" alludes to the competition between monarchies. Explorers at this time were motivated to go
around the world in search for more resources

Portugal Research Paper
The Portuguese Empire lasted over six centuries, beginning in 1415, with the conquest of Ceuta, a
Moroccan port on the straits of Gibraltar, and one of Europe's first attempt at colonization in Africa.
This move was orchestrated by Prince Henry, who was known as 'the Navigator'. It was because of
Prince Henry that Portugal became an imperialist country, he studied navigation, and made
improvements on inventions like the astrolabe and compass, his goal was to make Portugal the most
powerful sea power in the world. Prince Henry sponsored many naval explorers such as Bartolomeu
Dias (who rounded the tip of Cape Hope in 1488) and Vasco de Gama. Three years after Ceuta, a
group of uninhabited islands were found off the coast of Portugal, they were named the Madeiras,
and almost immediately people began to settle there, they as well as the Azores islands (another set
of uninhabited islands found in 1445) remain an autonomous part of Portugal today.
In the mid 1400's Portuguese ship began exploring the West coast of Africa, they established forts,
ports and residency in Cape Verde, Mozambique, Portuguese Guinea (which is now modern day
Senegal), Angola, Sao Tome and Principe, although diseases of the continent made ... Show more
In many places this religious influence can still be seen, however, in most of their colonies the
imperialistic occupancy of Portugal did more harm than good, they depleted natural resources,
reshaped traditional boundaries and seriously drained the population through slavery. Portugal
explored, colonized and exploited the world around them for many reasons, their colonies brought
wealth, created ports for Portuguese goods, and gave access to spices (like pepper and ginger), gold,
timber, ivory, skins, agricultural products, slaves and other

Age Of Exploration Negative Effects
The Age of Exploration happened between the years of 1500 and 1800 AD, this period consisted of
some important events in World History. With the aid of the Astro Table an astronomical used by
explorers were able to discover New lands in search of new trading routes and wealth. For example,
through the use of the Mariner's Astrolabe, the Spanish explorers were able to discover gold and
wrecker in the New World. Clearly, we can see from the Illustration the greed and lust for Gold, God
and Glory of the Spanish explorers the resulted in extreme behavior by them, cutting off the hands
of the natives for not meeting their gold quota. Another, key event during this period of exploration
were the first shipload of slaves brought directly from Africa to the Americans. ... Show more
The ship's Cargo hold was horrendous because of the "closeness of the space, and the heat of the
climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn
himself, almost suffocated us. Some of the negative effects of the Age of Exploration were the huge
death tolls suffered by Native American populations as a result of wars and transplanted European
diseases, the destruction of pre–existing New World civilizations and the establishment of the Slave
Trade." Therefore, those horrible conditions caused many of the slaves to die from sickness.
Moreover, the crossing of the slave ships from Africa to the America is known in history as the
"Middle Passage". The slaves were a key part of the Triangular Trade Concept. Although there are
numerous reasons why slave is a prevent act of brutal behavior main reasons is for simply

Pre-Industrial Astronomy
While researching "pre–industrial astronomical accomplishments," it seemed that a good majority of
the accomplishments being highlighted were those of the Mayan and Aztec civilizations. Feeling
that these topics may be over–researched, I decided to turn my attention towards the
accomplishments of those in a different area of the world. After switching my focus to the pre–
industrial astronomical feats of ancient Greek scientists, I have found that in many cases, these
scientists contributed more than one idea, finding, or apparatus to the field of astronomy. For this
research, I decided to hone in on the contributions made by Greek scientist Hipparchus. Throughout
his magnificent life, and all before the implementation of modern technology, ... Show more content
For example, the features of the astrolabe became more improved and functional by the middle ages.
In this way, the astrolabe can be compared to a modern–day computer, in which more and more
desirable features are added over time. While a modern audience would show excitement over a
computer that boasts a touch screen monitor or a detachable keyboard, improved astrolabes boasted
supplemental disks that could be used for trigonometric calculations, peepholes through the body of
the device that would allow the viewer to create a map of the sky, indicators that would point to
important stars, and a ruler that would render the user able to measure celestial bodies (Meech,

Vasco Da Gama Research Paper
Vasco da Gama From the 1400s to the 1600s, ocean travel would have been unthinkable without the
compass and the astrolabe. Such technology allowed ships and explorers to navigate on the open
seas, far out of sight of land. The Age of Exploration prompted Europeans to explore the world
around them and discover new places, islands, and trade routes. Many explorers used different
devices to help them navigate during their exploration. Explores used a device called an astrolabe
which was used to figure out latitude at sea. They also used a something called a sextant. Sextants
aided sailors and explorers with navigation. They help calculate the distance between the horizon
and celestial bodies, like stars and planets. The calculations could then be used to establish how far
north or south a person is standing. Explorers also used a magnetic compass. The magnetic compass
was an important advance in navigation because it allowed explorers to determine their direction
even if clouds concealed their usual astronomical cues such as the North Star. It uses a magnetic
needle that can turn freely so that it always points to the north pole of the Earth's magnetic field.
Many more devices helped explorers navigate when they were exploring, but ... Show more content
He was also told to find any other trading opportunities along the way. On July 8, 1497, Vasco da
Gama set up on his journey with 170 men and 4 ships. After five months on the Atlantic, Vasco da
Gama and his crew successfully sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and into the Indian Ocean on
November 22. Vasco da Gama made several stops at ports in the eastern African nations of Kenya,
Mozambique, and others, and struggled with Muslim traders in the Indian Ocean who did not take
kindly to interference with their trade routes. Finally, on May 20, 1948, Vasco da Gama reached
Calicut,

Christopher Columbus Research Paper
As for Columbus, during his time of travel, celestial navigation (navigation by stars) was being
established and unfortunately, he was not able to use such navigation for his travels in its place he
used dead reckoning. To use dead reckoning, the course one would travel was measured by a
compass and the distance was measured by time, possibly keeping track by the sun or an astrolabe,
but most of all it was determined by the speed of the ship. The navigator would find his ships
position by measuring his own course and the distance they have sailed from a remembered point
possibly landmark or object. With this technique the navigator would measure his course and his
distance from it to from another point of the map and mark his new point. It

How Did Vasco Da Gama Influence The Arrival Of Europe
The 15th and 16th century was a magnificent time for Europe. New ships were being created, maps
were being updated, and new navigational tools were invented. All of this was able to happen due to
Vasco da Gama who was the first person to sail around the Cape of Good Hope, Christopher
Columbus who discovered the "New World," and Ferdinand Magellan who circumnavigated the
globe.
In order to sail for long periods of time, ships such as the stocky Barca were needed. The Barca had
a large build which helped sailors carry large amounts of food and water. Since the Barca was used
for long voyages, it couldn't sail too fast due to the amount of weight it carried. Ships such as the
Caravel were used for much more speedy voyages. The Caravel had triangular sails and a slim build
which enabled it to sail a lot faster than the Barca. The Caravel ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Initially, da Gama was looking for spices and Christians, but soon after coming upon the island of
Calicut, da Gama figured out that he had come upon a town with many riches. Da Gama instantly
took a liking to these islanders and portrayed the king of Portugal to be very powerful and rich.
After explaining this to the islanders, da Gama claimed the island in the king's name. Da Gama
claimed the island as the king's because he was worried that he would be beheaded if he didn't.
Vasco da Gama presented the king of calicut with many gifts, but was informed that all of these gifts
were equal to what a poor merchant could give. The king's reply made da Gama grow deeply
saddened and soon after, da Gama returned to Portugal. Along with not understanding the value of
gifts, da Gama wasn't very knowledgeable about the islander's cultural ways which made da Gama
and the islander's bond even more of a misfit. Overall, Vasco da Gama was able to find a sea route to
India which was very valuable because it enabled trade between India and

Age of Exploration The age of exploration created a world of trade and change. Travel was the
reason exploration, the need for trade. The effects of exploration were negative and positive. It was
caused by many things through the period of time. It had many effects which helped or hurt them.
The Age of Exploration was a time of prosperity and downfall. There were many reasons and causes
to the age of exploration beginning. New technology was rising in the field of exploration.
Astrolabes are used to show how the sky will looks at a specific place at a given time (Document
two). These astrolabes would allow the explorer to navigate easier and would help guide the
explorer before better technology. Trade became the economy for many countries. The diagram in
document three shows that trade had to go through the Middle East and the quantity would get
smaller(Document 3). Trade meant having a living and economy, however going through the Middle
East was not helping them. Exploration allowed for discovery of a new route ... Show more content
Explorers were now hurting and killing the natives on the land. Spaniard cutting hands of natives for
not meeting their gold quota (Document one.) Spaniards we're putting natives to work which may
have been against their religious beliefs and they were hurting them due to not meeting their goal.
the Age of Exploration also caused Wars among different countries. According to the chart in
document 7 there were four wars between countries (Document Seven). Soon after the beginning of
exploration slavery began. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for
respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of
which many died– is failing victims to the improvident provided avarice, as I may call it, their
purchasers (Document Four). The Age of Exploration brought terrible things to this

Essay On Age Of Exploration
During the 15th and 16th century, countries such as Portugal set out to find out more about the
world in an era called the "Age of Exploration." The explorers set out on voyages mainly to find sea
trade routes to Asia. Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, and Ferdinand Magellan were the
explorers that made the most important breakthroughs. They used different boats, tools, and maps to
help them explore.
Although Vasco da Gama sailed around the southern tip of Africa in 1488 to find a trade route to
India, he was also looking for other Christian kings and spices. Da Gama was known as "captain–
major" to his crew–mates, and he was an ambassador for Prince Henry. When he landed in India, he
gave two letters to the king of Calicut. In a cultural misunderstanding, Vasco da Gama tried to give
gifts to the king that were laughed at because the poorest merchant would give gifts better than the
gift that da Gama gave. Although Vasco da Gama gave the wrong gift to the king, he still ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The barca was bigger than the caravel and was used to travel overseas because it had a lot of space
for storage and went faster than the caravel; the caravel was smaller and more maneuverable than
the barca and was used to map the details of continents and explore up rivers. During explorations,
explorers used a cross staff or an astrolabe to find their latitude. A cross staff uses the North Star, the
Big Dipper, and the horizon to find the latitude of the ship. An astrolabe was more common than the
cross staff because sailors could use any star to find your latitude, even though it was less accurate.
The astrolabe could also use the North Star, Big Dipper, and horizon, but if the North Star wasn't in
the sky, the sailors could use any star. It was also more portable than the cross staff. The two ships
and the cross staff and astrolabe helped sailors to explore trade routes to Asia without getting

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