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uHYPNOTICS:-
are the drugs which depress CNS and induces sleep
resembling to natural sleep, in NORMAL DOSE.
e.g.:- Barbitone, Butobarbitone, Diazepam,
uSEDATIVES:-
are the drugs which depress CNS and BUT DO NOT induces
sleep, in NORMAL DOSE but clams the nerves.
e.g.:- Barbitone, Butobarbitone, Diazepam,
What do you mean by Hypnotics- Sedative
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u Hypnotics:-
F Generally hypnotics used to overcome
INSOMNIA. Which is produced by various
factors like emotional trauma, fear,
apprehension or certain disorders.
u Sedatives:-
F They reduces excitement of nerve and hence
are used in relief of tension, anxiety and
restlessness.
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u The difference between hypnotics and
sedative is mainly QUANTITATIVE.
u HYPNOTICS in smaller dose may be
sedative
while SEDATIVE in larger dose produces
hypnotic effect.
u Generally hypnotics and sedatives shown a
characteristic property by depression of
cerebrospinal axis.
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Useful:-
u Hypnotics and sedatives are useful to:-
F In potentiating of analgesic drugs.
F To control epileptic seizures.
F As an adjunct to anesthesia.
F To treat hypertension due to stress.
F In narcoanalysis in psychiatry, emotional strain.
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Classification:-
u I. BARBITURATES:-
F LONG acting barbiturates (6hrs or more)
e.g. Barbitone, Phenobarbitone*
F Intermediate acting barbiturates(3 to 6hrs)
e.g :- Butobarbitone.
F Short acting barbiturates (less than 3hrs)
e.g :- Cyclobarbitone.
F Ultra short acting barbiturates (1/2 to 1hr)
e.g. Methohexitone sod., Thiopentone sod.
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Classification:-
II. BENZODIAZEPINE e.g. Diazepam*,
Nitrazepam, Alprazolam
III Miscellaneous:
a) Amides & imide: Glutethimide*
b) Alcohol & their derivatives: Meprobomate
c) Aldehyde and their derivatives: Paraldehyde
8. Sleep: The duration and patter of sleep varies
considerably among individuals. The different
phases of sleep and their characteristics are
1. Non Rapid eye movement (NREM) :
I. Stage 0 (awake): From lying down to falling
asleep and occasional nocturnal awakening. Eye
movements are regular or slowly rolling.
II. Stage 1 (dozing): Eye movements are reduced
but there may be bursts of rolling. Neck muscles
relax.
III. Stage 2 (unequivocal sleep): Eye movements are
very little, subjects are easily arousable.
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9. IV. Stage 3 (deep sleep transition): Eye movements
are few, subjects are not easily arousable.
V. Stage 4 (cerebral sleep): Eyes are practically
fixed; subjects are difficult to arouse.
Night terror may occur at this time.
Stages 3 and 4 together are called slow wave
sleep (SWS).
2. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (paradoxical
sleep): There are marked, irregular and darting
eye movements; dreams and nightmares occur,
which may be recalled if the subject is aroused.
Muscles are fully relaxed, but irregular body
movements occur occasionally.
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11. 1. Diazepam:
Molecular formula : C16H13CIN₂O
Structure:
Chemical Name: 7-Chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-
methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzo[f]diazepin-2-
one
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12. Uses
1. Diazepam is used to treat anxiety, alcohol
withdrawal, and seizures.
2. It is also used to relieve muscle spasms and to
provide sedation before procedures.
3. This medication works by calming the brain and
nerves.
4. Diazepam have anti-anxiety, sedative, hypnotics,
anticonvulsant properties.
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13. Storage and stability:
• It should be protecting from exposure to light,
and stores at 15-30°C, freezing should be
avoided.
• Diazepam tablets and extended-release
capsule should be stored in tight, light-
resistant containers at 15-30°C.
• Diazepam oral sol & oral concentrate
solution should be stored at 15 -30°C
Formulations: Tablet, capsule, Injection,
Gel.
Brands: Alzepam, Calmpose, Calmod, Dizac,
Qpam, Valium.
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Uses:
1) It is useful in the short-term management of
insomnia characterized by difficulty in falling
asleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings, and early
morning awakenings.
2) Alprazolam is used to treat anxiety disorders and
panic disorder.
Storage and stability:
• Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-
ventilated place.
• It should be stored in tight, light-resistant
containers at 15-30°C.
18. Uses:
1) It is used as long-acting sedative hypnotic
and antiepileptic especially for grandmaal
and petitmal epilepsy.
2) It is useful in nervous and related tension
states.
Storage and stability: It should be
dispensed in well-closed containers. Store at
controlled room temperature 15-30°C.
Formulations: Tab:- IP, Cap:- IP,BP. Elixer-
BP, Inj:- USP.
Brands: Fenobarb, Phenetone, Beetal,
Epitan, Gardenal.
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19. 4. Nitrazepam:
Molecular Formula: C15H11N3O3
Uses:
1) It is used to treat the insomnia
2) It's normally used in conjunction with other drugs.
It relaxes the brain and helps in the treatment of
people who have difficulty sleeping.
Storage and stability: Store it at room
temperature. Protect from light and moisture.
Formulations: Tablet, Capsule, Injection.
Brands: Nitravet, Nitraz-5, Nitraz-10, Nitrosun,
Insomin Forte, Gentravit, Hypnotex.
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