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1. Appendix II: Tests of Creativity
Mark A. Runco
California State University, Fullerton
I. Biographical Inventories
II. Personality
III. Rating Instruments and Socially Valid Measures
IV. Styles
V. Divergent Thinking and Problem Solving
VI. Work and Educational Environment
VII. Competencies
VIII. Aesthetic Sensitivity
IX. Projective and Perception Measures
X. Preferences and Attitudes
XI. Criterion Measures
XII. Activity Checklists
XIII. Creative Products
XIV. Domain-Specific Measures
This appendix reviews some of the TESTS used to assess
creativity. Psychometric issues about many of these tests
are given in the Mental Measurements Yearbooks,
Tests in Print, and various texts on testing. Some tests
listed herein were not developed for creativity but either
have been adapted to that end (e.g., Tangrams) or have
several scales, one of which is directly relevant to cre-
ativity or originality (e.g., the Adjective Check List and
the California Psychological Inventory). This appendix
focuses on tests, inventories, and rating scales.
Creativity is often assessed with other techniques,
such as interviews, open-ended surveys, or a tally of
products. Sometimes in the research, nominations are
used rather than an instrument with a score. This ap-
pendix covers only tests, inventories, and rating scales.
Encyclopedia of Creativity Copyright 䉷 1999 by Academic Press
VOLUME 2 All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
755
It does not cover all assessments. It is only a partial list
of some of the major tests.
I. BIOGRAPHICAL INVENTORIES
Alpha Biographical Inventory of Creativity.
(1968). The Institute for Behavioral Research in Cre-
ativity. Salt Lake City, UT.
Biographical Inventory of Creativity: Art and Writing
Scales for females; Art-Writing and Math-Science for
males.
Schaefer, C. E. (1970). San Diego, CA: Educational
and Industrial Testing Service.
II. PERSONALITY
Adjective Check List (ACL). Various scales have been
developed to identify creativity and at least four others
are relevant (i.e., intellectence-origence).
Gough, H., Heilbrun, A. B. (1983). USA: Consulting
Psychologists Press.
See also Domino, G. (1994). Creativity Research Jour-
nal, 7, 21–34.
California Psychological Inventory (CPI). The CPI
is now routinely scored for the Creative Tempera-
ment Scale. An older Creative Personality index was
scored from the standard scales and an Empathy scale
(Creativity ⫽ 65.96 ⫹ .63Cs ⫺ .34Sy ⫺ .37Gi ⫺
1.15Cm ⫹ .61Em).
Gough, H. (1975). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psy-
chologists Press.

2. Teacher’s Evaluation of Student’s Creativity.
Runco, M. (1984). Perceptual and Motor Skills, 59,
711–717.
Scales for Rating the Behavioral Characteristics of Su-
perior Students.
Renzulli, J. S. (1976). Mansfield Center, CT: Creative
Learning Press.
IV. STYLES
Kirton Adaptation-Innovation Inventory (KAI).
Adaptors and Innovators: A Description and Mea-
sure. (1976). Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 622–
629.
Creativity Styles Questionnaire.
Kumar, V. K., Kemmler, D., & Holman, E. (1997).
Creativity Research Journal, 10, 51–58.
Kaufmann & Martinsen’s Assimilator/Explorer mea-
sure of styles.
Martinsen, O. (1993). Insight Problems Revisited:
The Influence of Cognitive Styles and Experience on
Creative Problem Solving. Creativity Research Jour-
nal, 6, 435–447.
Your Style of Learning and Thinking
Torrance, E. P. (1977). The Gifted Child Quarterly,
21(4), 563–573.
Creative Problem Solving Inventory.
Basadur, M., Wakabayashi, M., & Graen, G. B.
(1990). Creative Research Journal, 3, 22–32.
V. DIVERGENT THINKING
AND PROBLEM SOLVING
Divergent Thinking Tests
For preschool children: Multidimensional Stimulus Flu-
ency Measure.
Broberg, G., & Moran, J., III (1988). Creativity Re-
search Journal, 1, 115–121.
J. P. Guilford (1960) relied on Consequences, Alter-
nate Uses, and Plot Titles. He also developed Names
for Stories (1971), Plot Titles (1962), Possible Jobs
(1963), Seeing Problems (1971).
Guilford’s approach and tests are described in his
book.
756 Appendix II: Tests of Creativity
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. The Cattell
16PF has a creativity index based on a regression
formula.
Cattell, R. B. (1986). USA: Institute for Personality
and Ability Testing.
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator includes Intuitive as
one of four primary domains.
Myers, I. Briggs, & Briggs, K. (1985). Palo Alto, CA:
Consulting Psychologists Press.
The NEO Personality Inventory has an openness scale
which is reportedly correlated with creativity.
Costa, P., & McCrae, R. R. (1985). Odessa, FL: Psy-
chological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Overexcitability Questionnaire-II (OEQ II): 50 items,
Likert scale, 10 items in each of five forms of over-
excitability.
Falk, R. F., Lind, S., Miller, N. B., Piechowski, M., &
Silverman, L. K. (1999). Institute for Study of Ad-
vanced Development.
What Kind of Person Are You? is a subtest of the
Khatena-Torrance Creative Perception Inventory.
Khatena, J., & Torrance, E. P. (1976). Bensenville,
IL: Scholastic Testing Service.
Creative Behavior Disposition Scale.
Taylor, I. A., & Fish, R. A. (1979). The Creative
Disposition Scale: A Canadian Validation. Canadian
Journal of Behavior Science, 11, 95–97.
III. RATING INSTRUMENTS AND
SOCIALLY VALID MEASURES
Students’ Self-Evaluation of Creativity.
Miller, H. B., & Sawyers, J. K. (1989). A comparison
of self and teachers’ ratings of creativity in fifth grade
children. Creative Child and Adult Quarterly, 14, 179–
185, 229–238.
The Parental Evaluation of Children’s Creativity—Re-
vised.
Runco, M. A., Johnson, D., & Bear, P. (1993). Par-
ents’ and teachers’ implicit theories of children’s cre-
ativity. Child Study Journal, 23, 91–113.
Preschool and Kindergarten Interest Descriptor.
Rimm, S. B. (1983). Watertown, WI: Educational
Assessment Service, Inc.

3. Guilford, J. P. (1968). Creativity,Intelligence,andTheir
Educational Implications. San Diego, CA: EDITS/Rob-
ert Knapp.
Meeker and Meeker (1975) further developed Guil-
ford’s ideas about the structure of intellect as part of
their test battery for school children.
Meeker, M. (1987). Meeker Creativity Rating Scale.
Vida, OR: SOI Systems.
Wallach and Kogan (1965) used two visual tests (Pat-
tern Meanings and Line Meanings) and three verbal
tests (Uses, Instances, and Similarities).
Wallach, M. A., & Kogan, N. (1965). Modes of Think-
ing in Young Children: A Study of the Creativity–
Intelligence Distinction. New York: Holt, Rinehart
and Winston.
Multiple Choice Test of Divergent Thinking. Abedi-
Schumaker Creativity Test.
Auzmendi, E., Villa, A., & Abedi, J. (1996). Cre-
ativity Research Journal, 9, 89–95.
Mark Runco developed divergent thinking tasks to ex-
amine ‘‘problem generation,’’ one aspect of problem
finding, and ‘‘real-world’’ tasks that were predictive of
problem solving in the natural environment.
See Runco’s 1994 book Problem Finding, Problem
Solving, and Creativity, Norwood, NJ: Ablex).
Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production
Urban, K. K. (1991). On the Development of Cre-
ativity in Children. Creativity Research Journal, 4,
177–191.
Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking
(e.g., Product Improvement, Ask and Guess, Just
Suppose).
Thinking Creatively with Sounds and Word, Sounds
and Images, Onomatopoeia and Images
Torrance, E. P., Khatena, J., & Cunningham, B. F.
(1973). Personnel Press.
Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement
Torrance, J. P. (1974). Georgia Studies
Thinking Creatively About the Future
Torrance, J. P. (1974).
Torrance Test of Imagination
Torrance, J. P. (1959). Bureau of Educational Re-
search, University of Minnesota.
757
Appendix II: Tests of Creativity
Scores: The most common scores from divergent think-
ing tests are Fluency, Originality, and Flexibility. Guil-
ford also used a remoteness score for Consequences;
Runco developed an Appropriateness index; Torrance
an elaboration index.
Formulating Hypotheses Test. Quantity and quality of
ideas generated when formulating hypotheses, design-
ing methods for measurement, solving problems in-
volving the scientific method, and when evaluating re-
search proposals.
Frederiksen, N., & Ward, W. C. (1978). Applied Psy-
chology Measurement, 2(1), 1–24.
Remote Associates Test. Remote Associates Test: Ex-
aminers manual.
Mednick, S. (1967). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Functionally Remote Associates Test.
Worthen & Clark. (1971). Journal of Educational
Measurement, 8, 113–123.
Similes
Simile Interpretations.
Christensen, P. R., Guilford, J. P., & Hoepfner, R.
(1963). Orange, CA: Sheridan Psychological Ser-
vices, Inc.
The Similes test.
Schaefer, C. (1969). Similes Manual. NYC Center for
Urban Education.
VI. WORK AND
EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
The Creative Environment Scales: Work Environment
Inventory.
Amabile, T. M., Gryskiewicz, & Nur. D. (1989). Cre-
ativity Research Journal, 2, 231–253.
Ekvall’s Creative (Organizational) Climate Question-
naire.
Swedish Council for Management and Organization.
Stockholm, Sweden.
Climate for Creativity.
Torrance, E. P. (1958). Bureau of Educational
Research.
Classroom Climate Questionnaire
Walberg & Anderson (1968). Journal of Creative
Behavior.

4. Murray, H. (1973). Psychological Corporation, San
Antonio, TX.
(See also Eisenman, R. (1992). Creativity Research
Journal, 5 175–181.)
Rorschach Psychodiagnostic Technique.
Rorschach, H. (1954). Australia: Australian Council
for Educational Research.
Synesthesia Questionnaire.
Domino, G. (1989). Creativity Research Journal, 2,
17–29.
Khatena Torrance Creative Perception Inventory. Con-
tains two tests of Creative Self-Perceptions: What Kind
of Person Are You? and Something about Myself.
Khatena, J., & Torrance, E. P. (1998). Bensenville,
IL: Scholastic Testing Service.
Physiognomic Cue Test.
Stein, M. (1974). Physiognomic cue test: Test and
manual. Amagansett, NY: Mews Press. (See also Mar-
tindale in Creativity Research Journal.)
X. PREFERENCES AND ATTITUDES
Barron Welsh Art Scale. (Originally the Figure Prefer-
ence Test, 1949). Assumes that the preference for com-
plexity is predictive of creative talent.
Welsh, G., & Barron, F. (1963). Palo Alto, CA: Con-
sulting Psychologists Press.
Basadur’s Attitude Measure. Originally a 14-item self-
report, expanded in the 1996 Creativity Research Jour-
nal. The original version was scored for two scales mea-
suring the preference for ideation and the tendency to-
ward premature closure.
How Do You Think test. A mix of achievements, atti-
tudes, and opinions—with good predictive validity.
For younger persons, the Group Inventory for Finding
Interests (GIFFT) and the Group Inventory for Find-
ing (creative) Talent (both Ed Assessment Service, Inc.)
Davis, G. (1975). Journal of Creative Behavior.
The Creative Attitude Survey.
Schaefer, C., & Bridges, C. I. (1970). Development
of a creative attitude scale for children. Perceptual
and Motor Skills, 31, 861–862.
758 Appendix II: Tests of Creativity
Technical Audit for Creativity of Organizations.
Stein, M. I. (1959). Amagansett, NY: Mews Press.
Epstein Creativity Competencies Inventory for Man-
agers. Measures eight competencies that predict man-
agers’ ability to elicit creativity in others.
Epstein, R. (1998). InnoGen. West Chester, PA.
Jones Inventory of Blocks.
A self-report described in the Creativity Research
Journal (1991), 4, 303–315.
Creativity Audit for Organizations.
Rickards’ creativity audit measures self-report data on
three levels: (1) local or team, (2) organizational; and
(3) market environment.
Rickards, T., & Bessant, J. (1980). The creativity
audit: Introduction of a new research measure in pro-
grams for facilitating organizational change, R&D
Management, 10(2), 67–75.
VII. COMPETENCIES
Epstein Creativity Competencies Inventory for Indi-
viduals. Measures four core competencies that predict
creative performance. (Also see Epstein, above.)
(1998). InnoGen. West Chester, PA.
VIII. AESTHETIC SENSITIVITY
Tests of Aesthetic Sensitivity.
Frois, J. P., & Eysenck, H. J. (1995). The visual aes-
thetic sensitivity test applied to Portuguese children
and fine art students. Creativity Research Journal, 8,
277–284.
IX. PROJECTIVE AND
PERCEPTION MEASURES
Creative Functioning Test.
Smith, G., Carlsson, I., & Andersson, G. (1989).
Creativity Research Journal, 2, 1–16.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). A projective mea-
sure often used in clinical assessments of personality.
A blank card has been used to assess problem finding
tendencies.

5. What Kind of Person Are You?
Khatena, J., & Torrance, E. P. (1976). Bensenville,
IL: Scholastic Testing Service.
Eisenman’s Preference for Polygons test
Eisenman, R. (1966). Perceived creativity, set, and
preference for simple or complex shapes. Perceptual
and Motor Skills, 22, 111–114.
XI. CRITERION MEASURES
Instruments in this category are typically thought to
assess actual creative behavior rather than tendencies
or the potential for creativity. Here is a sample of the
better known instruments:
Tel-Aviv Activities and Accomplishments Inventory.
Three forms: Primary, Adolescent, Adult.
Milgram, R. (1973, 1998) see her chapter in the
book, Theories of Creativity, Hampton Press (in
press).
Academic, Military, Work, and Leisure Activities sub-
scales.
Arnold Ludwig’s Creative Achievement Scale.
Ludwig, A. (1992). Creativity Research Journal, 5,
109–124.
Lifetime Creativity Scales
Richards, R., Kinney, D. K., & Benet, M. (1988).
Developed at McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA and
Harvard Medical School.
Richards, R., Kinney, D., Benet, M., & Merzel, A.
(1988). Assessing everyday creativity: Characteris-
tics of the lifetime creativity scales and validation
with three large samples. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 54, 476–485.
XII. ACTIVITY CHECKLISTS
Holland’s Checklists of extracurricular and academic
activities.
Extracurricular creative activity. Given in the book The
Talented Student.
Wallach & Wing (1969). New York: Holt, Rinehart
& Winston.
759
Appendix II: Tests of Creativity
Quality and quantity of activities in seven domains.
Runco, M. (1986). Divergent thinking and creative
performance in gifted and nongifted children. Edu-
cational and Psychology Measurements, 46, 375–384.
Runco’s Ideational Behavior Scale (RIBS). Designed
specifically as criterion for divergent thinking tests.
The emphasis is on actual behavior involving ideas.
Originally 93 items with Likert scale but a 23-item
subscale is most reliable.
Runco, M. Divergent Thinking and Creative Ideation.
Hampton Press (in press).
XIII. CREATIVE PRODUCTS
Tangrams.
Domino, G. (1980). Chinese tangrams as a tech-
nique to assess creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior,
14, 204–213.
Creative Products Semantic Scale (CPSS) contains 55
bi-polar adjective pairs, Likert Scale. Three factors are
represented: Novelty, Resolution, and Synthesis.
Besemer, S., & O’Quin, K. (1989). The develop-
ment, reliability, and validity of the revised creative
product semantic scale. Creative Research Journal, 2,
268–278.
XIV. DOMAIN-SPECIFIC MEASURES
Action Preference Test.
Alter, J. (1989). Creativity Research Journal, 2, 184–
195.
Manual for Evaluating Performance in Technical Per-
sonnel.
Stein, M. I. (1961). Science Research Associates.
Musical Creativity Test (1971).
Musical Divergent Production test
Gorder, W. (1976). An investigation of divergent
production abilities as constructed of musical ability.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 37, 171.
Measure of Creative Thinking in Music (version II)
Webster (1983).
Poetry Writing.
Kasof, J. (1997). Creativity Research Journal, 10,
303–316.

6. Pun Test.
Karlines (1967). Journal of Psychology, 67, 335–340.
Barron Symbol Equivalents Test.
Barron, F. (1958). Scientific American; or (1996). No
rootless flower. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Barron Anagram Test.
Barron, F. (1958). Scientific American; or (1996). No
rootless flower. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
760 Appendix II: Tests of Creativity
Iowa Inventiveness Inventory.
Colangelo, N., Kerr, B., Hallowell, K., Huesman, R.,
& Gaeth, J. (1992). The Iowa Inventiveness Inven-
tory: Toward a measure of mechanical inventiveness.
Creativity Research Journal, 5, 157–163.
Preconscious Activity Scale
Holland & Baird (1968). Journal of Creative Behavior,
2, 214–223.