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9. It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 6 Issue 3] of our Research & Reviews:A
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10. 1. Identification of Bacterial Strain from Waste Decay Material Using 16s rRNA Ribotyping
Suresh Kumar, Bhawna Garg, Ankur R. Bhardwaj, Khaling Mikawlrawng 1
2. A Study on Physiological Effect of Yoga Asana on Sleep
Sarika Yadav, Om Prakash Dadhich 5
3. The Interaction of Extracellular Matrix and Growth Factors
Haile Nega Mulata, Gidey Gebremeskel 9
4. Morinda citrifolia Leaf Induced Leukemia Cells Apoptosis and Produced Synergistic
Effects with Zerumbone
Negin Ahmadi, Heshu Sulaiman Rahman, Rozita Rosli, Tengku Azmi Tengku Ibrahim,
Swee Keong Yeap, Suhaila Mohamed 24
5. Significance of TE Domain and Genetic Variations in FASN Gene in Dairy Animals
Manoj Kumar, Poonam Ratwan, Uday Kannegundla, Vikas Vohra 33
ContentsResearch & Reviews: A Journal of Life Sciences

11. RRJoLS (2016) 1-4 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Life Sciences
ISSN: 2249-8656(online), ISSN: 2348-9545(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Identification of Bacterial Strain from Waste Decay
Material Using 16s rRNA Ribotyping
Suresh Kumar1,
*, Bhawna Garg2
, Ankur R. Bhardwaj1
, Khaling Mikawlrawng1
1
Department of Botany, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
2
Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Ribotyping is a classical technique in molecular studies where conserved and unique DNA
sequences, more specifically 16s RNA, are investigated to differentiate among strains of
microorganisms. This method was utilized in the current study to identify the strains of
bacteria present in waste decaying matter. Waste material was collected from Indian Institute
of Technology (IIT), Delhi campus, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, and cultured for bacterial growth.
Purified bacterial cultures were used to isolated genomic DNA which was subsequently used
for PCR based amplification of 16s RNA gene. Sequencing and computational analysis of the
generated sequences revealed the presence of two bacterial strains Bacillus pumulis strain IK-
MB13-518F and B. licheniformis strain MAC-110.
Keywords: Ribotyping, decay waste, Bacillus pumulis, B. licheniformis
INTRODUCTION
Bacteria are simple, single-celled, microscopic
organisms. They have prokaryotic cellular
organization, which means an organized
nucleus is absent, and genomic DNA is
roughly localized in a region known as
nucleoid. Unlike viruses, bacteria have
autonomous transcription and translational
machinery, which enables them for
independent replication. Astonishingly,
ecological niche of bacterial domain is highly
diverse, ranging from human gut to hot sulfur
springs and from deep oceans to arctic snow
[1–4].
Bacterial species serve many important
functions. These include maintenance of soil
composition through cycling of nutrients,
industrial scale fermentation and production of
antibiotics. They have found numerous
applications in biological research based on
their small genome size and rapid
growth/reproduction. The species of genus
Bacillus are Gram-positive and appear rod-
shaped. These bacterial species can be either
obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes, and
can be free-living or parasitic. It has been
observed that bacterial species belonging to
genus Bacillus can potentially produce
significant amount of many enzymes. For
instance, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is used as
a natural source of a ribonuclease protein
barnase, a protease-subtilisin, and the widely
used restriction endonuclease BamH1 [5–7].
The cry genes have been isolated form
Bacillus thuringiensis and incorporated in few
economically important crop plants such as
maize and cotton [8].
The origin of bacterial lineage is still a widely
debatable field. It is understood that,
unicellular life forms mainly consisting of
archaeal and bacterial lines were predominant
approximately 3.5 to 4 billion years ago [9].
But it is difficult to trace bacterial phylogeny
owing to poor fossil records. In this context, it
is commonsensical to use the information of
genes and genomes to decipher evolutionary
history. Today, we understand that rRNA
genes had remained conserved through billions
of years of evolutionary course [10].
Profiling of sequence homology of rRNA
genes readily reveals the relatedness of an
organism with its other counterparts and hence
helps to sketch the position of the species in
the evolutionary pedigree. Furthermore, a
detailed enquiry of the rRNA gene sequence
can also be used to identify a previously
unknown bacterial species [11].

12. RRJoLS (2016) 5-8 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 5
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Life Sciences
ISSN: 2249-8656(online), ISSN: 2348-9545(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
A Study on Physiological Effect of Yoga Asana on Sleep
Sarika Yadav*, Om Prakash Dadhich
P.G. Department of Sharir Kriya, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Abstract
Ahara, Nidra and Brahmcharya are the three main pillars of life. These play a vital role in
maintenance of good health and longevity. Among these Ahara is responsible for physical,
Brahmcharya for mental and Nidra for psychosomatic well-being. Mechanisation of world,
advancement of science and technology has provided us a great range of comfort; this
comfort has led to disturbances in normal Ritucharya and Dincharya. Increased use of
various electronic gazettes such as laptop, mobiles, television has led to change in normal
sleep cycle resulting sleep deprivation. Growing evidences suggests that these advancements
take their toll on human functioning and health via their bad effects on sleep quality, quantity
and timing. Chronic sleep deprivation may result in fatigue, muscle ache, day time sleepiness,
clumsiness, weight loss or weight gain, memory lapses, depression, headaches, malaise etc.
In Ayurveda various modalities have been described to maintain proper sleep such as
Abhyanga, Dincharya Palana, and Yoga Asana etc. Yoga Asana not only help to keep the
body young, strong and supple but also incorporate mental activities, discipline that help to
develop attention and concentration and thus stimulate the total mental and physical calmness
and further improve the quality and quantity of sleep.
As disturbed sleep is quite common nowadays and performing Yoga Asana is supposed to play
an important role in calmness of heart, mind and soul so hereby an emphasis is made to
understand the role of Yoga Asana on physiology of sleep.
Keywords: Nidra, physiology, Yoga Asana, Dincharya
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda is the science of life having prime
goal of prevention of disease in healthy
individuals and cure of disease in diseased.
Ahara, Nidra and Brahmcharya are the three
main pillars of life and these play a great role
in maintenance of health and long life span.
Being supported by these Upstambh [1], the
life is endowed with strength, complexion and
growth. The mechanisation of world and
advancement of science and technology have
provided with enormous range of comforts.
This has led to unwholesome behaviour or
ignorance of basic health principles and thus
resulting in failure of sustaining normal
functions of these Upstambha. Theory of
Trayopstambh is one of the important
principles in preventive medicine as because if
in wholesome way these Upastambhas are
observed, there is no possibility of generation
of diseases. Among Trayopstambha, Nidra
affects both the factors—physical and mental
equally [2]. It is one of the life-maintaining
factors and if not used properly several fatal
diseases may produce. But if it is practiced
according to the prescribed regimen it
provides ‘Sukh’ which is considered as
Arogya.
The comfort driven mode of living has led to
changes in lifestyle which further generated
restlessness, tension, stress and a new horde of
disease and disorders. The practice of Yoga
not only keeps the young body strong and
supple but also incorporate mental activities,
discipline that help to develop attention and
concentration, and the creative ability that are
latent in the human mind itself. As per
Aacharya Patanjali, Yoga is the name given to
Chittavritinirodh that is to control the
wayward flow of tendencies of the Chitta or
mind. Thus performing Yoga Asana in routine
may significantly enhance quality of sleep.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
1. To study the normal physiology of sleep.
2. To study the effects of Yoga Asana on
sleep physiology.

13. RRJoLS (2016) 9-23 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 9
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Life Sciences
ISSN: 2249-8656(online), ISSN: 2348-9545(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
The Interaction of Extracellular Matrix and Growth
Factors
Haile Nega Mulata*, Gidey Gebremeskel
Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University,
Mekelle, Ethiopia
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) regulates cell behavior by influencing cell proliferation,
survival, shape, migration and differentiation. ECM assembly is regulated by the 3D
environment and the cellular tension that is transmitted through integrins. The hematopoietic
microenvironment is a complex structure in which stem cells, progenitor cells, stromal cells,
growth factors, and ECM molecules each interact to direct the coordinated regulation of
blood cell development. Hematopoietic growth factors are any of several glycoproteins that
regulate/promote the survival, self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic
progenitor cells. Hematopoietic growth factors act by binding to specific members of a highly
related family of single pass transmembrane proteins. They have a vital role in promoting
hematopoietic cell growth, differentiation, and prevent apoptosis of progenitor cells. Each
growth factor has a specific cell surface receptor, which activates both unique and shared
signal transduction pathways. This interaction promotes signal transmission across the cell
membrane and activates intercellular signaling cascades that are integrated at the gene
expression level. Cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions through adhesion receptors play a
major role in the hematopoietic process. Hematopoietic signaling is activated by growth
factors and cellular interactions with the ECM. ECM functions as a part of the cell-controlled
machinery to store and activate growth factors during development. Cell-mediated release of
ECM-bound growth factors can occur via proteolytic cleavage of LTBP1.
Keywords: extracellular matrix (ECM), growth factors, hematopoietic signaling
INTRODUCTION
Cells of higher multicellular organisms are
surrounded by a highly organized matrix of
proteins and glycoconjugates. Endothelial cells
and their surrounding microenvironment are
composed of neighboring cells and the
extracellular matrix (ECM), which consists of
a network of molecules, composed primarily
of type IV collagen, laminins, heparan sulfate
and proteoglycans. The understanding of ECM
functions has been enhanced in recent years by
the discoveries of novel ECM constituents,
mapping sites crucial for the interactions of
ECM constituents with each other and with
cells, characterization of proteases and
protease inhibitors that regulate ECM
assembly, and turnover and identification of
novel receptors and signaling mechanisms that
mediate cellular responses in ECM
constituents. Matrix components include
ligands that activate intracellular signaling
pathways within cells, thereby regulating cell
proliferation, survival, and differentiation.
These functions can be mediated not only
through interaction with cell receptors but also
through direct interaction with growth factors.
The ECM thereby helps to regulate the special
and temporal properties of signals conveyed
by these molecules [1].
THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
The extracellular matrix (ECM) was originally
defined morphologically as extracellular
material visible as fibrils or sheets in the
electron microscope. ECM can be defined as
“the substance between cells” and the
“material in the intercellular space”. It is also a
substance produced by cells and secreted into
the environment in which the cells are
embedded; contains collagen, proteoglycans,
glycosaminoglycans, and fluid; can influence
the behavior of the cells. The ECM were
thought to function only as a scaffold to
maintain tissue and organ structure, and

14. RRJoLS (2016) 24-32 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 24
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Life Sciences
ISSN: 2249-8656(online), ISSN: 2348-9545(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Morinda citrifolia Leaf Induced Leukemia Cells Apoptosis
and Produced Synergistic Effects with Zerumbone
Negin Ahmadi1,2,3
, Heshu Sulaiman Rahman1,4
, Rozita Rosli1,2
, Tengku Azmi Tengku
Ibrahim1
, Swee Keong Yeap1
, Suhaila Mohamed1,
*
1
Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang,
Selangor, Malaysia
3
Petroleum Industry Health Organization, Masjedsoleiman, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Iran
4
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani Nwe, Street 27, Sulaimani City,
Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq
Abstract
Leukemia is the most common cancer among children and the 7th
most common cancer
worldwide. The vegetable Morinda citrifolia leaves was investigated and compared with
Zerumbone (a known anti-leukemia compound) separately and in combination, for their
apoptotic effects on murine myelomonocytic leukaemia cell line (WEHI-3B). Zerumbone, a
sesquiterpene from Zingiber zerumbet was anti-cancer via suppressing free radical
generation, inflammation, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, anti-apoptosis, NF-κβ, Iκβα
kinase activation and invasion. The Morinda leaf extract (standardized to the coumarin
scopoletin and the flavonoid epicatechin) dose-dependently inhibited WEHI-3B cells
proliferation with an IC50 of 17.1±0.1 μg/ml after 72 h incubations. Comparatively, the leaf
extract alone and in combination with Zerumbone significantly suppressed WEHI-3B cells
with an IC50 of 11.0 and 9.4 μg/ml, respectively. The extract arrested leukemia cells at the
G0/G1 phase, and induced apoptosis via the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8 (death
receptor extrinsic pathway). Zerumbone arrested WEHI-3B cell cycle at the G2/M phase and
induced apoptosis via the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 (intrinsic pathway). When
combined, the Zerumbone and Morinda leaf extract indicated synergistic anti-leukemia effects
via both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, and showed no toxicity to normal cells. Dietary
vegetable complementary therapy helps support the primary cancer treatments.
Keywords: Morinda citrifolia, Zerumbone, synergy, leukemia, apoptosis
INTRODUCTION
The Morinda citrifolia L. leaves [Noni
(Hawaii) or mengkudu (Malay)], are
consumed as vegetable by the natives after
blanching and demonstrated therapeutic
effects against various cancers [1, 2]. Morinda
leaf possess immune enhancing, antioxidative,
liver-protective and wound healing properties
without any observable acute, subacute and
subchronic oral toxicity at 1 g extract/kg
rodent bodyweight [3]. Zerumbone (C15H22O,
MW: 218.34) is a sesquiterpene from Zingiber
zerumbet Smith from Southeast Asia and
known for its anti-leukemia effects.
Zerumbone suppressed free radical generation,
inflammation, cancer cell proliferation,
metastasis, anti-apoptosis, NF-κβ and Iκβα
kinase activation leading to downregulation of
cancer invasion [4]. The M. citrifolia leaf
extract possess anti-inflammatory,
immunomodulatory and anti-oxidant
properties [5]. The leaves contained
phytosterols, catechins, various polyphenols
and flavonoids [5]. The epicatechin and
scopoletin rich M. citrifolia leaves extract
demonstrated immunostimulatory effects in
whole animals by enhancing total WBC,
immune cells CD4, T cells CD8, B cells CD19
and natural killer cells CD335 levels in the
blood and spleen. The M. citrifolia leaves
inhibited nonsmall cell lung cancer cell
proliferation, inflammation and angiogenesis
via mRNA signalling pathways by modifying
MDM2/p53, RAF/MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT/

15. RRJoLS (2016) 33-38 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 33
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Life Sciences
ISSN: 2249-8656(online), ISSN: 2348-9545(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Significance of TE Domain and Genetic Variations in
FASN Gene in Dairy Animals
Manoj Kumar1,
*, Poonam Ratwan1
, Uday Kannegundla1
, Vikas Vohra2
1
Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal,
Haryana, India
2
AGR Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India
Abstract
The interest in the bovine fatty acid synthase (FASN) gene has increased during the last few
years. FASN is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes de novo biosynthesis of long-chain
saturated fatty acid, and alteration of this enzyme may affect economic traits including fatty
acid composition. FASN is involved in fat metabolism and is an important candidate gene
affecting fat composition of milk because of its central role in de-novo lipogenesis in
mammals. This cytosolic enzyme catalyses palmitic acid synthesis from acetyl coenzyme-A and
malonyl coenzyme-A in the presence of NADPH. Thioesterase (TE) domain of FASN gene
regulates the termination of fatty acid synthesis and thus determines the quality of fat
synthesized in milk through early termination of fatty acid chains. TE domain spreads from
exon 39–41 within the FASN complex. The gene frequency of polymorphism in FASN gene has
been found to be very high in dairy cattle. Some associated studies such as milk yield, fat
content and protein yield have been carried out in dairy cattle. These associations will
provide insight in to the underlying mechanism of FASN gene and polymorphisms that can be
used for selection purposes in dairy animals.
Keywords: Bovine, fat content, TE domain, polymorphism
INTRODUCTION
During the last decade, the progress in
molecular genetics has led to the discovery of
candidate genes, which exert large effects on
traits of economic importance such as milk
production and its composition (fat) traits.
Candidate gene strategy has been proposed by
direct search for quantitative trait loci (QTL).
Genetic or marker based selection followed
with appropriate breeding methods for higher
milk fat can facilitate genetic selection in
different bovine breed improvement
programmes. In dairy animals, it is important
to explore genetic variations at DNA level and
subsequently, utilize them in breeding
programmes.
Recent studies carried by Stoop et al. in exotic
cattle have revealed large genetic variation in
bovine milk-fat as well as milk fat
composition and many SNPs in these
candidate genes, which play a role in fat
synthesis, have been associated with milk-fat
percentage or milk-fat yield [1]. Many such
candidate genes have been identified for fat
synthesis such as fatty acid synthase (FASN)
gene [2–4], oxidized low density lipoprotein
receptor1 (OLR1) gene [5, 6], diacylglycerol-
acyl-transferase1 (DGAT1) gene [7], signal
transducer and activator of transcription 1
(STAT1) gene [8, 9]. According to
Asadollahpour et al. genetic research in farm
animals focuses mainly on the identification of
genes influencing economically important
traits that could be useful in breeding [10]. In
crossbred cattle, fast genetic progress can be
made if animals are selected based on the milk
production efficiency traits [11, 12]. Many
studies reported that FASN gene is the
candidate gene that influences milk fat content
and fat yield in dairy animals.
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a complex
homodimeric enzyme that regulates de novo
biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids. This is a
key function in the lipid as well as the general
metabolism of all living animals. Mammalian
FASN is not only an essential metabolic

16. Research & Reviews: A
Journal of Life Sciences
ISSN 2249-8656 (Online)
ISSN 2348-9545 (Print)
(RRJoLS)
September–December 2016
conducted
Ch Instrumentation/ /
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Energy Science/ /
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