4. 1.0 INTRODUCTION
• North America region is comprised of two countries, Canada and United States.
• United States and Canada are among the world’s largest countries in terms of area, have
relatively low population densities , a wealth of natural resources and high material
standards.
• More than three quarters of North America’s residents live in urban areas.
• The very high living standards in Canada and United States attract migrants from all
world regions come to North America.
• Canadians have a strong sense of national pride , which has thus far prevented their
Canadian identity from being overwhelmed by their politically and economically
powerful neighbor.
• Canada and United States are bound on the east by Atlantic Ocean, separating them
from Europe and Africa.
• Canada’s northern border is the Arctic, while Canada itself serve as the entire northern
border of the United States.
• The western border of both countries is the vast of Pacific Ocean Basin and the United
States southern border is divided between Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico.
6. 2.1 CONTINENTAL
TEMPERATE CLIMATE
• Average temperature of the coldest month below 10 degree Celsius.
• In the winter it is cold with heavy snow.
• In the spring it is either hot or cold while in the summer it is humid and hot.
• Autumn is the best time because they can do almost everything the area has
to offer.
• Ottawa, Canada & Boston, USA.
7. 2.2 SUBTROPICAL
RAINY CLIMATE
• Temperatures in the coldest month between 0 degree Celsius and
18 degree Celsius.
• Mean temperatures in the warmest month 22 degree Celsius or
higher.
• Dry, winter humidity and always wet areas.
• Florida, Texas, Alabama, Mississippi.
8. 2.3 STEPPE CLIMATE
• Receive 25 to 50 centimeters of rain each year.
• Too dry to support a forest and trees to grow and enough to
support short grass only.
• The climate is still too harsh for large cities and industries to
develop there.
• New Mexico, Colorado, and the Province of Saskatchewan, Canada.
10. 3.1 HURRICANES
• Hurricanes threaten the mid-and
southern atlantics coast and Gulf
coast states in late summer and fall,
when water temperatures are
warmest
• Tornadoes are most common in the
Plains states, the Mississippi Valley,
and Florida, where the necessary
climate ingredients meet to support
their formation
• Tornadoes affect Texas in February
and move northward to the Great
Lakes area by June
3.2 TORNADOES
FIGURE 3.1.1 hurricane Charley
strike Florida in 2004
FIGURE 3.2.1 The Great Natchez hit
Natchez, Mississippi on May 7, 1840
11. 3.3 RIVER FLOODS
• River floods occur most commonly in
the Mississippi River Valley following
the spring melting of snow on the
surrounding hills or heavy summer
rains.
• Flash flooding occurs in all regions of
the united states and is particularly
dramatic in western arid regions after
sudden rains fill dry streambeds
• Lightning is a year-round event across
the southern part of the united states
and is especially prevalent in Florida
3.4 LIGHTNING
FIGURE 3.3.1 Corps of Engineers photo of
June 16, 2011, showing the Fort Calhoun
nuclear power plant surrounded by flood
water
FIGURE 3.4.1 A monsoon lightning
storm strikes over Las Vegas, Nevada
12. 3.5 WINTER STORMS
• Severe winter storms affects upper
Great Plains and Midwest, the western
mountains an the northeast coast of the
united states. Ice storms pelt many
areas east of the Rocky Mountains
• Earthquakes and volcanoes occur
mainly along the west coast from
Alaska southward through California.
Volcanic activity is nearly continuous
in Hawaii, and it also occurs in the
cascades where the Juan de Fuca minor
plate plunges beneath part of the North
American Plate.
3.6 EARTHQUAKES AND
VOLCANOES
FIGURE 3.6.1 Kilauea Volcano on
Hawaii: homes destroyed by lava
FIGURE 3.5.1 Powerful 'bomb cyclone'
winter storm hits US East Coast
13. • Canada is less troubled by most of the natural hazards
plaguing the United states, primary due to its position
in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
• Canada does experience earthquake activity and the
treat tsunami along the west coast and very cold
temperatures and high snowfall totals are common
across the country during the winter.
• Quebec, Ontario and New Brunswick were
devastated by an ice storm in January 1998,
when 7-11 centimetres of ice accumulated over
six days. FIGURE 3.7 The Great Ice Storm in 1998
15. 4.1 DUST BOWL
• The plowing of sub humid grasslands in western Oklahoma, Kansas and Texas resulted in dust
bowl disaster of the 1930s.
• Winds blew away the dried finer soil particles and left piles of sand behind.
• In few places, the dust drifted like snow and residents had to clear it with shovels.
FIGURE 4.1.1 A dust storm approaches Stratford, Texas in
1935
FIGURE 4.1.2 A farmer & his two sons during a dust
storm in Cimarron County, Oklahoma in 1936
16. 4.2 WATER DEPLETION
FIGURE 4.2.1 Water depletion at Colorado River
• Water from aquifers and the Colorado River facilitated the expansion of farming into arid areas of the
southwestern United States.
• As southwestern populations grew, competition between local states over the use of freshwater and the
depletion of groundwater resources.
17. 4.3 WILDFIRES
• Settlement in arid areas where natural burning cycles frequently occur in vegetation area.
• Wildfires increasingly affect populated areas such as Los Angeles Basin in southern California,
where businesses and homes may be consumed by fire in a matter of minutes.
FIGURE 4.3.1 The Rim Fire burned more than 250,000 acres of
forest near Yosemite National Park, California in 2013
FIGURE 4.3.2 Wildfire in San Diego County in December
2017
18. 4.4 STRIP MINING OF APPALACHIAN HILLS
FIGURE 4.4.1 Top view of Logan County, West Virginia in July
2011
FIGURE 4.4.2 Top view of Logan County after the strip mining
in November 2013
• Mining on a large scale produced huge pits for extracting copper and other metal ores in the
West.
• The strip mining of Appalachian hills for coal after 1950 devastated large areas of eastern
Kentucky and West Virginia.
• The mountain top removal mining devastates the landscapes.
19. 4.5 SMOG
• Cities like Washington, D.C, Baton Rouge
and Los Angeles became plagued by
smog and high concentrations of
ground-level ozone.
• Generated from the exhaust gases of
increasing numbers of vehicles and
thermal power plants.
4.6 ACID RAIN
• Acid rain derived from power plant emissions,
particularly along the Ohio River Valley, affected
trees and caused rivers and lakes downwind in
the northeastern United States and eastern
Canada to become more acidic.
FIGURE 4.5.1 Smog in Washington D.C FIGURE 4.6.1 Acid rain damage in Ohio River Valley
20. • 5.1THE EMERGENCE OF
REGION
• 5.2NATIVE AMERICANS
• 5.3EUROPEAN SETTLERS
5.0 REGIONAL
CULTURE
21. 5.1 THE EMERGENCE OF REGION
• North America and its indigenous population were largely unknown to the rest of
the world before Columbus’s expeditions beginning in 1492.
• The indigenous peoples of North America lived in societies based on agriculture
,hunting ,trading and the local communal sharing of resources.
• Global connections began with the exploration of the region by various European
interests.
• The indigenous American throughout the region the region were overwhelmed by
the cultural hegemony , or forced conversion of their social customs to the vastly
different technologies and social tenets of the Europeans.
• North America became a series of colonies and occupied territories governed by
the French , Spanish , British , Dutch , Russians and Swedes.
• The British became the dominant power by the mid-1700s.
• Settlers south of the St.Lawrence River valley fought to become the independent
United States of America by signing the Declaration of Independence in 1776 ,
forcing Britain to recognize U.S sovereignty.
22. • Canada arose mostly out of the colonial territories first established along
the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes and remained a British colony far
longer than the United States.
• It achieved a degree of independence through the British North America
Act in 1867, while maintaining legal ties to Britain until 1982, when it
gained control of its constitution.
• Today, Canada is a fully independent country that enjoys membership in
the Commonwealth of Nations.
FIGURE 5.1.1 The arrival of Christopher
Colombus to America, 1492
23. 5.2 NATIVE AMERICANS
• Indigenous groups of people, who are referred today as Native Americans
(First Nations in Canada), inhabited North America for centuries before
European settlement.
• The first Americans probably migrated from Siberia to Alaska over 20,000
years ago.
• By AD 1500 they lived hierarchically structured ethnic groups called as
‘tribes’ adapted in culture and distribution to the physical environment.
• The tribes raised corn, beans and squash, hunted and fished, and lived in
village settlements.
• Hunting groups, such as Dakota, inhabited the prairie environment on
plains between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains and killed
bison to supply their food, clothing , and shelter needs.
24. • The introduction of horses by Spanish colonists facilitated hunting,
travel, and communications for many western hunting-based societies ,
thus enabling them to grow in both significance and numbers of people.
• Tribal numbers were even sparser farther west in the more arid parts of
the mountains and high plateaus and farther north in the colder parts of
northern forests and Arctic lands.
• After the arrival of the Europeans , many Native Americans were killed
by the introduction of diseases to which they had no immunity.
• The survivors were increasingly pushed to marginal lands of the region.
• This process began in the east and southwest in 1600s and lasted into
the 1800s in the central and northwestern parts of North America.
25. FIGURE 5.2.2. The Native American TribeFIGURE 5.2.1 First Nations in Canada
FIGURE 5.2.3 Tepee tents
26. • The French settled the mouth of the St. Lawrence River in present-day Canada from the
early 1500s.
• They established farm settlements along the banks of the St. Lawrence valley.
• The Spanish settled parts of present-day Colorado, California, Arizona, New Mexico,
Texas, Florida and the Carolinas from the 1500s.
• When southern north America did not deliver the gold that they hoped for, the Spanish
left much of the land to be cared for by Roman Catholic missions or to be used for the
cattle ranches.
• In 1607 they established their first permanent settlement of Jamestown in present-day
Virginia, after failed attempt on Roanoke Islands (North Carolina)
• The tidewater settlers found the local climate and soils well suited to tobacco cultivation.
• The settlers also adopted Native American crops for subsistence.
5.3 EUROPEAN SETTLERS
27. • In 1916 the first Africans were imported to perform the labour-intensive
fieldwork
• Slavery became a significant institution by the 1700s, fueling the
development and expansion of agriculture south and west from the
Southeast Atlantic coastal plain.
• Religious freedom-seeking migrants from England on their way to Virginia
brought a second wave of British settlers in 1620.
• They landed at Cope Cod in present-day Massachusetts and beginning the
settlement of the region that became known as New England.
• Community-based township settlement pattern founded on self-governing
villages and subsistence economy.
• New England’s community orientation contrasted with the southern settlers,
which produced fewer towns.
• in the 1630s the Dutch were the first to settle in the Middle Atlantic between
New England and Virginia around their port town of New Amsterdam.
28. • The British drove the Dutch from their settlements in the 1660s.
• The British Duke of York received charge of the Dutch land and gave his
name to the largest city, changing it from New Amsterdam to New York.
• Many Scots-Irish and Germans came to the region in the early 1700s,
establishing a farming system based on growing corn and raising livestock,
and spreading it southward along the Appalachian valleys.
• After independence in 1783, the three areas of settlement along the Atlantic
coast with their different economic and social systems formed springboards
for thousands who moved westward within the United States as new lands
were acquired.
29. FIGURE 5.3.1 The arrival of European settlers
FIGURE 5.3.2 The French settlers arrived at
St. Lawrence River FIGURE 5.3.4 Family of The British settlers in
Texas
FIGURE 5.3.3 A group of Cree people and The
French settlers
30. 6.0 ORGANIZATIONS IN NORTH
AMERICA
•6.1 GROUP OF
EIGHT (G8)
•6.2 NORTH AMERICA
FREE TRADE
AGREEMENT
31. 6.1 GROUP OF EIGHT (G8)
• The United States and Canada along with Japan ,
Germany, the United Kingdom, France , Italy and Russia
are part of Group of Eight (G8).
• It is founded on June 20, 1997, Denver, Colorado, United
States
• Founders: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Helmut Schmidt
• Is an economic discussion forum of the world’s eight
most materially wealthy countries.
32. FIGURE 6.1.1Group of Eight’s
countries
FIGURE 6.1.2 Leaders of the G8 on 18
June 2013, in Lough Erne, Northern
Ireland, United Kingdom
33. 6.2 NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE
AGREEMENT (NAFTA)
• In 1988, the United States and Canada established the
United States and Canada Free Trade Agreement which
led to the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA)
• In 1994 by adding Mexico to the arrangement.
• The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994.
• The agreement between the United States and Canada
continues to thrive under NAFTA, despite a sequence of
disputes over individual items.
34. FIGURE 6.2.1 Countries that
participated in NAFTA
FIGURE 6.2.3 Initialing of the draft
North American Free Trade
Agreement in October 1992.
FIGURE 6.2.2 The NAFTA logo
35. 6.3 UN SECURITY
COUNCIL
• The UN Security Council is the most powerful branch of the organization.
• The purpose is the “ maintenance of international peace and security”.
• It is founded in 1945 and held its first session on 17 January 1946.
• The United States along with China , France, the United Kingdom and Russia is one of the
country granted a permanent seat on the Security Council , while the remaining member
countries of the UN hold rotating seats the power to veto council decisions.
• The decisions are binding for the entire UN General Assembly.
• Actions of the Security Council produce healthy debate among U.S. citizens concerning
the role the UN should play globally and the degree to which United States should be
involved.
• Countries and national groups that benefits from the actions of the UN and the Security
Council applaud the decisions made by the organization.
36. • The other groups that do not directly benefit from specific measures
criticize the organization.
• Critics question the validity of the UN due to the unequal distribution
of power on the Security Council, and they argue that large economies
and influential countries such as Brazil , Germany , India and Japan
should be considered for permanents seats and veto power.
• Controversy is furthered by the U.S. reluctance to promptly pay its
financial dues and to fully participate in the United Nations World
Court.
FIGURE 6.3.1The logo of UN Security Council FIGURE 6.3.2 UN Security Council Chamber in
New York City
41. 7.1.2 Major cities in New England
Maine Vermont New Hampshire
Rhode IslandConnecticutMassachusetts
42.
43. Jordan’s Furniture Logo
Manufacturing
• Furniture retailers
• Location: Taunton, Massachusetts
• Name of Company: Jordan’s Furniture
• The company was started by Samuel Tatelman
in 1918 in Waltham, Massachusetts.
• They produced furniture, bedding and
mattresses.
44. Services
• Telecommunication
• Name of Company: Frontier Communication
Corporation
• Founded in 1935 and the headquarters in
Norwalk, Connecticut, United States.
• Frontier is the fourth largest provider of digital
subscriber line (based on coverage area) in
the United States.
• Frontier offers broadband Internet, digital
television service, and computer technical
support to residential and business customers
in 29 states in the United States.
Frontier Communications Logo
45. Agricultural
• Alcoholic beverage
• Name of Company: Harpoon Brewery
• Founded in 1986 and the headquarters is in
Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
• The first company to obtain a permit to
manufacture and sell alcohol in the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts in more
than 25 years.
Harpoon Brewery Logo
Harpoon Brewery in Boston, Massachusetts
48. 7.2.2 Major cities in Megalopolis
Maryland Delaware New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
Massachusetts Connecticut Rhode Island
49.
50. Colgate – Palmolive Logo
Manufacturing
• Consumer goods
• Name of Company: Colgate-Palmolive Company
• Founded in 1806.
• Location: Midtown Manhattan, New York.
• An American worldwide consumer products company focused on the production,
distribution and provision of household, health care and personal care products.
Products of Colgate-Palmolive
51. AriZona Logo
Food and Beverage
• Name of Company: AriZona Beverage Company, Ltd.
• Location: Woodbury, New York.
• Founded in 1992.
• An American producer of many flavors of iced tea, juice cocktails and energy
drinks based in Woodbury, New York.
• Arizona also distributes packed trays of tortilla chip products, consisting of
"Nachos 'n' Cheese" and "Salsa 'n' Chips.
Products of AriZona
52. Atlas Air Logo
Services
• Name of Company: Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings.
• A cargo airline, passenger charter airline, and aircraft lessor based in
Purchase, New York.
• The airline was founded in April 1992 by the late Michael Chowdry.
• As of December 31, 2017, Atlas Air had 2870 employees and operated to 425
destinations in 119 countries.
55. 7.3.2 Major cities in Manufacturing Belt
Illinois Indiana Michigan Pennsylvania
Ohio New York Massachusetts Rhode Island
Connecticut
New Jersey
New Hampshire Maryland
56.
57. Allstate Corporation Logo
Services
• Name of Company: Allstate Corporation.
• Founded in April 17, 1931.
• The company has had its headquarters in
Northbrook, Illinois, United States.
• One of the largest insurance providers in the
United States.
• The company also has personal lines insurance
operations in Canada.
58. Ford Motor Company Logo
Manufacturing
• Automotive industry
• Name of Company: Ford Motor Company.
• Founded in June 16, 1903 in Dearborn,
Michigan.
• The company sells automobiles, luxury
vehicles, commercial vehicles and
automotive parts.
• Ford is the second largest U.S based
automaker and the fifth largest in the world.
• In the past, it has also produced tractors and
automotive components.
Ford products
59. EQT Corporation Logo
Mining
• Petroleum industry
• Name of Company: EQT Corporation.
• Founded in 1888 by Michael and Obediah
Haymaker.
• A petroleum and natural gas exploration and
pipeline transport company headquartered in
EQT Plaza in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
• EQT is proud to be the Top Natural Gas
Producer in the United States.
62. 7.4.2 MAJOR CITIES IN APPALACHIA
ALABAMA GEORGIA NORTH CAROLINA KENTUCKY
MARYLAND
OHIO VIRGINIA PENNSYLVANIA MISSISSIPI
SOUTH CAROLINATENESSE WEST VIRGINIA NEW YORK
63.
64. Huntington Steel Logo
Manufacturing
• Steel distributor and steel fabricator.
• Name of Company: Huntington Steel &
Supply.
• Founded in 1904 in Huntington, West
Virginia.
• Huntington Steel And Supply Company
fabricates and supplies steel products
primarily in West Virginia and Kentucky.
• They also produced pipe and tubing and also
flooring, roofing and decking.
Huntington Steel & Supply products
65. Alpha Natural Resources Logo
Mining
• Name of Company: Alpha Natural Resources.
• Founded in 2002 in Kingsport, Tennessee.
• Alpha Natural Resources is a large American
producer of metallurgical coal for the industrial
production of steel and iron and low-sulfur
thermal coal to fuel steam boilers for the
production of electrical power.
• The company also provides industry services
relating to equipment repairs, road construction
and logistics, with domestic operations and coal
reserves within the states of Virginia, West
Virginia, Kentucky, Wyoming, Utah, Illinois,
Tennessee, and Pennsylvania.
66. CAMC Health System Logo
Services
• Name of Company: CAMC Health System.
• Location: Charleston, West Virginia.
• The CAMC Health System was created in 1984 to meet the challenges of providing
the highest level of health services to West Virginians.
68. 7.5.1 MAP OF U.S. HEARTLAND
NORTH
DAKOTA
SOUTH
DAKOTA
NEBRASKA
KANSAS
MINNESOTA
IOWA
MISSOURI
WISCONSIN
MICHIGAN
ILLINOIS
INDIANA OHIO
OKLAHOMA
69. 7.5.2 MAJOR CITIES IN U.S HEARTLAND
COLORADO ILLINOIS NORTH DAKOTA IOWA
SOUTH DAKOTA KANSAS MONTANA NEBRASKA
WYOMING
MISSOURI
WISCONSIN
70.
71. Winnebago Industries Logo
Manufacturing
• Name of Company: Winnebago
Industries.
• Automotive industry.
• Manufacturer of motor homes, a type of
recreational vehicle or RV, in the United
States.
• Location: Forest City, Iowa.
• The company was founded by Forest
City businessman John K. Hanson in
February 1958.
One of the RVs produced by Winnebago Industries
72. Johnsonville Foods Logo
Food and beverage
• Name of Company: Johnsonville Foods.
• Sausage company.
• Location: Sheboygan Falls, Wisconsin.
• Founded in 1945, it is one of the largest sausage
producers in the United States.
• Johnsonville sausage is available in more than 35
countries.
Products from the Johnsonville
73. Dakota Growers Pasta Co. Logo
Agricultural
• Name of Company: Dakota Growers Pasta
Company.
• An agricultural processing company located in
Carrington, North Dakota.
• Durum wheat and dry pasta.
• It was started in 1990 as a wheat-growers
cooperative and started operations in 1991.
• They produced more than 150 shapes of pasta.
Few shapes of pasta by Dakota Growers
76. 7.6.2 MAJOR CITIES IN THE SOUTH
DELAWARE FLORIDA GEORGIA MARYLAND NORTH CAROLINA
SOUTH CAROLINA VIRGINIA WEST VIRGINIA ALABAMA KENTUCKY
MISSISSIPI TENESSE ARKANSAS LOUISIANA OKLAHOMA
TEXAS
77.
78. Apache Corporation Logo
Mining
• Petroleum industry
• Name of Company: Apache Corporation.
• Apache Corporation is an American petroleum
and natural gas exploration and production
company incorporated in Delaware and
headquartered in Houston, Texas.
• Founded in 1954 by Truman Anderson,
Charles Arnao and Raymond Plank.
The headquarters of Apache Corporation in
Post Oak Central, Houston, Texas.
79. Southwest Airlines Logo
Services
• Name of Company: Southwest Airlines Co.
• A major U.S airline headquartered in Dallas,
Texas, United States.
• The airline was established in 1967 by Herb
Kelleher
• North America’s largest low-cost carrier.
A Southwest 737-800 in the Heart
livery at BWI Airport
80. Sonoco Products Company Logo
Manufacturing
• Name of Company: Sonoco Products Company.
• Packaging industry.
• Founded in 1899 and the company is
headquartered in Hartsville, South Carolina, and
is South Carolina's largest corporation in terms
of sales.
• Sonoco ranked first in financial soundness in the
packaging and container sector.
83. 7.7.2 MAJOR CITIES IN
WESTERN MOUNTAINS
NEW MEXICO
COLORADO
UTAH
NEVADA
ARIZONA
MONTANA IDAHO
84.
85. Hensley & Co. Logo
Food and Beverage
• Distributor of beers, lagers, malt beverages,
wines and energy drinks.
• Name of Company: Hensley & Co.
• The company was founded in January 1955
by Arizona businessman Jim Hensley.
• Location: Phoenix, Arizona.
• The best-known beer distributorship in
America.
Hensley & Co. factory in Phoenix, Arizona
86. Services
• Tourism industry
• Las Vegas, Nevada
• Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major
resort city, known primarily for its gambling,
shopping, fine dining, entertainment, and
nightlife.
• Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the world's
most visited tourist destinations.
87. Simplot Logo
Agricultural
• Name of Company: J.R Simplot Company
• Founded in 1929 in Delco, Idaho.
• The headquarters located at Boise, Idaho.
• Frozen food processing, fertilizer
manufacturing, cattle feeding, and other
businesses related to agriculture.
French fries from Simplot
90. 7.8.2 MAJOR CITIES IN
PACIFIC COAST
HAWAII ALASKA CALIFORNIA
OREGON WASHINGTON
91.
92. Manufacturing
• Name of Company: Dynamo Aviation
• Aerospace company
• Founded in 1986 and located at North Hills,
California, United States.
• Recognized as an industry leader providing
first-class, high quality, innovative aerospace
products.
• Galley inserts, water systems, harnesses and
interior components.
Dynamo Aviation Logo
Headquarters in North Hills, California
HumidifiersConvection oven
93. Services
• Name of Company: Microsoft Corporation
• The headquarters is located at Redmond,
Washington.
• Founded in April 4, 1975 by Bill Gates and
Paul Allen.
• It develops, manufactures, licenses, supports
and sells computer software, consumer
electronics, personal computers, and services.
Microsoft Corporation Logo
Headquarters in Redmond, Washington
94. Agricultural
• The Central Valley is a flat valley that
dominates the geographical center of the
U.S. state of California.
• It is California's single most productive
agricultural region and one of the most
productive in the world, providing more
than half of the fruits, vegetables and nuts
grown in the United States.
97. 7.9.2 MAJOR CITIES IN
ALASKA & HAWAII
ANCHORAGE JUNEAU KETCHIKAN
HONOLULU
98. Three (3) Economic Activities in
Alaska & Hawaii
• Services
• Mining
• Agricultural
99. Services
• Tourism industry in Hawaii.
• Tourism is an important part of the Hawaiian economy.
• Hawaii has abundance of public beaches and their oceanic surroundings that make it
popular destinations for tourists and surfers.
• Visitors to the Hawaiian Islands spent $16.78 billion in 2017, an increase of 6.2 percent
from the previous record in 2016.
Waikiki Beach Volcanoes National ParkMaui Island
100. Mining
• Name of Company: ENSTAR Natural Gas Company
• Natural gas industry.
• Founded in 1961 and headquartered in Anchorage,
Alaska.
• Known as Anchorage Gas and Service Co. and
changed its name to ENSTAR Natural Gas Company
in January 1982.
• Delivers natural gas to residential, commercial, and
industrial customers in Alaska.
• ENSTAR’s service area encompasses over 57% of
the population of Alaska.
ENSTAR Logo
101. Agricultural
• Matanuska Valley
• Agriculture in Alaska has become more
popular and more acceptable as a general
idea.
• Agriculture in Alaska also faces many
challenges, largely due to the climate, the short
growing season, and generally poor soils.
• However, the exceptionally long days of
summer enable some vegetables to attain
world record sizes
• There are a handful of crops that do well in
Alaska for example potatoes, lettuce, cabbage,
carrots, cauliflower and many more.
Map of Matanuska Valley
Giant vegetables grow in Alaska
103. Nunavut Quebec British Columbia
Northwest Territories
Ontario Alberta
Saskatchewan Manitoba Yukon
New Brunswick
Newfoundland and
Labrador
Nova scotia
Prince Edward islands
105. • The greatest ethnicity-related challenges facing the Canadian federal government and
the devolutionary pressure from a government a movement of French-speaking
Canadians towards greater autonomy.
• 25% of Canadians are French-speaking descendants of the French settlers who came to
the area during the earliest stages of European development in the region.
• Most French Canadians are distributed along the St. Lawrence River, primarily in the
province of Québec.
• Most Francophones, or French-speaking Canadians, have an extremely strong sense of
being a separate national group within the larger Canadian political frame.
• Although the majority of the French descendants adhere to Catholicism, which is in
contrast to the primarily Protestant English Canadians.
• Québec’s Francophones see their French language as the strongest symbol they have for
establishing their uniqueness.
• Many immigrants settling in Montreal, who spoke neither English nor French as their
first language, are choosing to learn English rather than French and are choosing to
conduct business in English.
• The Québec separatist movement gained momentum during the 1980s and became
especially strong during the 1990s.
106. • Decades of perceived oppression from the federal government as well as the perception of a treat to their
cultural identity and language have unified members of the Parti Québécois, a political party formed with the
purpose of achieving Québec’s independence from the federal government.
• A 1995 referendum pushed for by the Parti Québécois resulted in an almost 50% vote by the residents of
Québec province in favor of separation.
• One of the challenges to the Francophones’ movement for independence comes from an indigenous Canadian
people known as the Cree, who claim the northern third to northern half of Québec as their ancestral land.
• Most notably, the generation of hydroelectric power is so successful in north Québec that the province is able to
export energy to the united states and generate profitable revenue streams.
• The Québec issue raises question of whether the varied regions within Canada, separated by great overland
distance, can continue to provide a complementary unity or will embark on a course that will tear the country
apart.
• Other provinces in Canada have grown weary of the federal government’s attempts to appease the provincial
government of Québec.
• The provincial governments of the Prairie Provinces have successfully lobbied the federal government for the
greater control over their resources and decisions using the perceived ‘special treatment’ given to Québec as a
bargaining tool.
107. • Issues related to first nations in all Canadians provinces and territories are important to the federal
government, in addition to the situation in Québec.
• In 1973 the Canadian government opened itself to negotiating land claims with organizations
representing native peoples. Until that date, little had been done in much of Canada to implement the
treaties that had been negotiated with native peoples in the 1800s.
• Now the several areas are identified for a degree of local governance.
• The largest area, Nunavut (“Land of the People”)in Inuit language became a new territory with its own
elected government in 1999, although it will remain subject to federal control.
• Other agreements were reached in northern Québec and with the Inuvialuit people in the northwest
Arctic.
• Further discussion are underway, although many of the smaller claims may take several years to resolve.
• Some are complex because of overlapping land claims and because bargaining involves the often
opposing interests of native groups, the federal government, and provincial governments.
108. Parti Québécois
• Nationalist political party formed in Québec in 11
October 1968
• The merger of the Mouvement souveraineté-
association and the Ralliement national
• René Lévesque was the PQ’s first leader and held
that position until 1985
• The party was elected to its first term in office in
1976 and went on to hold two referendums on
Québec sovereignty: one in 1980 and the other in
1995.
109. Cree
• The Cree (Nehiyawak in the Cree language) are the
most populous and widely distributed Indigenous
peoples in Canada.
• One of the largest groups of First Nations in North
America, with over 200,000 members living in
Canada
