EMI/EMC in Mobile Communication

EMI / EMC in Mobile Communication
Prof.Dr.B.Satheesh Monikandan
Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala
Indian Navy, Ministry of Defence
Government of India
sathy24@gmail.com
8547707939
AICTE Sponsored National Level STTP on EMI / EMC
Compliances – Approaches and Techniques for Product
Development
S.A.Engineering College, Chennai 28 Nov 2020

2
Presentation Outline
• Fundamentals of EMI / EMC
• Key Concepts of EMI / EMC in Mobile
Communication
• EMC Problems in Mobile Communication
• Education for EMC – Operational Problems
• Mobile Phones and EMC Design
• EMC Evaluation Methods
• Issues in Healthcare
• Conclusion
28/11/2020
Dr.B.Satheesh Monikandan......EMI / EMC in Mobile Communication

3
Fundamentals of Electromagnetic
Interference (EMI)
• Refer to the Generation of Unwanted EM
Energy
• “Any EM disturbance that interrupts,
obstructs, degrades, or limits the effective
performance of electronics / electrical
equipment by inducing unwanted currents and
voltages in its circuitry”.
Dr.B.Satheesh Monikandan......EMI / EMC in Mobile Communication 28/11/2020

4
Interference (EMI)
• Spurious Emissions and Responses
• Intermodulation Products (Frequency Mixing)
heats-up devices

5
UNDERSTANDING EMI
Adapted from www.evaluationengineering.com

6
SPURIOUS EMISSIONS
Adapted from www.pdfs.semanticscholar.org

7
Interference (EMI)
• Basic Standards
• Generic Standards
• Product Standards
Adapted from www.nict.go.jp

8
Sources of EMI
• Natural Sources
• Man-made Sources
• High Frequency Devices
• Wireless Devices
• Miniaturized Compact Devices
• High-speed Multi-functional Devices
• RF Electromagnetic Energy
• Microwave Equipments
• Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)

9
Electromagnetic Compatibility
(EMC)
• “Operational environments without suffering
or causing unacceptable degradation because
of EM radiation or response”.
• “Measure of Immunity that the device
possesses against the undesired interference
present it its EM environment”.
• Inedequate EMC results in inefficient spectral
utilization

10
Electromagnetic Compatibility
(EMC)
• Usage of composite materials and structures
• Segregate sensitive components
• Usage of decoupling capacitors
• Shielding using conductive materials
• Using Microwave absorbers
• Compliance Testing (authorized standards)
• Pre-compliance Testing (newer techniques)

11
UNDERSTANDING EMC
Adapted from www.ntt-review.jp

12
EMI / EMC in Mobile
Communication
• Prototypes are checked for EMC
• Surge and Short-circuit Protection is checked
• Environmental Compatibility is tested as per Global
Standards
• Immunity against Radio Frequency (RF) signals
• Radiated Immunity
• Transient Immunity (International Electro-technical
Commission, IEC 61000-4-4)

13
Basic / Common EMC Standards
Adapted from www.electronics-notes.com
Commercial IEC 61000-3-2 Harmonics
Commercial IEC 61000-3-3 Flicker
Commercial IEC 61000-4-2 Electrostatic
Discharge, ESD
Commercial IEC 61000-4-3 Radiated immunity
Commercial IEC 61000-4-4 Electrically Fast
Transient
Commercial IEC 61000-4-5 Surge (lightning)
Commercial IEC 61000-4-6 Conducted immunity
Commercial IEC 61000-4-8 Magnetic immunity
Commercial IEC 61000-4-11 Voltage dips,
interrupts & variations
Medical IEC 60601-1-2 Medical products
Military MIL STD 461F EMC test
requirements

14
Generic EMC Standards
Adapted from www.intertek.com
Scope EN Standard IEC Standards
Conducted Continuous
Disturbances from DC to 150 kHz
EN 61000-4-16 IEC 61000-4-16
Conducted Disturbances Induced by
RF Fields
EN 61000-4-6 IEC 61000-4-6
Electrostatic Discharge EN 61000-4-2 IEC 61000-4-2
Generic Immunity - Industrial
Environment
EN 61000-6-2 IEC 61000-6-2
Magnetic Field, Damped Oscillatory EN 61000-4-10 IEC 61000-4-10
Magnetic Field, Oscillatory EN 61000-4-12 IEC 61000-4-12
Magnetic Field, Power Frequency EN 61000-4-8 IEC 61000-4-8
Magnetic Field, Pulse EN 61000-4-9 IEC 61000-4-9
Radiated RF Electromagnetic Field EN 61000-4-3 IEC 61000-4-3
Surge EN 61000-4-5 EN 61000-4-5
Voltage Dips, Short Interruptions
and Voltage Variations
EN 61000-4-11 IEC 61000-4-11

15
Product EMC Standards
• Test facilities available at Society of Applied
Microwave Electronic Engineering and Research
(SAMEER), Centre for Electromagnetics, Chennai,
Mumbai and Kolkata.
• Industries to test their products for EMC Compliance
• CE Marking – Conformity with health, safety and
environmental protection standards (European
directives)

16
EMI / EMC Flowchart
Adapted from Paulguni Mathur and Sujith Raman, “EMI: Measurement and Reduction Techniques”, 2020

17
EM Noise in 4G / 5G (IMT-A / 2020)
Adapted from www.everythingrf.com

18
EMC Problems in Mobile
Communication
• Intra-system issues due to electrically
interconnected equipments or equipments in
proximity
• Inter-system issues due to the interactions
among distinct systems and their EM
enviornment
• Base Station (BS) Issues
• User Equipment (UE) Issues
• Reflection of Paths

19
5G (IMT-2020) Hardware Test Platform
Adapted from www.springerlink.com

20
EMC Problems in Mobile
Communication
• Multipath Interference
• Co-channel Interference due to stronger
interfering signal
• Adjacent Channel Interference
• Unwanted Emissions and Blocking
• Receiver Selectivity
• Antenna Design

21
EMC Problems – Adjacent
Channel Interference
• Due to Imperfect Receiver Filter
• Nearby Frequencies Leak into the Passband
• Separation between Adjacent Channels
• Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) at the BS
• Replacing Omnidirectional Antennas
• Usage of Directional (Sector) Antennas
• Directional sectoral cells are more efficient than
omnidirectional hexagonal celles.

22
5G (IMT-2020) Scenarios /
ITU-R M.2083-0
Adapted from Guntis Ancans and Vjaceslavs Bobrovs, “Spectrum Usage for 5G Mobile Communication
Systems and Electromagnetic Compatibility with Existent Technologies”, 2018.
28/11/2020

23
5G Characteristics
• High Frequency Operation (1 – 100 GHz)
• Wide Transmission Bandwidth (50 – 100 MHz)
• Massive Beamforming with Highly Directive Antennas
• Increased Datarate (Multi-gigabit per second)
• Development of Smallcells (mmWave) for Urban
areas and Indoors (10 – 200 m coverage at NLOS)
• Unlicensed Frequency Bands (2.4, 5 GHz)
• Carrier Aggregation
• Interworking with Long-Term Evolution (LTE)

24
5G Expectations
• Global Roaming
• Reduced Equipment Design Complexity
• Improved Spectrum Efficiency
• Reduced Cross-border Interference
• Frequency of Operations on 1 GHz, 6 GHz and above
24 GHz
• Shorter Wavelength for MIMO Antennas
• Beamforming for Enhanced Mobile Broadband
(eMBB)

25
5G - mmWave Hybrid Beamforming
Scenario
Adapted from www.ni.com
28/11/2020

26
5G - EMI
• Radiated Disturbances at HF, due to airborne events
(lightning discharges)
• Current and Voltage surges
• Frequency of Antenna Operations on 6 GHz and
24 - 39 GHz
• Damage to radio front-ends and interconnected
electronic systems in the smallcell
• Conductive Disturbances at LF, due to conductive
cables and couplings in the internal electronic
systems

27
5G – Radiated Emission Test Setup
Adapted from Paulguni Mathur and Sujith Raman, “EMI: Measurement and Reduction Techniques”, 2020

28
5G – Radiated Emission Test Setup in
Anechoic Chamber
Adapted from Paulguni Mathur and Sujith Raman, “EMI: Measurement and
Reduction Techniques”, 2020

29
5G – EMC Requirements
• More Antenna Elements above 24 GHz
• High Beamforming Gain to mitigate Path-loss
• Phased Array Beamforming to increase the
received signal power
• Massive MIMO to reduce propagation loss and
interference
• Usage of Full-Dimension MIMO (FD-MIMO) to
increase the spectrum efficiency

30
5G - mmWave Massive MIMO
Scenario
Adapted from www.researchgate.net
28/11/2020

31
Surge on Mobile
Communication Equipments
• Cause Hardware Damage
• Surge Suppression / Protective Devices
• Meets IEC EN 60364-5-53 and the IEC EN
62305
Adapted from www.lsp-international.com

32
5G – Need of Surge Protection
28/11/2020

33
Surge on Mobile
Communication Equipments
• Clamping Diodes and Varistors
• EM Noise
• Shielding (RF Shielding Fabric for 4G / 5G)
• Grounding (Single and Multi-point)
• EMC deals from DC to 400 GHz
• Radiated Emission from 30 MHz to 1 GHz

34
Present Technology Challenges
in EMI / EMC Modeling
• Non-linear Stages in the Implementation of
Smart Antennas / Arrays
• Large-scale Broadband Wireless Systems
• Bandwidth Expansion
• Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
Structures
• Similar Frequency Operation of Transmitter
and Receiver

35
Parameters of EMI in Mobile
Communication
• Carrier Frequency
• Operating Bandwidth
• Transmit Power
• Receiver Sensitivity and Selectivity
• EMI / EMC Analysis
• Numerical Simulation Approach
• System-level Analysis
• Behavioral-level / Block-box Techniques

36
Key Concepts – Mobile Phones
and EMC Design
• Noise Countermeasures for Cameras and Screens
• Higher-order Harmonics from Higher Frequency
Signals
• Heat Transformation due to Resistance Components
• Internal Noise in the Operating Frequency Band
• Distance between Noise Source and Antenna
• Noise from Flexible Printed Circuits (FPC)
• Reception Sensitivity
• Noise Suppression Components

37
EMI / EMC – Countermeasure
Components
Adapted from Masashi Orihara, “Mobile Phones and EMC Design”, TDK EMC Technology

38
EMI / EMC – Flexible Printed
Circuits
Adapted from www.everythingrf.com

39
Countermeasure Components
• Chip Bead Array with Magnetic Materials -
MZA1608
• Filter Array with Inductors and Capacitors -
MEA1608
• Filters with Magnetic Coupling - TCM 1608
• Components with a lower capacitance is
needed for high-speed signals

40
Radiated Spurious Emission
Reduction Circuits
Adapted from www.semanticscholar.org

41
Spurious Emission Reduction
in Mobile
Adapted from www.sciencedirect.com

42
Emission Noise from a Mobile Phone
Adapted from Masashi Orihara, “Mobile Phones and EMC Design”, TDK EMC Technology

43
High EMI Scenarios
• Call Initiation Phase
• Ringing Modes
• During the reception of weak signal strength from BS
• 2G – 2W
• 3G – 1W
• 4G - <0.5W
• Emission Testing
• Immunity Testing

44
EMC Evaluation Methods
• Goal - Preventing interference to existing users
• RF Interference
• Interference Prediction (for LTE in 700 MHz)
• Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL) Method using fixed
parameters (Deterministic Studies)
• Monte Carlo Method using variable parameters for
modeling complex systems (Statistical Studies) -
SEAMCAT
• Protection Criteria (C/I, C/(N+I) and I/N of -6 dB)

45
Impacts of Co-channel EMI
• RF Interference between systems operating on the
same frequency
• Communication Signal Distortion
• Transmission Link Breakage
• Huge Pathloss
• Lesser Throughput

46
EMC Mitigation Techniques
• Cognitive EMC Technique
• Analysing spectrum usage
• Detecting nearby network types
• Adaptive selection of frequency, modulation and
coding
• Minimizing RF emissions
• Passive Technique using coupling circuits
• Adaptive Power Control
• Efficient Site Engineering (Geographical Restrictions)

47
EMC Mitigation Techniques
• Additional EMI Filtering on Transmitters / Receivers
• Additional Frequency Separation
• Limiting Maximum Transmit Power
• Licensed Shared Access (LSA)
• Optimized Frequency Planning (Spectrum
Engineering)
• Topology Modification

48
Mobile EMI Issues in Healthcare
• Malfunctions on Critical-care Medical Equipments
• Ventilators
• Distortion in ECG / Monitors
• Sources from RFID readers WLAN devices
• Power emitted and Frequency of operation
• No interference from 4G Mobiles
• Satisfies IEC 60601-1-2 and increases the immunity level at
2.5 GHz
• Usage Proximity of 1 metre apart
• Resetting of the equipments

49
International Governing Bodies
• International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
• International Radio Consulative Committee
(CCIR)
• International Telegraph and Telephone
Consulative Committee (CCITT)
• International Frequency Registration Board
(IFRB)
• Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

50
Questions Please...
28/11/20

51
Thank You For Your
Patient Listening.
28/11/20

EMI/EMC in Mobile Communication

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