EVOLUTION OF LTE, BASICS OF LTE ARCHITECHURE, PHYSICAL SIGNALS AND APPLICATIONS

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Evolution of LTE and Future
Communication systems
Prof.Satheesh Monikandan.B
Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala
(Indian Navy, Ministry of Defence)
sathy24@gmail.com
IEEE International Conference on Photonics and High
Speed Optical Networks – ICPHON 2018
13 Apr 2018

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Evolution of Wireless Communication
Standards
Adapted from Andy Sutton and Rahim Tafazolli, 5G – THE FUTURE OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS @ 2015

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Wireless Network Technologies
Adapted from LTE:The Future of Mobile Broadband Technology, White paper@2009
10 meters
100 meters
BB Data N/w’s

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Wireless Upgrade Path
Adapted from LTE:The Future of Mobile Broadband Technology, White paper@2009
2G 3G 4G
GSM WCDMA UMTS HSPA
EV-DO Evolution Data Optimized

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CDMA LTE
Adapted from LTE:The Future of Mobile Broadband Technology, White paper@2009
2G 3G 4G
GSM WCDMA UMTS HSPA

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GSM LTE
Adapted from LTE:The Future of Mobile Broadband Technology, White paper@2009
2G 3G 4G
GSM WCDMA UMTS HSPA

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4G MOBILE BB TECHLOLOGY
• IP solutions
• Voice, Data and Multimedia
• Anytime, Anywhere
• High Data Rates
• Faster BB Connections
• Streamed Audio and Video
• Video Messaging and Telephony
• Mobile TV and Gaming

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4G LTE REQUIREMENTS
• Reduced cost
• Simple architecture and interfaces
• Flexibility usage of existing and future bands
• Reasonable terminal power consumption
• Enhanced user experience
• More services with high speed and quality
• Optimized packet-switching
• High-level mobility and security

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LTE and Future Systems
• 2008 onwards
• LTE is an all-IP network
• No circuit switching, voice is simply IP data
• High Quality of Service
• High Throughput
• Currently 46 bands with 3GPP - Release 12
• Heterogeneous systems
• Smartphones

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LTE Technical Attributes
• High speed (100 Mbps DL, 50 Mbps UL)
• Low latency (<5ms for small IP packets)
• Scalable bandwidth (1.4 MHz – 20 MHz)
• High Spectrum Efficiency
• Improved cell-edge data rate
• Enhanced end-to-end QoS

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LTE Essential Elements

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LTE Operational Parameters

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LTE Capabilities

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LTE Capabilities

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3GPP LTE Architecture
Adapted from Liwen Zhang, A Survey of Long Term Evolution @ 2010
User Database

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Why OFDM for the Downlink?
• Channels are more resistant to fading
• Resistant to multi-path due to long symbols
• Equalizers are easier to implement
• Suited to MIMO
• Users separated by FDMA and TDMA on the
subcarriers
• Use of channel for multiple low-rate users
• Avoidance of narrow band fading and interference

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OFDMA in LTE Downlink
Adapted from Concepts of 3GPP LTE Long Term Evolution @ Nokia Siemens Networks

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DATA SYMBOLS in LTE DL
Adapted from Concepts of 3GPP LTE Long Term Evolution @ Nokia Siemens Networks

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MIMO MODES – Why?
• Single Input Single Output (SISO)
• Single Input Multi Output (SIMO)
• Multi Input Single Output (MISO)
• Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO)
• High Channel Capacity
• Robust
• High Coverage

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MIMO MODES in LTE
Adapted from Concepts of 3GPP LTE Long Term Evolution @ Nokia Siemens Networks

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Key Technological concepts
• The Cellular Concept – Frequency Reuse

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Key Technological concepts
• The Digital Concept
• Compression
• Encryption
• High Quality of Service
• Advance Signal Processing
• Channel Coding
• High Capacity
• High Spectral Efficiency

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Key Technological concepts
• The Coding and Decoding Concepts
• Channel Coding at the Transmitter
• Channel Decoding at the Receiver
• Adaptive MCS
• The Control of Power
• Txn power level in a multipath fading
environment
• Closed loop power control

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Key Technological concepts
• The Interference Averaging Concept
• SINR limiting factor in neighboring cells
• Inter Symbol Interference mitigation
• Avoiding Intrasymbol Interference
• The OFDM Concept
• Elimination of Guard band
• Interfering signals having null in FR
• Txr & Rxr sturcture using FFT algorithms

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Key Technological concepts
• The MIMO Concept
• Invented at Bell Labs in 1990
• Multiple Antennas
• High capacity with more antennas
• The Small Cell Concept
• Cell Splitting
• Deployment of low power Base Stations (Hotspot)
• Femtocells, Metrocells, Picocells (100mW – 5W)
• High (Indoor cellular) capacity in a small area

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Key Technological concepts
• The SON Concept
• Configuration and Optimization automatically
• Self healing for identified network issues
• Recovering from network failures
• Load balancing during congestion
• Interference Avoidance Concept
• Mitigation of out-of-cell Interference
• Coordination of transmissions from different BS’s
• Transmitting to mobiles at cell-edges
• Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination (eICIC)

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Key Technological concepts
• Interference Avoidance Concept

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Key Technological concepts
• The CoMP Concept
• Optimize Interference across cells
• Jointly process signals from multiple cells
• Channel Knowledge
• 16-bit precision sampling of each antenna signals
• WDM Optical Communication Technology
• Delay around 100ms
• Cell Throughput in uplink and downlink
• Real-time difficulty in feeding downlink info to Txr in FDD
Systems

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LTE Systems
• Incorporates MIMO with OFDMA in the
downlink and SCFDMA in the uplink
• High levels of spectral efficiency
• End user data rates exceeding 100 Mbps
• Improvements in capacity
• Reductions in latency
• Bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
• FDD and TDD operation

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LTE DL PHY Layer
Adapted from Concepts of 3GPP LTE Long Term Evolution @ Nokia Siemens Networks

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DL FRAME STRUCTURE - FDD
Adapted from Concepts of 3GPP LTE Long Term Evolution @ Nokia Siemens Networks

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DL SLOT STRUCTURE - PRB
Adapted from Concepts of 3GPP LTE Long Term Evolution @ Nokia Siemens Networks

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LTE PHY DL SIGNALS
• Layer-1 signals for system synchronization, cell identification
and radio channel estimation
• Primary Synchronization Signals (PSS) for cell search and UE
identification in symbol-6, slot-0
• Secondary Synchronization Signals (SSS) in symbol-5, slot-0
• Cell Reference Signals (CRS) for DL channel estimation in
every 6th
subcarrier, symbol-0 and 4 of every time slot

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LTE DL PHY Channels
• Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
- holds the system information (CSR) for UEs
• Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
- managing the transmission format and
supplies
information to decode the PDSCH
• Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
- report the Hybrid ARQ status
• Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
• Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
- carry ACK/NACK and scheduling information
in

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LTE UL PHY Channels
• Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
- to send HARQ-ACK/NACK, Scheduling info
• Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
- counterpart of PDSCH to carry user data
• Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
- for the purpose of call set-up

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LTE DL TP Channels
• Broadcast Channel (BCH)
• Broadcast Control Channel(BCCH)
• Downlink Shared Channel (DLSCH)
• Paging Channel (PCH)
• Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
• Multicast Channel (MCH)
• Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)

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LTE UL TP Channels
• Uplink Shared Channel (ULSCH)
- for uplink data transfer
• Random Access Channel (RACH)
- for random access requirements

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DL PHYSICAL MAPPING
Adapted from Concepts of 3GPP LTE Long Term Evolution @ Nokia Siemens Networks

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LTE DOWNLINK - TXR
Adapted from Liwen Zhang,
A Survey of Long Term Evolution @ 2010
OFDM
AVOID ISI

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LTE DOWNLINK - RXR
Adapted from Liwen Zhang,
A Survey of Long Term Evolution @ 2010

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Benefits of LTE Systems
• Provides a global ecosystem with inherent mobility
• Offers easier access and use with greater security
and privacy
• Improves speed and latency
• Delivers enhanced real-time video and multimedia
for a better overall experience
• Creates a platform to build and deploy the products
and services of today and tomorrow
• Reduces cost per bit through improved spectral
efficiency

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LTE Applications
• Wireless broadband access
• Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
• Video chat
• Mobile TV
• HDTV content
• Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB)
• Voice and data

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Applications of Future Systems
• Virtual Presence
• Tele-Medicine
• Tele-geoprocessing (GIS & GPS)
• Crisis management
• Online Interactive Education
• Artificial Intelligence
• Economic growth

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5G Future System Requirements
• Very low battery power consumption
• Worldwide wireless web (WWWW)
• Low infrastructure deployment costs
• Very high data rate
• Better coverage at cell end
• Multiple data transfer paths
• IPV6 address and accessability

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Questions Please...

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Thank You For Your
Patient Listening.