4. Motivation
Study the picture and try to find the best pair for
each picture. Explain the relationship in each pair.
Pair
Number
Pair Relationship
1 Monkey: banana The banana is one
of the foods eaten
by the monkey.
2
3
5. Motivation Discussion
ANALOGY
Analogy is the comparison of two things to highlight their
similarities. Unlike the figures of speech called simile and metaphor,
analogy has its own format. Study the example below:
Finger :Hand :: Toe :Foot
Read this as: Finger is to hand as Toe is to foot
Now, analyze how the words are compared and related to
each other. How are your fingers related to your hand? How about
your toes to your foot? If you think that this analogy shows a
relationship between a finger as a part of your hand and your toe as a
part of your foot, you are correct!
6. Motivation Discussion
This shows that one of the challenges in analogy is to form a
logical relationship between the given pairs or sets of word to make
it meaningful. This logical relationship is called “Bridge”.
Example: Sword is to a warrior as pen is to a writer.
Note that in reading an analogy, the following is considered:
Example: Happy is to joyful as sad is to depressed, “is to” is
represented with a colon (:) while “as” is a double colon (::)
Happy: joyful :: sad : depressed
7. Motivation Discussion
To solve an analogy, first, figure out how
the first pair are related. Then, think of a word
that completes the second pair in the same
way.
8. Motivation Discussion
Common Types of Analogy
1. Synonym: The words used in the analogy have the same or
nearly the same meaning.
Example: Beginner :Novice :: Direct :Straightforward
(Beginner is to Novice as Direct is to Straightforward)
Beautiful :Pretty :: Handsome :Attractive
(Beautiful is to Pretty as Handsome is to Attractive)
Friendly :Kind :: Mean :Aggressive
(Friendly is to Kind as Mean is to Aggressive)
9. Motivation Discussion
Common Types of Analogy
2. Antonym: The words used in the analogy have an
opposite or nearly opposite meaning.
Example: Alive :Dead :: Bright :Dark
(Alive is to Dead as Bright is to Dark)
Rich :Poor :: Good :Bad
(Rich is to Poor as Good is to Bad)
Near :Far :: Open :Closed
(Near is to Far as Open is to closed)
Strong :Weak :: Love :Hate
(Strong is to Weak as Love is to Hate)
10. Motivation Discussion
Common Types of Analogy
3. Part-Whole: The analogy shows that one is a part of
a whole or vice versa.
Example:
Screen :Television :: Speaker :Radio
(Screen is to Television as Speaker is to Radio)
Keyboard :Computer :: Keypad :Cellphone
(Keyboard is to Computer as Keypad is to Cellphone)
NOTE: Be careful about word order. The first word is a
part of something, and the second word is the whole
thing.
11. Motivation Discussion
Common Types of Analogy
4. Cause-Effect: The analogy shows a relationship
between reason and result or vice versa.
Example:
Vegetables :Healthy :: Cigarettes :Sick
(Vegetables is to Healthy as Cigarettes is to Sick)
Study :Pass :: Lazy :Fail
(Study is to Pass as Lazy is to Fail)
Heavy Rain :Flood :: Heat :Drought
(Heavy Rain is to Flood as Heat is to Drought)
12. Motivation Discussion
Common Types of Analogy
5. Function: The analogy represents a word or
group of words and its use.
Example:
Knife :Cutting :: Pen :Writing
(Knife is to Cutting as Pen is to Writing)
Printer :Print :: Xerox Machine :Xerox Copy
Kitchen :Cook :: Bedroom :Sleep
Hand :Write :: Head :Think
Eyes :See :: Nose :Smell
13. Motivation Discussion
Common Types of Analogy
6. Characteristic: The analogy represents a word or group of
words and its description. It features nouns and words that
describe them. This analogy is sometimes called noun to
adjective relationships.
Example:
Fish :Scaly :: Dogs:Furry
(Fish is to Scaly as Dogs is to Furry)
Girl: Beautiful :: Boy :Handsome
(Girl is to Beautiful as Boy is to handsome)
Ice :Cold :: Coffee :Hot
Pillow :Soft :: Rock: Hard
Sky :Blue :: Grass :Green
14. Motivation Discussion
Common Types of Analogy
7. Example or Type: The analogy represents a word or
group of words and its representative or kind.
Example:
Kangkong :Vegetable :: Mango :Fruit
(Kangkong is to Vegetable as Mango is to Fruit)
Golden Retriever :Dog :: Salmon :Fish
(Golden Retriever is to Dog as Salmon is to Fish)
Puppy: Dog :: Kitten :Cat
(Puppy is to Dog as Kitten is to Cat)
15. Motivation Discussion
Common Types of Analogy
8. Problem-Solution: The analogy represents a problem
and its solution.
Example:
War :Peace Talks :: Deforestation :Tree-Planting
(War is to Peace Talks as Deforestation is to Tree-Planting)
Medicine :Disease :: Food :Hunger
(Medicine solves a disease as to food solves hunger)
16. Discussion Practice
Motivation
1. Bright : dull :: buy : _____
2. Toe : foot :: petal : _____
3. Rain : fall :: ice: ______
4. Banana : yellow :: tomato : ____
5. Paint brush : painter :: hammer : ______
6. Happy :Sad :: Quiet:_______
7. Adorable :Cute :: Scary:______
Study the relationship of the given complete pair of words that
make up an analogy in each item. Then, supply the missing
word needed in the blank.
Practice #1
17. Discussion Practice
Motivation
8. Feather :Bird :: Fur :_______
9. Pencil :Write :: Scissor ::_______
10. Cow :Mammal :: Snake :_________
11. Apple :Fruit :: Carrot :________
12. Itch :Scratch :: Virus :________
13. Tall: Short :: Thin: _______
14. Intelligent: Clever ::Single:One_______
Study the relationship of the given complete pair of words that
make up an analogy in each item. Then, supply the missing
word needed in the blank.
18. Discussion Practice
Motivation
1. Clean : dirty :: Sick: Healthy
2. Snake: Reptile :: Bear :Mammal
3. Wings :Bird :: Fins :Fish
4. Red: Apples :: Yellow : Banana
5. Pan : Fry :: Kettle : Boil
6. Large :Big :: Small : Tiny
7. Spin : Dizzy :: Jump : Elevate
8. Stomach ache: Loperamide :: Deforestation :Plant trees
Determine the type of relationship in the
following analogies.
Types of Analogy
1. Synonym
2. Antonym
3. Part-Whole
4. Cause-Effect
5. Function
6. Characteristic
7. Example or Type
8. Problem-Solution
19. Discussion Practice Activity
Motivation
Activity #1
1. Wheel:__________::Door:House
2. Hoof:__________::Paw:Cat
3. Coach:Player::Teacher:__________
4. Typhoon:__________::Volcano:Earthquake
5. Summer:__________::Rainy:Wet
Landscape Fishing Dry Student Sun Horse
Face Fly Flood Car Negative Medicine
Directions: Complete the analogy by filling in the blanks the
appropriate word or expression found in the word pool.
20. Discussion Practice Activity
Motivation
Activity #1
6. Baker:Bread::Gardener:__________
7. Crime:Law::Illness:__________
8. Glove:Hand::Mask:__________
9. Positive:__________:Evil:Good
10. Crops:Farming::Seafood:__________
Landscape Fishing Dry Student Sun Horse
Face Fly Flood Car Negative Medicine
Directions: Complete the analogy by filling in the blanks the
appropriate word or expression found in the word pool.
21. Discussion Practice Activity
Motivation
Activity #2
1. Banana:Fruit::Okra:Vegetable
Clue: A banana is a kind of a fruit; Okra is a kind of a vegetable.
a. Example b. Characteristic c. Synonym
2. Glasses:Eyes::Slippers:Feet
Clue: Glasses are to protect the eyes; Slippers are to protect the feet.
a. Example b. Function c. Part-Whole
3. Tilapia:Water::Rat:Land
Clue: A tilapia is an animal found on water; Rat is found on land.
a. Characteristic b. Example or Type c. Synonym
Directions: Determine the bridge in each analogy based on the
clues given. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
22. Discussion Practice Activity
Motivation
Activity #2
4. Seed:Fruit::Pollen:Flower
Clue: Seed is a part of a fruit; Pollen is a part of a flower.
a. Cause-Effect b. Part-Whole c. Function
5. Up:Down::Loud:Silent
Clue: Up is the opposite of down; loud is the opposite of silent.
a. Antonym b. c. Synonym
6. Earthquake: Tsunami :: Cavity :Toothache
Clue: Tsunami is the effect of earthquake; Cavity is the cause of
toothache
a. Function b. Example or Type c. Cause-Effect
Directions: Determine the bridge in each analogy based on the
clues given. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
23. Discussion Practice Activity Generalization
Motivation
Remember This!
Here are the concepts you need to remember:
Analogy is the comparison of two things.
Bridge is the logical relationship used in an analogy.
Common examples of bridge are Synonym, Antonym,
Part-Whole, Function, Characteristic, Context,
Example/type, Cause-Effect, Step/Process, Problem-
Solution, Symbol-Referent, Category or Classification etc.
24. Assessment 1
Directions: Determine the bridge or logical relationship shown in
the following sets of analogy. Write the letter ONLY!
1. Fish:Shark::Tree:Acacia (Fish is to Shark as Tree is to Acacia)
a. Antonym b. Example/Type c. Characteristic d. Synonym
2. Black:White::Hard:Soft (Black is to White as Hard is to Soft)
a. Antonym b. Characteristic c. Context d. Synonym
3. Bottom:Below::Top:Above (Bottom is to Below as Top is to Above)
a. Antonym b. Cause-Effect c. Context d. Synonym
25. 4. Leaf:Tree::Speaker:Radio (Leaf is to Tree as Speaker is to Radio)
a. Antonym b. Part-Whole c. Synonym d. Function
5. Refrigerator:Freeze::Stove:Heat (Refrigerator is to Freeze as Stove is to Heat)
a. Characteristic b. Cause-Effect c. Function d. Part-Whole
6. Grass:Green::Sky:Blue (Grass is to Green as Sky is to Blue)
a. Cause-Effect b. Example c. Characteristic d. Synonym
7. Black:White::Hard:Soft (Black is to White as Hard is to Soft)
a. Antonym b. Characteristic c. Context d. Synonym
8. Bottom:Below::Top:Above (Bottom is to Below as Top is to Above)
a. Antonym b. Cause-Effect c. Example d. Synonym
26. 9. Sick:Doctor::Crime:Police (Sick is to Doctor as Crime is to Police)
a. Cause-Effect b. Characteristic c. Synonym d. Problem-Solution
10. Beautiful:Ugly::Long:Short (Beautiful is to Ugly as Long is to Short)
a. Antonym b. Synonym c. Example/Type d. Characteristic
27. Assessment 2
Directions: Create an analogy using the given types of
bridge.
1. Synonyms
-_______________________________________
2. Antonyms
-_______________________________________
3. Part-Whole
-_______________________________________
4. Characteristic
-_______________________________________
5. Example
-_______________________________________
28. Assessment 2
Directions: Create an analogy using the given types of
bridge.
6. Cause-Effect
-_______________________________________
7. Function
-_______________________________________
8. Problem-Solution
-_______________________________________
