Grammar is the important component to understand a language

1. Grammar Session - 1

2. What are Nouns?
noun (noun): a word (except a pronoun) that identifies a person, place or thing, or
names one of them (proper noun)
The simple definition is: a person, place or thing. Here are some examples:
person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary
place: home, office, town, countryside, America
thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey

3. Another (more complicated) way of recognizing a noun is by its:
1.ending
2.position
3.function

4. 1. Noun ending
here are certain word endings that show that a word is a noun, for example:
-ity → nationality
-ment → appointment
-ness → happiness
-ation → relation
-hood → childhood
 Note: But this is not true for the word endings of all nouns. For example, the noun "spoonful"
ends in -ful, but the adjective "careful" also ends in -ful.

5. 2. Position in sentence
Nouns often come after a determiner (a determiner is a word like a, an, the, this, my, such):
 a relief
 an afternoon
 the doctor
 this word
 my house
 such stupidity

6. Nouns often come after one or more adjectives:
 a great relief
 a peaceful afternoon
 the tall, Indian doctor
 this difficult word
 my brown and white house
 such crass stupidity

7. 3. Function in a sentence
Nouns have certain functions (jobs) in a sentence, for example:
 subject of verb: Doctors work hard.
 object of verb: He likes coffee.
 subject and object of verb: Teachers teach students.

8. TYPES OF NOUNS
 Common Noun: Most nouns are common nouns. Common nouns refer to people, places
and things in general like chair or dog. Any noun that is not a name is a common noun.
Examples: teacher, car, music, danger, receipt
 Proper Noun: Names of people, places or organizations are proper nouns.
Your name is a proper noun.
London is a proper noun.
United Nations is a proper noun.
Rule: Proper nouns always start with a capital letter.

9. Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns are the opposite of concrete nouns. They are things that you cannot touch.
Abstract nouns are ideas, concepts and feelings.
Examples: happiness, courage, danger, truth
Countable Nouns
You can count countable nouns. Countable nouns have singular and plural forms.
Examples: ball, boy, cat, person

10. Uncountable Nouns
(also called mass nouns)
You cannot count uncountable nouns. You need to use "measure words" to quantify
them.
Rule: We never use uncountable nouns with the indefinite article (a/an). Uncountable
nouns are always singular.
Examples: water, happiness, cheese

11. CollectiveNouns
A collective noun denotes a group of individuals.
Examples: class (group of students), pride (group of lions), crew (group of
sailors)
Rule: Collective nouns can be treated as singular or plural. More about this
about this at rules of subject-verb agreement with collective nouns.

12. Compound Nouns
A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words. Most compound nouns are
[noun + noun] or [adjective + noun]. Each compound noun acts as a single unit and can be
modified by adjectives and other nouns.
Compound nouns have three different forms:
1.open or spaced - space between words (bus stop)
2.hyphenated - hyphen between words (mother-in-law)
3.closed or solid - no space or hyphen between words (football)

13. Application of Nouns – PTE Reading
Ment Ness tion/ sion -ty -ance/ence
1. deferment darkness concession ability preference
2. development consciousness alternation purity interference
3. treatment preparedness demonstration safety acceptance
4. environment blindness admission responsibility attendance
5. government baldness expansion similarity dependence
6. judgement fitness inclusion curiosity endurance
7. abringement dryness resignation complexity assistance

14. Application of Nouns – PTE Reading
Er ism ship age dom
1. advertiser Maoism friendship breakage freedom
2. driver criticism leadership waitage kingdom
3. teacher skepticism citizenship package boredom
4. astronomer communism ownership mileage

15. PTE Fill in the Blanks – Application of
Noun
 Many of its problems may be ---------- by the most common people,
and facts replete with the deepest interest may be learned by the
most casual -----------.
a) Require b) Solved c) adapted d) observer
 The ---------- of birds in the mountains is striking
a) Ideal b) typical c) subtle d) variety

16.  In everyday life, we sometimes use the term symbiosis to mean a ---
---------- that benefits ------- parties.
a) Connection b) Variety c) Distant d) Signals e) Shout f) Both g)
Either h) Close i) relationship j) stripped

17. What are Verbs?
The Oxford Learners’ Dictionary defines a ‘verb’ as “a word or group of words that
express an action (such as eat), an event (such as happen) or a state (such as exist)”
General Classification of Verbs according to What They Signify
1.Verbs Referring to Actions
Verbs referring to action (action verbs) are those that involve the movement of one’s
other. Some examples of verbs referring to actions are as follows:
Walk
Run

18. 2. Verbs Referring to Experiences or Feelings
These are verbs that refer to something that you can feel or experience and does not
movement of any kind.
 Love
 Hate
3. Verbs Referring to a State or Condition
These verbs are those that refer to situations or the state of being.
 Have
 Being

19. 4. Auxiliary Verbs/Helping Verbs
Auxiliary verbs or helping verbs, as the name suggests, is a verb that is used to help
sensible and meaningful.
Examples of auxiliary verbs are as follows:
 Am
 Is

20. 5. Modal Verbs
Modal verbs - are those verbs that are used to denote the possibility, probability, capability or necessity of
something happening. Modal verbs, unlike other auxiliary verbs, cannot be used as a main verb in a
sentence.
Examples of modal verbs are as follows:
 Can
 Could
 Will
 Would
 May

21. 6. Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs include phrases that are formed by combining two or more parts of speech that performs the
same function as a verb in a sentence. In most cases, a phrasal verb results from a combination of a verb
and a preposition.
Examples:
 Log in

22. Transitive and intransitive forms of verbs are used to denote how a verb acts when used with a direct
object and an indirect object.
Examples:
 Vincent gave a box of chocolates to his brother. (Indirect object – his brother, Direct object – a box of
chocolates)
 Garry passed the water bottle to Kevin, who was sitting in the first row. (Indirect object – Kevin, Direct
object – the water bottle)
 The little girl ran around the park for two hours.

23. Verb Forms
 V1 – Root Form
 V2 – Simple Past
 V3 – Past Participle
Note: Mostly past participles usually end with the ‘-ed’, ‘-n’, ‘-d’, ‘-en’,

24. Application of Verbs – PTE
 However, according to a recent geological hypothesis, this estimate does not include --
-------------- eruptions, which are much more extensive than those on the land surface.
a) Submarine b) experiences c) covered d) attempt

25. Adverb
What Is An Adverb?
An adverb is a word that can modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Lots of
adverbs end "-ly." For example:
 She swims quickly.
Types of Adverb:
1) Adverb Manner: An adverb of manner often starts with a preposition (e.g., "in," "with")
or one of the following: "as," "like," or "the way
People who say they sleep like a baby does usually don't have one

26. 2. Adverb of Time
An adverb of time often starts with a preposition or one of the following subordinating
conjunctions: "after," "as," "as long as," "as soon as," "before," "no sooner than," "since,"
"until," "when," or "while."
A company like Gucci can lose millions in a second.
3. Adverb of Place
An adverb of place often starts with a preposition or one of the following subordinating
conjunctions: "anywhere," "everywhere," "where," or "wherever."
Opera is when a guy gets stabbed in the back and, instead of bleeding, he sings.

27. 4. Adverb of Degree
An adverb of degree often starts with one of the following subordinating conjunctions: "than,"
"as...as," "so...as," or "the...the."
Nothing is so contagious as enthusiasm
5. Adverbs of Condition
An adverb of condition tells us the condition needed before the main idea comes into effect. An
adverb of condition often starts with "if" or "unless."
If the facts don't fit the theory, change the facts.

28. 6. Adverbs of Concession
An adverb of concession contrasts with the main idea. An adverb of concession often starts with
a subordinating conjunction like "though," "although," "even though," "while," "whereas," or
"even if."
Example: A loud voice cannot compete with a clear voice, even if it's a whisper
7. Adverbs of Reason
An adverb of reason gives a reason for the main idea. An adverb of reason usually starts with a
subordinating conjunction like "as," "because," "given," or "since."
Example: Since we cannot change reality, let us change the eyes which see reality

29. Application of Adverb - PTE
Note: Adverb describes a verb or describes an adjective
1. The few works that have survived from this period are often ----
------- unemotional and at times overtly grandiose.
a) accounts b) structure c) surprisingly d) consciousness e)
autonomously f) eradicate

30. Adjectives
According to the Cambridge Dictionary, an adjective is defined as “a word that describes a noun or
pronoun.”
Forms of Adjectives – Degrees of Comparison
Did you know that adjectives can be used to compare similar qualities of different subjects that perform the
same action. There are three forms of adjectives or rather three degrees of comparison. The are:
 Positive or Absolute Form
 Comparative Form
 Superlative Form

31. Types of Adjectives
Adjectives can be divided into different categories based on their functions when used in a sentence. The
different types of adjectives are:
 Possessive Adjectives
 Interrogative Adjectives
 Demonstrative Adjectives
 Compound Adjectives

32.  Possessive Adjectives:
These adjectives, like possessive pronouns, are used to show or represent possession of a quality. For
example: my, your, his, her, their, its, whose, etc.
 Interrogative Adjectives:
An adjective that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun by asking a question is called an interrogative
adjective. There are only a few adjectives that can be termed as interrogative adjectives. They are whose,
what and which

33.  Demonstrative Adjectives:
Demonstrative adjectives are mainly used to describe the position of a subject (a noun or pronoun) in space
or time. This, that, these and those are the demonstrative adjectives in English.
 Compound Adjectives:
Compound adjectives consist of two or more adjectives that are combined together to form an adjective that
can be used to modify the subject. Some examples of compound adjectives are cotton-tailed, curly-haired,
absent-minded, happy-go-lucky, etc.

34. Application of Adjectives - PTE
Adjectives are likely going to end with
al – Typical, Physical; ar – Popular, Clear; ful – beautiful, blissful ; some –
awesome, handsome; an – Nigerian, American
Question:
If you have a ------------- disease such as asthma, diabetes, exercises can
have important health benefits.
a) signify b) distraction c) chronic d) bad

35. Question 1:
Recommended energy intakes are difficult to ------------- even among
individuals of the same age, sex, weight, height and general pattern of ----
------- . Therefore, the energy requirement for healthy people is often
expressed as the amount of energy needed to -------------------- the status
quo.
a) Maintain b) Activity c) Calculate

36. Read the text and choose words from the box to fill the gaps.
ruled, established, particularly, believed, classical, inextricably, independently, history
The ancient (1) __________ of North Africa is (2) __________ linked to that of the
Ancient Near East. This is (3) __________ true of Ancient Egypt and Nubia. In the Horn
of Africa the Kingdom of Aksum (4) __________ modern-day Eritrea, northern Ethiopia
and the coastal area of the western part of the Arabian Peninsula. The Ancient
Egyptians (5) __________ ties with the land of Punt in 2350 BCE. Punt was a trade
partner of Ancient Egypt and it is (6) __________ that it was located in modern-day
Somalia, Djibouti or Eritrea. Phoenician cities such as Carthage were part of the
Mediterranean Iron Age and (7) __________ antiquity. Sub-Saharan Africa developed
more or less (8) __________ in that period.

37. Read the text and choose words from the box to fill the
gaps.
aid, firmly, hostile, arrived, massacred, apparently, quite, assist, peopled
Older settlements are (1) __________ distinct from the later lordship of Oman and Muscat.
When the Portuguese (2) __________ in 1498 they found on the coast a series of independent
towns, (3) __________ by Arabs, but not united to Arabia by any political tie. Their relations
with these Arabs were mostly (4) __________, but during the sixteenth century they (5)
__________ established their power, and ruled with the (6) __________ of tributary Arab
sultans. This system lasted till 1631, when the Sultan of Mombasa (7) __________ the European
inhabitants. In the remainder of their rule the Portuguese appointed European governors, who
were (8) __________ most distasteful to the natives, for they invited the Arabs of Oman, who
now appear on the scene for the first time, to (9) __________ them in driving the foreigners out.