This document provides information about analogies and examples of different types of analogy relationships: 1. It defines an analogy as a comparison between two things that have some type of relationship or relating factor. 2. It describes several primary categories of relationships used to form analogies, including function, degree, characteristic, part to whole, antonyms/synonyms, and classification. 3. Examples are given for each category to illustrate the relationships, such as "performer is to action as painter is to paint" for function and "empty:full::awkward:graceful" for antonyms. 4. Two assessment exercises are included for the reader to practice identifying analogy relationships and completing analogy statements.

1. How are you
today?

2. Pre-assessment:
Directions: Pick out the exact word to complete each sentence. Write
the letter of your answer directly to your notebook.
1.FIND is to LOCATE as LOSE is to _________________.
a.Find b. Locate c. Misplace d. Place
2. DOOR is to KEY as SHOE is to _________________.
a.Hinge b. Transom c. Shoelace d. Threshold
3. SMOKE is to FIRE as WATER is to _________________.
a.Sky b. Rain c. Cloud d. H2O
4. ISLAND is to ARCHIPELAGO as SLICE is to _________________.
a. Loaf b. Peninsula c. Land d. Ocean
5. HAND is to ELBOW as FEET is to_________________.
a.Leg b. Toe c. Muscle d. Knee

3. 6. COMMAND is to PARENTS as OBEY is to_________________.
a.Teachers b. Children c. Armies d. Principals
7. EGG is to BOILED as POTATO is to_________________.
a.Hash b. Smash c. Slice d. Slash
8. DIG is to EXCAVATE as KILL is to _________________.
a.Slay b. Convict c. Coverage d. Try
9. POSSIBLE is to PROBABLE as HOPE is to _________________.
a.Expect b. Prove c. Deceive d. Resent
10. RICHNESS is to WEALTH as WISDOM is to _________________.
a. Knowledge b. Save c. Divulge d. Teach

4. Analogy

5. What is Analogy?

6. An Analogy is a comparison in which
two word pairs (four words total) are
paired together through some type of
relationship, or relating factor.

7. An analogy is a statement of
comparison between two different
things, ideas or concepts. What makes
analogies so effective is their ability to
get someone to think critically.

8. There are several primary categories of relationships used
in forming analogies:
A. Function- It can be an activity or purpose intended for
a thing or a person to do. This relationship is based on the
way something operates or is used. It can also be called as
purpose analogy. Take this example:
Performer is to action as painter is to paint.
What is the function of the performer? What does a
painter do?

9. Explanation: The performer will do some actions on
stage or in front of a crowd to entertain them because
that is the performer’s function. The same explanation
it is with the painter whose job or function is to do the
painting. To see the relationship, it would be necessary
to be knowledgeable on how an object is to be used, as
well as, on how a certain person does his job.

10. B. Degree- the extent of which something happens. This relationship
shows the greater or lesser amount of intensities of action or description.
Take this example:
Warm is to hot as cold is to freezing.
What happens to the degree of heat?
What happens to the degree of coldness?
Explanation: In a usual situation, what started as simple can become
complicated. There is always a gradual increase in something that you
do. Say, if you are putting water in the freezer, it will eventually freeze
after several hours or, if you intend to boil water, it becomes warm then
after a few minutes it will reach its boiling point. These illustrate that
any activity will come to a point of completion after reaching its limits.

11. C. Characteristic – a quality typical to a person or thing. This indicates
the features which are known to be true to a certain object, person,
animals or ideas. You can identify something through its characteristics.
Take this example;
Bird is to air as fish is to water.
What do birds do?
What do fishes do?
Explanation: We are familiar with birds, aren’t we? Birds are known to
play in the air, they fly. Flying is a distinct characteristic of birds. On
the other hand, fishes swim. Swimming is their distinct characteristic.
Enough knowledge about the features of a particular thing, person, or
animals, will make characteristic analogy easier.

12. D. Part to whole- a fraction that represents a whole. This explains that
all parts of a certain object or even in a human being are all important.
Each of these parts plays an important role to make the whole thing
functional.
Fin is to fish as wing is to bird.
What will happen to a fish without its fin?
What will happen to a bird without a wing?
Explanation: The fin is a significant part of a fish and without it, the
fish can’t swim and will eventually die. Wings are essential to birds, and
though not all birds are able to fly, like kiwi birds that are wingless, but
when we talk about an animal that has wings, it is mostly a bird.

13. E. Antonyms/Synonyms – pairs that show an opposite relationship/pairs that
show a similar relationship. These can be very important in developing your
vocabulary skill. The knowledge of antonyms or words with opposing
meanings and of synonyms or words with the same or similar meanings will
help specifically in doing writing activities.
Take these examples:
empty: full::awkward: graceful
Explanation: Those above are antonyms. The opposite of the word empty is
full, and the word awkward is graceful.
pretty: gorgeous::sad: mournful
Explanation: Those above are synonyms. The word pretty has the same
meaning as the word gorgeous, and the word sad has the same meaning as
the word mournful.

14. F. Classification – identify something into its category. This
category of analogy will tell us to put together words,
objects, or ideas that belong to the same group or of the
same general identification. See these examples:
Ballet:Dance::Frog:Amphibian
Explanation: Ballet is classified as dance, just like a frog is
classified as an amphibian.

15. ANALOGY plays a significant role in
solving problems, making decisions,
reasoning in arguments, expressing
perceptions, making generalizations,
predicting outcomes, and many more.

16. Assessment:
Exercise A. Determine what the relationship is between the first two
words in each analogy. Then complete the analogy with one of the words
in parenthesis. If you are unsure of a word’s meaning, consult a dictionary
for clarification. Write your answer directly in your notebook.
1. begin : end : : open : _____ (reach, unlock, close)
2. detective : inspector : : teacher : _____ (professor, student, child)
3. incognito : disguised : : foolish : _____ (smart, funny, senseless)
4. insect : mosquito : : dog : _____ (cat, bone, collie)
5. nose : face : : elbow : _____ (arm, wrist, knee)

17. Exercise B. Determine what the relationship is between the first two
words in each analogy. Then complete the analogy with one of the pair
words in parenthesis. If you are unsure of a word’s meaning, consult a
dictionary for clarification. Write your answer directly in your notebook.
1.pick : select : : _________ (window: ladder, couch: sofa)
2. center : middle : : _________ (sea: ocean, fish: land)
3. neighborhood : city : : _________ (game: end, pupil: class)
4. want : desire : : _________ (find: discover, remain: fall)
5. top : bottom : : _________ (large: small, huge: many)

18. Thank you for listening