This document provides an overview of seven common quality control tools: cause and effect diagrams, check sheets, Pareto diagrams, histograms, scatter diagrams, control charts, and graphs. It describes the purpose and use of each tool, including how cause and effect diagrams show relationships between effects and causes, how check sheets collect quality data, how Pareto diagrams identify the most important issues, and how control charts monitor process changes over time. The document emphasizes that these tools can help improve quality by identifying issues and minimizing rejections and losses.

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Presented by : Rizwan Ahmed
(Sr. Executive QA) Pharmevo

2. INTRODUCTION
 These tools are related to numerical data processing.
 These seven Quality control tools are simple statistical
tools used for problem solving.
 These tools were introduced in Japan by Quality Gurus
such as Deming and Juran.
 Kaoru Ishikawa has given the importance of these
tools as they can be used to solve 95% of all problems.
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3. TYPES OF QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS
1. Cause & Effect Diagram
2. Check sheet
3. Pareto diagram
4. Histogram
5. Scatter Diagram
6. Control charts
7. Graphs
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4. GRAPHS
 A diagram showing the relation between variable
quantities, typically of two variables, each measured
along one of a pair of axes at right angles.
 It is mostly used in order to show any type of data for
proper understanding and their analysis in terms of
Lines and shapes.
 They are prepared very easily in no time.
 There are generally 3 types of graphs.
1. Line graph
2. Bar graph
3. Pie chart
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5. 0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
PACKING OUTPUT (JAN - JUN 2016)
MONTH OUTPUT ( Packs)
JAN 3,261,514
FEB 3,249,554
MAR 3,086,629
APR 3,604,806
MAY 3,045,987
JUN 2,415,406
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6. CHECK SHEETS
 The Check sheets are actually the special types of
forms , format or documents which is designed in
such a way to collect Quality related data as a rough
means for assessing a process.
 It is a Data collection tool.
 Information collected is both comprehensive and
relevant.
 Data which is collected using check sheets needs to
be meaningfully classified.
 Some example of check sheets are the daily
maintenance check sheets, attendance records,
production log books, etc.
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7. TOTALNO.
OFSPOONS 24/08/2015 25/08/2015 26/08/2015 27/08/2015 28/08/2015 29/08/2015
1 Blackembeddedparticles 55 46 50 35 20 15 221 7.36
2 Roughsurface 23 36 14 10 10 6 99 3.3
3 Colorvariation 1 46 17 15 9 3 118 3.93
4 Broken 5 12 7 2 0 1 27 0.9
5 Edgedspoon 33 42 45 51 23 11 205 6.83
6 Dustynature 13 27 15 12 5 2 74 2.46
%
PLASTICSPOONSSORTING
NO.OFSPOONSSORTED/DAY=500
3000
TOTALDATESS.NO TYPESOFDEFECTS
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8. PARETO DIAGRAMS
 This technique is named after an Italian Economist
Vilfred Pareto.
 He was the first person to observe that a large
portion of wealth was in the hands of a few people
i.e. 10 to 20 percent. He observed that such
distribution pattern was common in most fields.
 This tool is also called 80/20 rule or Pareto Principle.
 It can be described as 80 percent of the problems or
defects come from 20 percent of the causes.
 This tool is used in the quality improvements and
facilitates decision making priority wise.
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9. 60
35
15
10
5
48
76
88
96
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
City area coding
missing
Missing Batch# Mfg
& Exp
Unstable Granules in
Suspension
Tablets missing in
blisters
MC missing in
consignment
Numbers
cp
S.No Complaints Numbers Cumulative count Cumulative %
1 City area coding missing 60 60 48
2 Missing Batch# Mfg & Exp 35 95 76
3 Tablet missing in Blisters 10 105 84
4 Unstable Granules in Suspension 15 120 96
5 MC missing in consignment 5 125 100
JAN - JUNE 2016
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10. CAUSE AND EFFECT
 A Cause and Effect diagram is a tool that shows the
relationship between the result or an effect and its
possible causes.
 This tool was developed by the Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa in
Japan and due to this it is also known as Ishikawa
Diagram or Fish bone diagram.
 The bones of the fish are representated by Men,
Machine, Material, Method & Environment.
 5 W’s and 1 H i.e. When, Where, What, Why and
How are the questions required to ask during
brainstorming session for investigation.
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12. HISTOGRAM
 This type of tool reveals the history of the process.
 It is also called Frequency Distribution Diagram.
 It is a type of Bar chart which shows the distribution
pattern of observations grouped in convenient class
intervals and arranged in the order of Magnitude.
 Normally there is Bell shaped curve.
 The other types of curve are Bi-modal shape, Cliff -
like shape, Saw-toothed shape and Skewed shape.
 The width of the class interval can be found as W =
Largest value in data – smallest value in the data /
total number of classes.
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13. 0
5
10
15
20
25
281-284 286-290 291-295 296-300 301-305 306-310 311-315 316-320
FREQUENCY
BINS
Frequency
LCL UCL
Mean Value = 302.12
Std. Deviation = 3.5
Cp = 1.4
Cpl = 1.63
Cpu = 1.22
Cpk (min) = 1.22
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14. SCATTER DIAGRAM
 This Quality control tool is used to study the
relationship between the two variables.
 A relationship may or may not exist between the two
variables.
 One is the Dependent variable which is on the Y-axis
and other is independent variable which is on the X-
axis.
 TYPES OF CORELATION:
+VE CORELATION
–VE CORELATION
NO CORELATION
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15. TABLET WEIGHT (mg) HARDNESS (N)
299 3.86
302 3.84
300 3.85
304 3.89
301 3.82
296 3.81
306 3.86
300 3.84
294 3.81
304 3.87
300 3.8
299 3.82
302 3.86
304 3.91
306 3.83
301 3.85
296 3.81
304 3.74
306 3.81
300 3.85
LOWPLAT 75mg TABLET
3.72
3.74
3.76
3.78
3.8
3.82
3.84
3.86
3.88
3.9
3.92
292 294 296 298 300 302 304 306 308
Hardness(N)
weight( mg)
Series1
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16. CONTROL CHARTS
 The control chart is a graph used to study how a
process changes over time.
 Data are plotted in time order.
 A control chart always has a central line for the
average, an upper line for the upper control limit and
a lower line for the lower control limit.
 Basically, a control chart is a run chart.
 The purpose of a control chart is to detect any
unwanted changes in your process.
 It is also called as process-behaviour charts.
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17. 270
275
280
285
290
295
300
305
310
315
320
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
13:00
13:30
14:00
14:30
15:00
15:30
16:00
16:30
17:00
17:30
18:00
18:30
19:00
19:30
20:00
20:30
21:00
21:30
22:00
22:30
23:00
23:30
23:59
TABLET WEIGHT(mg)
UCL
CL
LCL
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18. CONCLUSION
 The main aim of this particular presentation is to
provide the introduction of seven Quality control
tools and their use in order to improve the quality
level of manufacturing processes and associated
products by the application of these tools in our daily
lives.
 Also to minimize rate of rejections and losses and
thus help in smooth flow of processes.
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