CCS355 Neural Networks & Deep Learning Unit 1 PDF notes with Question bank .pdf
GROUP 4 CERAMIC-converted.pdf
1. FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING, AKTU LUCKNOW
CERAMICS
SUBMITTED TO –
PROF. GAURAV SINGH
PROF. PRIYANKA RASTOGI
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
JAGRITI KUMARI
ANSHIKA SINGH
ANANYA
AMAN SIDDIQUI
GAURISHA
KHUSHI RASTOGI
MEENAKSHI NANDA
MEENAKSHI YADAV
3. CERAMICS
•'Ceramic' comes from the Greek word meaning ‘pottery’.
•A ceramic is an inorganic non metallic solid made up of either metal or non metal compounds that
have been shaped and then hardened by heating to high temperatures .
•In general, they are hard, corrosion-resistant and brittle . Common examples are earthenware,
porcelain and brick.
4. •Most often, fired ceramics are either vitrified or semi-vitrified as is the case with
earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain.
•Most ceramic materials can be good thermal and electrical insulators.
•General properties such as
• High melting temperature,
• High hardness,
• Very brittle
• Poor conductivity, low ductility are the norm.
• Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products, as well as a wide range of
ceramic art.
PROPERTIES
Ceramics are made from three basic ingredients: CLAY, SILICA and FELDSPAR A mixture
of components used (50%)
1. Clay (25%)
2. Filler – e.g. quartz (finely ground) (25%)
3. Fluxing agent (Feldspar) binds it together.
5. This consists of four basic stages: shaping, drying, firing and glazing.
• Sometimes the glaze is applied before firing and sometimes the item is fired, then the glaze is
applied and then the item is refired (twice-firing).
THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS
6. Step 1 – Shaping: The ingredients are mixed together and soaked in water. The excess
water is squeezed out to make a clay with a moisture content of about 20%, and the mixture is
shaped appropriately.
Step 2 – Drying: • The items are dried slowly in an oven, during which stage they lose all of
the water except that which is bound up in crystal lattices.
Before the ware can be fired to high temperatures it must first be dried to remove water.
This results in a 3 - 7% volume reduction. During the drying period the body will shrink by a
significant amount. Shrinkage stops when the particles come into contact. However, if drying is
not uniform, stresses can build to the extent that the body warps or possibly cracks.
Castware is in the mould for 0.5 - 1 hour, where some drying occurs, and then air-dried for 1 -
4 days.
7. Step 3 – Firing: The item is heated to temperatures up to 1170oC, during which time the clay
undergoes some chemical changes and physical changes.
Step 4 – Glazing: Glaze is a thin layer of glass or glass and crystals that adheres to the surface
of the clay body.
It provides a smooth, non-absorbent surface that can be colored and textured in a manner not
possible on the clay body itself.
9. Content of terracotta
• What is terracotta?
• Properties
• Manufacturing process of terracotta
• Types of terracotta tiles
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• uses – in building industries
in decoration purposes
pottery and sculptures.
10. TERRACOTTA
•Terracotta, (baked earth), is a type of earthenware, is a
clay-based unglazed or glazed ceramic, where the fired
body is porous.
•Terracotta is the term normally used for sculpture made in
earthenware,
•various practical uses including vessels (notably flower
pots), water and waste water pipes, roofing tiles, bricks,
and surface embellishment in building construction.
•The term is also used to refer to the natural brownish
orange color of most terracotta.
Terracotta Bricks
Terracotta Sculptures
11. PROPERTIES
• Terracotta is one of the most distinct types of clay, given its rich, rust
red/orange coloring. The reason for this distinct color is that the iron content in
terracotta’s clay body.
• It is a porous clay to work with, and it can also be used glazed and unglazed,
which adds to its appeal.
• Glazing- One coat of glaze is needed to make it waterproof. When terracotta is
glazed, bright colors are often favored.
• Primitive pieces of terracotta were just left to harden and bake in the hot sun,
while later pieces (before kilns) were fired in the ashes of open fires.
• It can withstand varied temperature changes
12. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
•Terracotta can be made by pouring or pressing the mix into a plaster or sandstone
mold, clay can be hand carved, or mix can be extruded into a mold using
specialized machines.
•Clay shrinks as it dries from water loss therefore all molds are made slightly larger
than the required dimensions.
•After the desired green-ware, or air dried, shape is created it is fired in a kiln for several days
where it shrinks even further.
•The hot clay is slowly cooled then hand finished. The ceramics are shipped to the project site
where they are installed by local contractors.
•The hollow pieces are partially backfilled with mortar then placed into the wall, suspended from
metal anchors, or hung on metal shelf angles.
13. TYPES OF TERRACOTTA FLOOR
TILES
• Color Variations
• Natural Tiles
• Glazed Terracotta Tiles
•Low-Density Tiles
•High-Density Tiles
•Color Variations
•Natural Tiles
•Burnished, or Sealed Tiles
•Glazed Tiles
•Unglazed Tiles
•Machine-Cut Tiles
•Handmade Terracotta Tiles
•Terracotta tiles before and after Sealing
• Different colors in tiles.
14. ADVANTAGES
• It is strong and durable material.
• It is available in different colors.
• It is easily cleaned.
• It is cheaper than ordinary finely dressed stones.
• It is light in weight.
• It is easily moulded in desired shapes.
• It is fire proof and can therefore be conveniently used with R.C.C. work
• It is not affected by atmospheric agencies and acids and is capable of
withstanding weathering actions better than most kinds of stone.
15. DISADVANTAGES
• Terracotta is quite porous and must be properly treated or glazed before
using it around water.
• It is hard to calculate accurate time duration of the material.
• It usually cracks and deteriorates if not treated properly.
• It can get oxidized and absorbs stains resulting in change of color.
• It is twisted due to unequal shrinkage in drying
and burning.
• Its quality can vary a great deal and is difficult for an
inexperienced person to evaluate.
16. USES OF TERRACOTTA
•In India, traditional terracotta sculptures, mainly religious, continue to be made.
•The demand for this craft is seasonal, mostly when new pottery and votive idols are require during harvest
festival.
•Suitable for in–ground use to carry pressurized water.
•Buildings decorations in tropical environment or freezing environment ( need to be glazed )
For wall cladding
colosseum
For roof construction.
17. USES of terracotta IN CONSTRUCTION
•Terracotta can be used structurally or non-structurally on both the exterior and interior
of buildings.
•Some of the typical uses that terracotta has had in construction include; chimney pots, air
bricks, copings, planters, water and waste water pipes, roofing tiles and shingles, capitals
and other architectural details and ornaments.
• Natural Terracotta Clay Roof Tiles
• Terracotta Air Brick Terracotta in flooring.
• AN EXAMPLE OF TERRACOTTA FILLERS USED IN THE ROOFING OF THE INTEGR
ATED
PRODUCTION FACILITY FOR ORGANIC INDIA IN LUCKNOW
18. EGYPTIAN FAIENCE
• Egyptian faience is a ceramic material that consists of
granular quartz or sand coated with an alkali-based
glaze.
• The tin glaze used in faience is actually a lead glaze
that has been rendered white and opaque by the
addition of tin oxide.
• Faience is the conventional name in English for fine
tin-glazed pottery on a delicate pale buff
earthenware body.
SERVANT OF THE FUNERAL OF KING
SETI I; 1294–1279 BC (19TH DYNASTY)
19. COMPOSITION
• Faience is a glazed non-clay ceramic material.
• It is composed mainly of crushed quartz or sand, with
small amounts of lime and either natron or plant ash.
• This body is coated with a soda-lime-silica glaze that is
generally a bright blue-green colour due the presence
of copper.
• A typical composition for the faience body was 92–99%
silica (SiO2 ), 1–5% lime (CaO), and 0–5% alkali, such as
soda (Na2O) or potash (K2O)
20. PROPERTIES
• It could be made in a
wide variety of hues,
such as white, yellow,
violet, black, red, and
brown.
• It is typically made in
shades of blue or green,
possibly in imitation of
semi-precious stones
such as lapis lazuli,
turquoise, and green
feldspar.
21. USES
• Statuary
• The Egyptians used faience for the manufacture of
jewelry (rings, amulets, necklaces)
• For scarabs, to create the board and pieces for the
game of Sennet, for furniture and even for bowls
and cups
• Pottery
22. MANUFACTURE OF FAIENCE
• To make faience with glazing method, water-soluble alkaline
salts are combined with powdered quartz, some lime, and a
colorant .
• The dry ingredients are mixed with water to create a paste
that is then formed into the desired shape.
• As soon as the paste is formed, one starts to notice the
difference between faience and clay.
• Faience is thixotropic, which means that the paste appears to
be a solid, but becomes more fluid and slumps as it is modeled.
• Another technique for working with faience is to form the
paste around an organic core that burns away during firing. A
layer of paste was either modeled around the combustible core
or it was dipped into a slurry of faience ingredients.
➢There were various manufacturing methods for faience, but the most common was a self-glazing
technique referred to as the “efflorescence method.”
23. • Due to its abundant raw material source, faience is a great
sustainable choice.
• Faience can be produced in virtually any colour, finish and
shape making it one of the most versatile and creative
building materials available.
• Faience is hard wearing, low- maintenance and easy to
clean.
• Compared to stone, glazed terracotta is easier to handle and
sets quickly.
• When minor damage occurs, faience can be restored.
• Due to variations in the colour and pattern of the glaze,
faience can mimic other materials, such as granite or
limestone.
• Faience is ultimately a unique and bespoke product.
ADVANTAGES OF FAIENCE
24. •There is normally a considerable lead time required in the production of faience cladding, so this needs to
be taken into consideration at planning stage. It is a lengthy process to undertake to reach the finished
product, with many man hours behind each tile from the initial design process to manufacture.
•Faience is more expensive than other types of cladding.
•Glazed terracotta tiles may have slight shape and colour variation from piece to piece.
DISADVANTAGES OF FAIENCE
25. FIRE CLAY
•Fire-clay are sedimentary or residual clays which possess great resistance to heat.
•Fire clay has higher alumina (AL) content.
• They are not fissile.
•Fireclay is able to withstand intense heat.
•It is suitable for making articles which will not melt, nor even perceptibly soften when exposed to a high
temperature
27. SPECIFICATIONS
The fireclays are graded into:
I) low duty: 1,515 -1,615 oc
Ii) intermediate duty : up to 1,650 oc
Iii) high duty : up to 1,700 oc
iv) super duty: beyond 1,775 oc
28. PROPERTIES
•Color : grey or white
•High fusion point
•Good plasticity
•Withstand intense heat
•Low thermal conductivity
•Great energy efficiency
29. USES
•Manufacture of cement, bricks,
blocks, retorts, crucibles,
mortars, masses, pottery, floor
tiles etc.
•Low-grade material is used for
manufacturing heavy sanitary
ware.
•Firebricks are used where heat
generation is involved.
FIRE BRICKS
TILES
SANITARYWARE
POT
30. MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF FIRE CLAY
1.Mining
2.Stockpiling
3.Crushing
4.Grinding
5.Screening
6.Drying
7.Calcining
8.Packaging
31. • Fire clay is easily stored in most places, but keep
it out of close proximity to gasoline, chemicals,
pesticides, herbicides, and anything with a strong
odor.
• After manufacturing, Fireclay is fired at very high
temperatures (around 1600 degrees, as opposed to
the 1200 degrees used to fire enameled cast iron).
The result is a very hard and durable ceramic
material that looks almost identical to enameled
cast iron.
• Even if it comes in dry powdered form in
bags, fire clay is still very heavy . you only
need one bag per dome if you buy the clay in
dry powdered form.
32. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES-
•Fire clay is resistant to high temperatures.
•Fire clays are usually mined at deeper levels than other clays
and have refractory qualities.
•Fire clay has good moisture-proof function, it also has the
advantages of fire insulation,heat insulation and moisture
absorption.
•Fire clay is cheap as mud.
DISADVANTAGES-
•Fire clay shrinks about 10 to 15% after water dries out
•Fire clay is heavy product as compared to cement.
33. FIRE BRICKS
•A fire brick is a special type of brick made using fire clay.
•Has a good resistance against high temperatures.
•Fire bricks are exposed to very high temperatures during burning
process.
•They are yellowish white or white in color.
•They are available in different sizes.
•One general fire brick weighs about 30 to 35 n.
•The percentage of water absorption varies from 5 to 10%.
•They have good chemical resistance.
34. TYPES OF FIRE BRICKS
Neutral fire bricks
Basic fire bricks
Acidic fire bricks
35. STONEWARE
•Stoneware is dense pottery fired at high
temperatures to make it resistant to liquids, or
non-porous.
•Stoneware is a vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic is
made primarily from stoneware clay or non-refractory
fire clay.
•It is more durable than other kinds of pottery
and earthenware.
•The finished product will be waterproof and unlike
earthen ware, does not need to be glazed.
•Stoneware gets its name from its stone-like qualities.
We can find it today in common household items like
crockery and coffee mugs.
36. COMPOSITION
Stoneware is made up of 3 major components ,which is clays, fluxes, and fillers.
•CLAY-
The basic clays found in stoneware clay body formulas are high temperature refractory clays. Each
group of clays provides specific attributes to the total clay body formula, including fired strength,
shrinkage and plasticity.
•FILLERS-
Fillers reduce clay body shrinkage and warping in the drying and firing stages. If the amount of filler is
too high, the clay body’s plastic qualities will be decreased.
•FLUXES-
Fluxes help lower the melting point of heat-resistant clays and fillers and increase the glass
formation in a clay body. Using the wrong flux or an incorrect amount can have disastrous
consequences.
37. PROPERTIES
•Matures between 1200-1300 °C.
•Stoneware pottery is strong, hard and non- porous.
•It is durable, elegant and versatile.
•It can also stand up to the heat from a microwave,
dishwasher or even an oven under right condition.
•It also distributes and retains heat more evenly
than other types of pottery, so it’s perfect for
drinking coffee/tea.
•The higher the maturing temperature of the stoneware,
the more durable the product.
•Colors can be off-white, tan, grey and/or brown
38. USES
•Stoneware when fired to maturity become a sturdy, chip resistant material
suitable for using in cooking, baking, storing liquids, as serving dishes and to
use in garden. These pieces are meant to be used due to their durability.
•Stoneware pipes are used for underground drainage such as to drain the
waste from toilet, bathroom and kitchen etc.
•Stoneware is great for kitchen/utility pieces because it is incredibly
durable. We can use it in the oven, refrigerator, microwave and
dishwasher without harming it.
Pottery Artwork
DrainagePipe
39. TYPES
There are 5 categories of stoneware
that offer an immense help in places
other than home. Each of these
categories has a unique use and are
extremely beneficial at any type of
industry.
Traditional Stoneware –
Dense and inexpensive body. It is
opaque, can be of any color and is
made up of fine grained plastic
clays.
Fine Stoneware –
Made from more carefully.
selected , prepared and blended
raw materials .
It is used to produce
tableware and artware
40. –
Thermal Shock
Resistant Stoneware
It has additions of
certain materials to
enhance the thermal
shock resistance of
the fired body.
Electrical Stoneware –
Historically used for electrical
insulators. These can come
particularly handy in homes,
buildings and other large
electronic projects. Although it
has been replaced by electrical
porcelain, stoneware still
remains the most widely used.
Chemical Stoneware –
Used in the chemical industry. This
is very beneficial for specific
industries that are looking to store
any acidic liquids that could harm
their employees and products .
Pure raw materials are used
than for other stoneware
bodies.
41. MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
Although stoneware has existed for thousands ofyears, technology has enabled
potters to make it faster and more easily than ever before. There are three main
methods for creating stoneware today. These are molding, slip casting and
handcrafting.
MOLDING:
For stoneware, molding is the act of inserting clay into a mold before firing it .To
create mugs, steins and other stoneware products with this process,
manufacturers make a mold with hollow portion in the shape of the final
product. Liquid slurry of clay and water, called slip, pours into the hole and
hardens around the edge of the mold. After the outer edge of the slurry is solid,
the liquid interior comes out. Then, the potters remove the mug from the mold.
It then dries and goes into thekiln.
Molding is a common way to mass-produce pottery. It’s a cheap, easy method
to produce thousands of uniform products. Factories can also use molds to print
on designs with a heat press or other printing equipment.
However, one of the biggest complaints withmolded stoneware is that it’s
fragile. Printed designs on these mugs also tend to fade away with time, after
years of use and cycles in thedishwasher.
42. SLIPCASTING
Slipcasting involves pouring liquid clay into a mold and letting it form a cast
inside. Unlike other methods of creating pottery, slip casting allows for more intricate shapes that potters can’t
mass-produce on a pottery wheel. Once the clay is in the mold, it hardens and forms a hollow cast until it can
keep its shape. This can take hours to complete, depending on weather conditions. After the piece is dry, makers
can glaze it and fire it in the kiln. While slip casting allows for shapes that aren’t easily handmade, this type of
pottery is fragile. It breaks easily and doesn’t withstand high temperatures, so it’s not always safe to use in the
dishwasher, microwave or oven.
43. WHEEL THROWING
In spite of the advent of molds and slip
casting, many potters still choose to create
stoneware on pottery wheels. The term
“wheel throwing” comes from the start of the
process, when the potter literally throws a
lump of clay onto the pottery wheel. The
potter then centers the clay in the middle of
the wheel and forms it, using water and their
wet hands to form the clay into the desired
shape . Once the potter shapes the clay, they
cut it from the pottery wheel with a thin metal
wire. Soon after,
the mug, stein or bowl gets a
handle or other embellishments to improve
its strength.
45. Earthenware is the most common type of clay
Earthenware is glazed or unglazed non
vitreous pottery that has normally been fired below
1,200 °C (2,190 °F).
Basic earthenware absorbs liquids such as water.
Painted, incised and glazed earthenware. Dated
10th century, Iran. New York Metropolitan
Museum of Art
However, it can be made impervious to liquids by coating it with
a ceramic glaze which is fused to a pottery body through firing, it
also serve to color, decorate or waterproof an item.
46. Basic earthenware, often called terracotta, porcelain, bone
China, and stoneware all fired at high enough
temperatures to vitrify.
Earthenware comprises "most building bricks, nearly all
European pottery up to the seventeenth century, most of
the wares of Egypt, Persia and the near East; Greek,
Roman and Mediterranean, and some of the Chinese; and
the fine earthenware which forms the greater part of our
tableware today"
Earthenware is also used
for dinnerware, bricks,
flower pots, sculpture.
Earthenware is generally
the most economical
choice for dinnerware.
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47. CHARACTERISTICS
Earthenware bodies exhibit higher plasticity than most
whiteware bodies and hence are easier to shape by RAM press,
roller-head or potter's wheel.
Due to its porosity, earthenware can easily absorb water up to 5-
8% of its total weight.
Typically orange or red due to a
comparatively high content of iron oxide,
Earthenware has lower
mechanical strength and is
generally a Darker-colored
terracotta after it is cooked
in fire.
48. • Modern earthenware may be biscuit (or "bisque")
fired to temperatures between 1,000 to 1,150 °C
(1,830 to 2,100 °F) and glost-fired (or "glaze-
fired") to between 950 to 1,050 °C (1,740 to
1,920 °F), the usual practice in factories and some
studio potteries.
• Some studio potters follow the reverse practice, with a low-
temperature biscuit firing and a high-temperature glost
firing. The firing schedule will be determined by the raw
materials used and the desired characteristics of the
finished ware.
MANUFACTURE
kaolin % ball clay % quartz % feldspar %
A general body formulation for contemporary earthenware is:
52. •Vitreous china is an enamel coating
that is applied to ceramics,
particularly porcelain.
•Though the name can also refer to the
finished piece as a whole.
•The coating makes the porcelain
tougher, denser, and shiner.
•It is a common choicefor things like
toilets and sink basins.
53. • The glaze itself is usuallymade of composite minerals and
powdered glass.
• Vitreous china consists of amix of clay, feldspar, flint and quartz
sand.
• It is typically sold as apowder.
• The artisans and manufacturers must melt down, in a kiln or
specialized oven, before using.
• Once the glaze has reached its melting point it can be painted, or
“glazed,” ontothe surface of the ceramicpiece.
• The enamel must usuallybe left to dry for a time.
• Then the piece re-fired to seal the coating. Past this point,the item
can usually be itself described as “vitreouschina.”
MANUFACTURE
COMPOSITION
55. CLEANING
TIPS
• Experts usually recommend cleaning enamelled products with
soap and water after each use.
• Although it is generally moisture resistant, keeping it
dry whenever possible is also advisable in most cases.
• Abrasive scrubs and tough sponges should usually be avoided
since these can scratch or dull the surface.
• Artistic pieces should be regularly dusted and polished with
a dry cloth to keep them shiny.
56. • The glaze itself is usuallymade of
composite minerals and powdered glass.
• Vitreous china consists of amix of clay,
feldspar, flint and quartz sand.
• It is typically sold as apowder.
• The artisans and manufacturers must
melt down, in a kiln orspecialized
oven, before using.
• Once the glaze has reached its melting
point it can be painted, or “glazed,” onto
the surface of the ceramicpiece.
• The enamel must usuallybe left to dry
for a time.
• Then the piece re-fired to seal the
coating. Past this point,the item can
usually be itself described as “vitreous
china.”
MANUFACTURE
57. MAIN DIFFERENCES FROM
OTHER CERAMICS
Many people believe that vitreous china is its own category of
ceramic products, but this isn’t usually the case.
• With the exception of the top glaze, these sorts of items, be
they sinks, bathtubs, or other fixtures, are the same as their
unglazed counterparts, at least in terms of material
composition.
• Most manufacturers start with ordinary porcelain products that
they make vitreous at a later point.
• The outside surfaces look different, but the underlying
products tend to be identical.
• The glaze gives vitreous pieces a distinctive gloss and shine.
• It does tend to crack more easily.
• In most cases it’s about the same price as regular porcelain,
but a lot of this depends on the market and the precise
application.
59. • The term porcelain refers to a wide range of ceramic products that have been baked at high
temperatures to achieve vitreous, or glassy, qualities such as translucence and low porosity.
•
• Among the most familiar porcelain goods are table and decorative china, chemical
ware, dental crowns, and electrical insulators.
• Usually white or off-white, porcelain comes in both glazed and unglazed varieties, with bisque,
fired at a high temperature, representing the most popular unglazed variety.
60. CHARACTERISTICS OF
PORCELAIN
•TRANSLUCENCY
The only one which is translucent, a characteristic that comes
from the fact that it is the only one to be vitrified and cooked at
temperatures of 1400ºC , in a reducing environment.
•POROSITY
Zero porosity of porcelain, when compared to other ceramic
products because it has no porosity,it is practically impermeable.
•COMPOSITION
Raw material used for porcelain are feldspar, kaolin, silica and clay
that provides it with high resistance and unique translucency,
although they are common to other ceramic products, go through
much more demanding qualitative selection criteria.
61. USES OF PORCELAIN
•The most common porcelain pieces are crockery: bowls, plates, tea sets,
etc.
•In electronics, porcelain is widely used for insulating material due to
its excellent non-conductivity.
•In medicine, porcelain is used in dentistry for caps/crowns, also
known as "porcelainjackets".
•In building, porcelain is an excellent impermeable, easy- clean building
material, not only for tiles (see above),but also the first-choice for sinks
and W/C fittings (toilets, urinals, etc.).
•Elegant porcelain- made stationery, such as penholders and
paperweights.
62. The pagoda was constructed in the 15th century during the Ming dynasty in
China. The 80-m structure was built using glazed, white porcelain bricks, held
140 lamps and its eight sides were decorated with of theBuddha.
PORCELAIN TOWER OF NANJING
63. MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF
PORCELAIN
•BISQUE FIRING
•Formed and dried pieces are fired at relatively low temperatures of 800 to 1000C. The process of firing
unglazed reduces shrinkage when followed by a glazed firing.
•UNDERGLAZE LINE DRAWING
•A design is copied and outlined in gosu (ink) on the bisque piece.
•UNGLAZE UNFILLING
•After outlining the design, the piece is in-filled, which is called 'dami' Subsequently the piece is glazed.
64. •MAIN FIRING
•The glazed piece is fired at a high temperature of about 1300C to make it stronger
and finer. Firing using firewood in a climbing kiln (nobori-gama) takes several or
very many days.
• OVERGLAZE ENAMELING
•The glazed and fired piece is overglaze-enameled because outlines in enamel are
applied after glazing and main firing. This process is called 'aka-etuke' in Arita.
•After outlining the design, the piece is in-filled. The mixes of overglaze enamels
have been secretly handed down in the individual potter families.
•The overglaze enameled piece is finished by firing again at a temperature of
about 800C.
65. PORCELAIN TILES
Porcelain floor tiles are made by materials
featuring the lowest water absorption
levels, which means the quantity of water
that the slab can absorb under certain
conditions.
69. STONEWARE
Stoneware Pipe 100mm
₹ 60/ Piece
Length up to 2 feet
Stoneware 150mm DrainagePipe
₹ 90/ Piece
Length up to 2 feet
INDUSTRIES-
Ammar sanitary stores,mumbai Maruthi
agencies,bengaluru
70. VITEROUS CHINA
•Vitreous china wash basin , pedestal-₹3500
• Single flush vitreous china cistern(34*50*22.5)-₹3,460
•Double flush vitreous china cistern(38*43*17.5)-₹3,840
•One piece vitreous china western toilet-₹11,500
•Jaquar & Company Pvt. Ltd.
71. PORCELAIN
Porcelain Floor Tiles:
•Finish: glossy ₹ 18/ square feet
Tile size: 600 mm x 600 mm
Thickness: 5-10 mm
•Finish: Matt ₹ 280/ box
Tile size: 600 mm x 600 mm Box
contains: 4 piece Packaging type:
box
•Sakar Granito (India) Private Limited Ahmedabad.
