Ceramics note (BTech - Civil Engineering Materials)

1. Unit 07: Tiles
CERAMIC TILES

2. CERAMIC TILES

3. TERRRAZZO

4. CLAY TILES

5. CERAMIC
• Greek word - Keromikos, which means burnt.
• Ceramic are inorganic non-metallic materials obtained by the action of
heat and subsequent cooling.
• Ceramic are compounds of metallic and non-metallic elements.
• Metal oxides, carbides, Nitrides and silicates are ceramics.
• Important examples:
§ Silica - silicon dioxide (SiO2) - glass products
§ Alumina - aluminum oxide (Al2O3) - abrasives to artificial bones
§ Kaolinite -aluminum silicate (Al2Si2O5(OH)4)- in most clay
products
• Generally hard and brittle.
• Electrical and thermal insulator.
• Can be optically opaque, semi-transparent or transparent
• More resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metal and
polymers

6. CERAMIC

7. CERAMIC

8. CERAMIC

9. TRADITIONAL CERAMIC

10. CERAMIC

11. CERAMIC

12. CERAMIC

13. CERAMIC

14. CERAMIC

19. TERRAZZO
• Terrazzo is defined as a building material that
is either poured in place or precase or
hydraulically pressed as tiles consisting of
aggregates combined with an epoxy or
cement binder.
• consist - Marble, quartzm granite, glass or
other suitable chips; sprinkled or unsprinkled,
and poured with a binder that is cementitious,
chemical or combination of both.
• Terrazzo is commonly used for floors, stairs,
countertops and other hard surfaces.
Benefits
ü Durability: -
• The average life cycle for terrazzo is 75
years.
ü Low Maintenace: - Easy to clean and easy to
maintenance
ü Flexible design : - colour, texture , pattern are
limitless.
ü Sustainability.
ü Bacteria Resistance.
ü Slip Resistance.
ü Versatile - install inside or outside

20. TERRAZZO Four basic types of terrazzo
Cement terrazzo Epoxy terrazzo
Sand cushion terrazzo
Rustic terrazzo

21. TERRAZZO
1. Cement terrazzo
• Cement terrazzo is the most classic version of the material.
• made using a combination of cement, aggregates (such as
marble chips, glass chips, or other decorative materials), and
pigments.
• offers many versatile color combinations.
• It is perfect for areas with lots of foot traffic such as airports,
shopping malls, and universities due to its durability.
• In comparison with epoxy terrazzo flooring, cementitious
terrazzo is considerably thicker and heavier.

22. TERRAZZO
1. Cement terrazzo
Properties
• Strength: high compressive strength, able to withstand heavy loads and traffic.
• Hardness: resistant to scratching, abrasion, and wear.
• Density: dense material, which makes it resistant to moisture penetration and staining. Its
low porosity helps to prevent the absorption of liquids and stains, making it easier to clean
and maintain.
• Aesthetics: various aggregates, pigments, and patterns to create unique and visually
appealing designs.
• Slip resistance: reduce risk of slips and falls, such as in commercial kitchens, bathrooms, or
high-traffic areas.
• Chemical resistance: resistant chemicals, including acids, alkalis, and solvents

23. TERRAZZO
2. Epoxy terrazzo
• Epoxy terrazzo is a type of terrazzo flooring or surface treatment that is
made using epoxy resin as the binding agent instead of cement.
• An epoxy resin is defined as a molecule containing more than one
epoxy group capable of being converted to a thermoset form.
• diglycidyl ether bisphenol A (DGEBA, a reaction product of phenol and
acetone)
• diglycidyl ether bisphenol F (DGEBF, a reaction product of phenol and
formaldehyde),
Properties
• Compressive strength = CT(cement terrazzo)> ET (Epoxy terrazzo)
• Shrinkage during curing = CT > ET
• Porosity = CT > ET
• Moisture resistance = ET > CT
• Chemical resistance = ET > CT
• Design flexibility = ET > CT
• Maintenance = ET > CT
• Durability = ET > CT
• Cost = ET > CT

24. TERRAZZO
3. Sand cushion terrazzo
• It is a flooring technique that involves
embedding chips of various materials, such as
marble, quartz, or glass, into a layer of sand-
cushioned mortar.
• A cement matrix topping underbed with wire
reinforcing, isolation sheet, and sand layer
system.
• Sand cushion mortar = combining a mixture of
sand, cement, and water.
Properties
• Durability = resistant to wear, abrasion, and
impact, making them suitable for high-traffic
areas and where moisture resistance is priority.
• Versatile
• Low maintenance: Sand cushion terrazzo is
relatively low maintenance compared to other
flooring options. It is resistant to stains, and its
smooth surface makes it easy to clean and
maintain

25. TERRAZZO
3. Sand cushion terrazzo
Properties
• Durability = resistant to wear, abrasion, and impact, making them
suitable for high-traffic areas and where moisture resistance is priority.
• Versatile
• Tough = It can resist larger impact load.
• Low maintenance: compared to other flooring options. It is resistant to
stains, and its smooth surface makes it easy to clean and maintain.
• Hygienic: non-porous flooring option - resistant to moisture and does
not harbor bacteria, mold, or allergens. - hospitals, commercial
kitchens, and other healthcare facilities.
• Longevity: Sand cushion terrazzo is known for its long lifespan,

26. TERRAZZO
4. Rustic terrazzo
• Rustic terrazzo is a type of terrazzo flooring or wall covering that is
characterized by its rough, natural, and aged appearance.
• Terrazzo is a composite material typically made by embedding chips
of marble, granite, or other aggregates into a cement or epoxy matrix.
Properties
• Appearance: Rustic terrazzo is characterized by a rough, natural, and
aged look, while cement terrazzo typically has a polished and glossy
finish. The textured surface assists prevents slips and falls.
• Durable: Like other types of terrazzo, rustic terrazzo is a durable flooring
or wall covering option. It is resistant to wear and tear, abrasion, and
staining, making it suitable for high-traffic areas and commercial
applications.
• Chemical Resistance
• Moisture and Water Resistance.

27. Clay Tiles
• These are structural units moulded from clays in suitable shapes and
burnt to vitrification temperatures these differ form ordinary bricks in
• Dimension
• Shape
• Degree of burning
➢ Clay possesses plasticity when moist.
➢ Clay possesses rigidity when dried.
➢ Clay possesses strength and hardness when fired.
• Manufacture of clay tiles similar to bricks.

28. Clay Tiles

29. Clay Tiles

30. Clay Tiles

31. Clay Tiles

32. Clay Tiles

33. Clay Tiles

34. Clay Tiles

35. Clay Tiles
1. Pot Tiles 2. Flat Tiles 3. Allahabad Tiles

36. Clay Tiles
4. Mangalore Tiles 2. Corrugated Tiles

37. Clay Tiles

38. Terracotta
• Terra means clay and Cotta means burnt - burnt clay
• A clay product, which is made by very careful burning.
• Requires more homogeneous and purer type of clay
• Terracotta products include: Hollow blocks, ornamental and
decorative blocks

41. Opaque glazing
• Also known as privacy glass,
• fully opaque glass means it cannot be seen through at all.
Unlike typical obscure glass which does allow light
through.

43. Materials of finish for Residential, Commercial and Industrial floors
• Mud and muram
• Bricks
• Flag stones
• Concrete
• Terrazzo
• Mosaic
• Porcelain Tiles
• Vinly Tiles
• Vitrified tiles
• Marble
• Granite
• Wood or timber
• Asphalt
• Glass
• Plastic or PVC.

44. Mud Flooring
• Moist earth - rammed well - compacted thickness of 15cm.
• To prevent cracks due to drying - chopped straw is mixed in moist earth
• Sometimes cow dung is mixed.
Muram Flooring
• Is a form of disintegrated rock with binding material
• flooring has practically same properties as that of mud flooring

45. Bricks
• Used in cheap construction, specially where good bricks are available
• Well burnt
• uniform shape and texture

46. Flag stone flooring
• Flagstone (flag) is a flat stone, sometimes cut in regular rectangular or square shape
available in 2cm to 4cm
• usually used for paving slabs or walkways, patios, flooring, fences and roofing.

47. Concrete flooring
• Commonly used for residential, commercial and industrial
• Moderately cheap, quite durable and easy to construct
• Floor consist of two component
ü Base material = 7.5 to 10cm thick in cement concrete
(1:3:6 to 1:5:10) or lime sand (1 lime : 1 Surkhi : 1 Sand)
ü Topping or wearing surface = surface is burshed and
cleaned thoroughly. Usually consist of 1:2:4 cement
concrete of desired thickness (usually 4cm)

48. TERRRAZZO FLOORING

49. Mosaic flooring
• Made of small pieces of broken tile of china glazed or cement
or marble arranged in different patterns.
• On concrete base 5 to 8cm thick lime-surkhi mortar is spread
and level.
• then 3mm thick cementing material (2 slaked lime : 1 powered
marble : 1 pozzolana material ) spread and left to dry for 4
hours
• then small pieces of colored stone or broken tile or marble are
arranged in definite pattern and hammered into cementing
layer.

50. Vinly tile flooring
• Vinyl flooring is a synthetic flooring option made from polyvinyl
chloride plastic (commonly known as PVC).
• Small pieces of colored PVC are heated and then pressed into
thin layers that are adhered to form flexible sheets of vinyl that
can be left as is or cut into tiles or planks.
Disadvantages : -
• Cannot be repaired.
• Can emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are
gases that are emitted into the air that may cause
cancer
• Shorter lifespan than wood floors.
• Difficult to remove, especially if adhesive is used during
installation.
• Not eco-friendly; difficult to recycle.
Advantage : -
• Vinyl is scratch resistance.
• Durable = can last 10-20 years.
• 100% Waterproof because they're composed primarily of PVC.

51. Ceramic Tile Porcelain Tile
Composition Coarse clay Fine kaolin clay, sand, and feldspar
Temperature Ceramic tile is fired at lower
temperatures, generally about 1,800 to
2,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
Porcelain tiles are fired at temperatures
ranging from 2,200 to 2,500 degrees
Fahrenheit.
Water Absorption More than 0.5% 0.5% or less
Resistance to
water
Good Excellent
Cost less than porcelain tile Expensive
Density Lightweight Heavier
Typical use Indoor floors and walls Indoor and outdoor floors and wall
Hardness Softer than porcelain Harder, more brittle than ceramic

55. Marble and Granite flooring

56. Marble and Granite flooring

57. Marble and Granite flooring

58. Marble and Granite flooring

59. Marble and Granite flooring

60. Marble and Granite flooring

61. Timber flooring
• Hardwoods such as oak, maple and cherry, are among the
most durable species.
• Maple wood is harder than oak,
• maple is slightly more expensive
• Timber flooring is smooth and non-porous.
• Unlike other surfaces like carpet, timber flooring doesn't
harbour dirt, dust and pet hair, which can be difficult to
remove and sanitise.
• vulnerable to moisture and humidity. Even a little amount of
moisture can deteriorate the wood. Hence should be careful
not to spill any type of liquid on the floor.

62. Asphalt flooring
• Being dustless, elastic, durable, water proof, acid proof, and
attractive in appearance
• proportion = 2 cement : 1 part asphalt = 13mm to 25mm thick
• Asphalt is made by the fractional distillation of crude
petroleum.

63. Glass flooring
• Special purpose flooring, used in circumstances where it is
desired to tranmit light from upper floor to lower floor.
• Availble in varying thickness = 12 to 30mm

64. Materials of wall finish – interior and exterior
• In building construction, the material applied on the surface of
wall is called Cladding.
• Cladding is non-load bearing, it does not take up or transfer
load of the structure.
• In case of brick or stone cladding they may be load bearing
type.
All form of cladding must fulfill following functions.
• Provide necessary resistance to rain penetration.
• Be capable of resisting both positive and negative wind
pressures.
• give required degree of thermal / sound insulation
• give required degree of Fire resistance
Material of wall finish
• Stone cladding
• Concrete panel cladding
• Paint
• Tiles
• Laminates
• Cement Screed
• Wallpaper

65. Stone cladding
Concrete panel cladding

66. Paints

67. Tiles (Ceramic, Porcelain, Vitrified, etc.)

68. Laminates
• Laminate panel is a type of manufactured timber made from
thin sheets of substrates or wood veneer.
• It is similar to the more widely used plywood, except that it has
a plastic, protective layer on one or both sides.
• Low Maintenance.
• Easy to Install
• laminate shower walls are waterproof. Many come with water
damage warranties of up to 10 years.
• High pressure Laminates (HPL) are the toughest type of
laminates and are the most durable compared to all other
ones.
• HPL offer outstanding resistance against stains, and
temperature.

69. Wallpaper
• They are made of vinyl (polyvinyl chloride) or latex.
Advantage
• Wallpaper is durable, and can last over 15 years making it very
cost effective.
• When wallpaper has been hung properly it can last three times
longer than paint.
• If you have imperfect walls, high quality wallpaper can hide
surface imperfections.
Disadvantage
• careful to avoid getting scratches and marks.
• Expensive than paint but cost effective in long run.
• Need protection against sunlight and moisture.
• Not Fit for Every Place

70. PVC wall panel
• They are produced with the aid of polyvinyl chloride.
• PVC wall panels are available in various materials, including
acrylic, PVC, and vinyl.
• PVC wall panels are frequently used to cover internal walls
and ceilings of rooms, primarily in bathrooms, kitchens, and
sleeping quarters.
• They are resistant to UV rays, termites, and wetness.
• They are perfect for wet environments like bathrooms and
kitchens since they are waterproof.
• They need less maintenance, are dust-proof, shiny, long-
lasting, and easy to install.
• They come in various colors and are softer than any other
material used for cladding.
• Compared to ceramic, brick, or stone, PVC will sustain
damage from knocks and is not entirely scratch resistant. To
overcome this disadvantage, UPVC is the preferred option for
high-quality PVC wall panels.