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Ceramics
1. G. L. BAJAJ
GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
CERAMICS
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
AR. YOGESH YADAV MONICA SINGH
AR. ANU MENDIRATTA RIMJHIM AGRAWAL
PRACHI MITTAL
PRIYANKA ARORA
SAGAR JHA
3. CERAMICS
A ceramic is a solid material comprising an inorganic
compound of metal, non-metal or metalloid atoms primarily held
in ionic and covalent bonds.
Common examples are earthenware, porcelain, and brick.
The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-
crystalline, vitrified, and often completely amorphous.
fired ceramics are either vitrified or semi-vitrified as is the case with
earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain.
4. PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
High melting temperature,
High hardness,
Poor conductivity,
High moduli of elasticity,
Chemical resistance and
Low ductility
6. STRUCTURAL
There types of ceramics demonstrate enhanced
mechanical properties under demanding conditions.
Because they serve as structural members, often being
subjected to mechanical loading they are given the
name structural ceremics.
This type of ceramics include bricks, pipes, floor and
roof tiles.
7. REFRACTORIES
A refractory material is the one that can
retain its strength at high temperatures.
They are used in lining furnaces, kilns,
incinerators and reactors.
The oxides of aluminium, silicon and
magnesium are the most important
materials used in the manufacturing of
refractories.
8. WHITEWARES
This is a class of products that includes
porcelain, china, pottery, stoneware and
vitreous tile.
They are white to off white in appearance and
often contain a significant glossy or vitreous
component.
Imperviousness to fluids, low conductivity to
electricity, chemical inertness and an ability to
formed into complex shapes are its properties.
9. TECHNICAL
IT IS also known as engineering advanced or special
ceremics
It includes tiles used in space shuttles, missile nosecones,
ceremic disk brakes etc.
It can classified into three material categories:
Oxides - alumina, berilia, ceria, zirconia
Non-oxides - carbide, bioride, nitride, silicide
Composite material - combination of oxides and
non oxides.
11. CRYSTALLINE CERAMICS
Crystalline ceramic materials are not amenable
to a great range of processing. Methods for
dealing with them tend to fall into one of two
categories – either make the ceramic in the
desired shape, by reaction in situ, or by
"forming" powders into the desired shape, and
then sintering to form a solid body.
Ceramic forming techniques include shaping
by hand, slip casting, tape casting , injection
molding, dry pressing, and other variations.
12. NON CRYSTTALINE CERAMIICS
Non-crystalline ceramics are formed from melts.
The glass is shaped when either fully molten, by
casting, or when in a state of toffee-like viscosity, by
methods such as blowing into a mold.
Heat treatments cause this glass to become partly
crystalline.
13. TERRACOTTA
A type of earthenware, is a clay-based unglazed or glazed ceramic, where
the fired body is porous.
“Terracotta" is often used to describe objects such as figurines not made on
a potter's wheel.
Vessels and other objects that are or might be made on a wheel from the same
material are called earthenware pottery.
Unglazed pieces, and those made for building construction and industry, are also
more likely to be referred to as terracotta, whereas tableware and other vessels are
called earthenware, or by a more precise term such as faience.
14. PROPERTIES OF TERRACOTTA
Fired clay
Typically hollow, formed by pressing clay into mould by
hollowing out portions of solid or by extruding it.
Usually low fired
Typically reddish, unglazed ceramic material. It may also
be hard-fired glazed or unglazed ceramic material.
Durable
Fireproof
strong
15. FIRECLAY
Fire clay is a range of refractory clays used in the manufacture
of ceramics, especially fire brick.
Fireclay is a mineral aggregate composed of hydrous silicates of
aluminium (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O) with or without free silica.
High-grade fire clays can withstand temperatures of 1,775 °C.
Fire clays consist of natural argillaceous materials, mostly Kaolinite
group clays, along with fine-grained micas and quartz, and may
also contain organic matter and Sulphur compounds.
Fire clay is resistant to high temperatures therefore it is suitable for
lining furnaces, as fire brick, and for manufacture of utensils used in
the metalworking industries, such as crucibles, saggars, retorts and
glassware.
16. STONEWARE
Stoneware is a rather broad term for pottery or
other ceramics fired at a relatively high temperature.
A vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic made primarily from
stoneware clay or non-refractory fire clay.
Stonewares re normally fired in a kiln at temperatures between
about 1,100 °C (2,010 °F) to 1,300 °C (2,370 °F).
Impermeable and hard enough to resist scratching by a steel
point.
usually colored grey or brownish because of impurities in the
used for its manufacture, and is normally glazed.
Raw material in stoneware is either naturally occurring stoneware
clay or non-refractory fire clay.
The mineral kaolinite is present but disordered,
mica and quartz are present in small particle size.
17. TYPES OF STONEWARE
Traditional stoneware is extremely dense and can be created for a very low cost. This
particular category of stoneware can be of any color and is made up of fine grained
plastic clays.
Fine stoneware is created only with raw, blended materials. They are mainly used for
tableware and art decorations.
Chemical stoneware is only made up of extremely pure, raw material and is used to
create jars that can store up to 5,000 liters of acid.
Thermal shock resistant stoneware has other additives in the clay that cause the
stoneware to become thermal shock resistant after the piece is fired.
Electrical stoneware pieces are used as electrical insulators. These can come
particularly handy in homes, buildings and other large electronic projects.
18. EARTHENWARE
Earthenware is clay fired at relatively low temperatures of
between 1,000 to 1,150 degrees.
This results in a hardened but brittle material which is
slightly porous therefore can not be used to contain
water.
To remedy this, a glaze is used to cover the object before
it is fired in the kiln for a second time and rendered
waterproof.
IT is opaque and has earthy and granular fracture.
Darker-colored terracotta earthenware, typically orange
or red due to a comparatively high content of iron oxide,
are widely used for flower pots, tiles and some decorative
and oven ware.
formulation for contemporary earthenware is 25% kaolin,
25% ball clay, 35% quartz and 15% feldspar.
19. VITEROUS CHINA
Vitreous china is an enamel coating that is
applied to ceramics, particularly porcelain,
after they've been fired, though the name
also refer to the finished piece as a whole.
The coating makes the porcelain tougher,
denser, and shinier, and it is a common
for things like toilets and sink basins.
20. PORCELAIN
Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating
materials, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and
1,400 °C (2,200 and 2,600 °F).
The toughness, strength, and translucence of porcelain,
arises mainly from vitrification and the formation of the
mineral mullite within the body.
porcelain can be divided into three main
categories: hard-paste, soft-paste and bone china.
21. CATEGORIES OF PORCELAIN
Hard-paste porcelain is a ceramic material that was originally made from a
compound of the feldspathic rock petuntse and kaolin fired at very high
temperature, usually around 1400 °C.
Soft-paste porcelain is a type of ceramic material in pottery. It is weaker than
"true" hard-paste porcelain, and does not require either the high firing
temperatures or the special mineral ingredients needed for that.
Bone china is a type of porcelain that is composed of bone ash, feldspathic
material, and kaolin. It has been defined as "ware with a translucent body"
containing a minimum of 30% of phosphate derived from animal bone and
calculated calcium phosphate.
22. METHODS
(Used to form, decorate, finish, glaze, and fire ceramic wares.)
FORMING –
Wares can be constructed by hand from coils of clay, combining flat slabs of clay,
or pinching solid balls of clay or some combination of these.
A ball of clay is placed in the center of a turntable, called the wheel-head, which the potter
rotates with a stick, with foot power or with a variable-speed electric motor.
GLAZING –
porcelain wares do not need glazing to render them impermeable to liquids and for the most
part are glazed for decorative purposes and to make them resistant to dirt and staining.
23. DECORATION –
Porcelain wares may be decorated under the glaze using pigments that include cobalt
and copper or over the glaze using coloured enamels. porcelains are often biscuit-
fired at around 1,000 °C (1,830 °F), coated with glaze and then sent for a
second glaze-firing at a temperature of about 1,300 °C.
FIRING –
"green" (unfired) ceramic wares are heated to high temperatures in a kiln to
permanently set their shapes. Porcelain is fired at a higher temperature than
earthenware so that the body can vitrify and become non-porous.
