trends and networks

1. The Protestant Reformation and
Counter Reformation
Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII and the
Popes

2. Previous signs of trouble for the
Roman Catholic Church
• Lay Investitures- who can choose clergy?
• The First Schism (1054)- use of icons and more
create Greek Orthodox Church
• The Crusades- questioning of papal leadership
• The Great Schism- 3 Popes at the same time!
• Scholarly Challenges- Wycliffe and Hus
– John Wycliffe- Jesus not Popes; Translated Bible
– Jan Hus- Bible not Popes; excommunicated & burned
at the stake

3. Confessing or Converting?

4. Where is that “Stairway to Heaven?”

5. Purgatory
• "a state of final purification after death and
before entrance into heaven for those who
died in God's friendship, but were only
imperfectly purified; a final cleansing of
human imperfection before one is able to
enter the joy of heaven." (Catechism of the
Catholic Church [CCC] Page 896).

6. Martin Luther- Sola Fida!
Chapter 17 Section 3

7. A list of things he thought were
wrong with the Catholic Church (95
Complaints)
He criticized:
The Power of the Pope
The Extreme Wealth of the
Church
Sale of Indulgences (Idea that
you could buy your way out of
consequences of sin)

8. Luther’s Major ideas:
• You are saved because of your faith in
God alone, not because of attaining
sacraments or performing good works (like
indulgences). (Justification by Faith)
• Bible is sole authority on God’s will (sola
Scripta)
• “Priesthood of all believers” – all men and
women have access to God through faith
without need of priests

9. Selected theses, Martin Luther,
October 31, 1517
• 21. Thus those preachers of indulgences are in
error who say that by the indulgences of the Pope
a man is freed and saved from all punishment.
• 24. Hence, the greater part of the people must
needs be deceived by this indiscriminate and
high-sounding promise of release from penalties.
• 32. Those who believe that, through letters of
pardon, they are made sure of their own salvation
will be eternally damned along with their
teachers....
• 43. Christians should be taught that he who gives
to a poor man, or lends to a needy man, does
better than if he bought pardons. .

10. He was the Pope during
the height of the corruption

11. Church’s Reaction
• Want Martin
Luther to recant
(take back) what
he said @ Diet of
Worms
– Diet –
group/assembly
– Worms is a
place in
Germany

12. Luther says NO!!!!!!!!!!
Hier stehe ich. Ich kann nicht anders. Gott
helfe mir. Amen." ("Here I stand. I can do
nothing else. God help me. Amen.")
He is excommunicated from church and
forced into hiding for the rest of his life

13. Recap
• October 31, 1517
• Ideas spread- Printing Press
• Excommunicated 1521
• Diet of Worms- Luther defends Himself
• Translates the Bible into German
languages
• Followers called Lutherans

14. Martin Luther on the run!
• 1520- Pope sends envoys to Germany to persuade
Luther to withdraw criticisms
• Pope condemns and excommunicates Luther
• Luther burns Popes responses
• Diet of Worms
• Luther in hiding from Charles V of Germany and the
Pope
• Peasant Uprising (want to end serfdom)
• Luther Supporters called Protestants
• War for 20 plus years

15. War in the Holy Roman Empire
• Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, wants
to keep German states Catholic
• Many German Princes want independence
and reform
• War 1520’s – 1555
• Schmalkaldic League – Lutheran Princes
and their armies fight Charles V and the
Pope

16. The Truce
• Peace of Augsburg (1555) – each German prince can
determine the religion of the people in his land.

18. New Protestant Denominations
(sects of churches)
• Calvinism
• Anglicanism – King of England is head of
the Church of England
• Anabaptists
• Huguenots
• Huldrych Zwingli

19. Major ideas:
•Sola Scripta
•Predestination – god has already chosen who
will be saved and who won’t be
Followers called:
•Huguenots (France)
•Puritans (England) - Tried to rid or “purify”
the Protestant church of shows of wealth and
rituals
•Presbyterians (Scotland)

20. Henry VIII Creates the Church
of England
Wanted a son!
Wanted a divorce!
Pope says no!

22. Creates religious conflict in
England
• Mary Tudor “Bloody Mary” – anti- Protestant
• Elizabeth Tudor – Protestant – tried to create a compromise to avoid further
conflict.

23. Henry VIII & Anglicanism (The
Church of England)
• At first defended Catholicism against Luther – “Defender
of the Faith”
• 1527 – Wants a divorce- Wife gave birth to a girl
• Wife has powerful relatives – dissuade the pope
• Henry breaks with Catholicism (marriage won’t be
annulled)
• Parliament creates Act of Supremacy (1534) making
Henry, not Pope, head of the English Church
• All must swear allegiance or be arrested.
• Henry takes land back from church and breaks up
monasteries

24. 4. Catholic Counter Reformation
• Catholic leaders agree to reforms to
prevent further conversions to
Protestantism- Ends Indulgences
• Council of Trent
• Ignatius of Loyola & the Jesuits – Wipeout
heresy and spread Catholicism

25. The Inquisition
• Spain
• European Jews (Diaspora Continued)

26. Causes of the Protestant
Reformation
Social Political Economic Religious