The document is a comprehensive overview of archetypal criticism, detailing the contributions of Northrop Frye and Carl Jung to literary theory. It explores the concept of archetypes as universal symbols that reflect shared human experiences and examines the significance of the collective unconscious in understanding literature and culture. The document also highlights the differences between Frye and Jung's theories and their respective influences on the field of literary criticism.

1. ● Name: Rajeshvariba H. Rana
● Roll No. : 16
● Enrollment No. : 4069206420220023
● Semester: 2nd
● Paper No.: 109
● Paper Code: 22402
● Paper Name: Literary Theory and Criticism and Indian Aesthetics
● Topic: ‘The Archetypal Criticism’
● Submitted to: Smt. S.B.Gardi, Department of English, MKBU
● E-mail: rhrana148@gmail.com

2. Points to Ponder :
● Northrop Frye
● Carl Jung
● The Jungian Archetypes
● Collective Unconscious
● Difference
● James George Frazer
● Examples
● Conclusion
● Chat GPT

3. Herman Northrop Frye (July 14, 1912 – January 23,
1991) was a Canadian literary critic and literary
theorist, considered one of the most influential of the
20th century.
He developed the concept of archetypal criticism.
The goal of archetypal criticism is to uncover the
deeper meaning and themes of a literary work by
examining the archetypes that appear in it. By
identifying and analyzing archetypes, critics can gain
insights into the author's intentions, the cultural
context in which the work was created, and the
universal human experiences that the work reflects.
Northrop Frye

4. Walter K. Gordon : "The basic contention of archetypal criticism is that literary
expression is an unconscious product of the collective experience of the entire
species . As such , literature is therefore integrally related with man's cultural
past." (Brown)
Archetypal criticism is a type of literary criticism that focuses on identifying,
analyzing, and interpreting recurring symbols, patterns, and motifs, which are
known as archetypes, in literature, art, and culture. These archetypes are
universal, cross-cultural, and deeply rooted in the human psyche. They reflect
fundamental human experiences, emotions, and behaviors that are common to
all people.
Archetypal criticism has been applied to a wide range of works, including
myths, folktales, religious texts, as well as modern novels, poems, and films.

5. ➔ ‘A Study of the Depth Psychology’ by Carl Gustav Jung.
Carl Gustav Jung (26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss
psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical
psychology.
Archetypal criticism draws heavily on the work of Swiss
psychiatrist Carl Jung, who argued that archetypes are
inherited from our collective unconscious, a shared
reservoir of ideas, memories, and images that all humans
possess.
Jung was originally a follower of Sigmund Freud. The
relationship eventually fractured over Jung's criticism of
Freud's emphasis on sexuality during development, which
led Jung to develop his own psychoanalytic approach
known as analytical psychology.
Carl Gustav Jung

6. The Jungian Archetypes
Archetypes are universal, inborn models of people, behaviors, and personalities
that play a role in influencing human behavior. Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung's
theory suggested that these archetypes were archaic forms of innate human
knowledge passed down from our ancestors.1
In Jungian psychology, these archetypes represent universal patterns and images
that are part of the collective unconscious. Jung believed that we inherit these
archetypes much in the way we inherit instinctive patterns of behavior.
Contained within this lowest level of the unconscious are what Jung called the
archetypes. (Mueller)

7. The collective unconscious man is linked not only with the past of the human
species , but with the long stretch of organic evolution , a deduction borne out by
the fact that contained within the present human brain are three distinct brains :
the reptilian brain ; the paleomammalian brain ; and our present brain , the
neomammalian. (Mueller)
According to Jung, the ego represents the conscious mind, and the personal
unconscious contains memories—including those that have been suppressed.
"All the most powerful ideas in history go back to archetypes" (Adler and Hull)

8. He believed that there was no limit to the number that may exist. The existence
of these archetypes cannot be observed directly but can be inferred by looking
at religion, dreams, art, and literature. (Stevens)
Archetypal Figures :
❖ Ruler
❖ Creator/artist
❖ Sage
❖ Innocent
❖ Explorer
❖ Rebel
❖ Hero
❖ Caregiver

9. Each culture fashions minor myths to help the society cohere to achieve its goals . Ours
is no different Many well - informed persons hate to think that they share any qualities
with so - called primitive , or even illiterate , people ; they like the illusion that their
minds are quite differently constructed, that they function on a high level. (Brown)
Collective Unconscious:
The collective unconscious is a layer of the
unconscious mind that is shared by all humans, and
is composed of universal symbols and archetypes
that have been inherited from our ancestors.
The collective unconscious is best understood as the
sum of all the behavior patterns we inherit with our
DNA.
➔ Rebirth

10. Difference :
Jung's theory of the archetypes of the collective unconscious differs from Frye's theory
of the archetype as based in bodily desire and the imagination, as presented in his
books Fearful Symmetry (1947) and Anatomy of Criticism (1957).
Carl Jung's Theory of Archetypes Northrop Frye's Archetypal Criticism
Focus Psychology Literary criticism
Origin Collective unconscious Literature and culture
Definition Inherited, symbolic patterns Recurring patterns and symbols
Universal Yes, across cultures and time Yes, across cultures and time
Examples Hero, Mother, Trickster, Shadow Comedy, Romance, Tragedy, Satire
Influence Psychology, anthropology Literary studies, cultural studies
Relevance Influential in various fields Influential in literary studies

11. James George Frazer
The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative
Religion (retitled The Golden Bough: A Study
in Magic and Religion in its second edition)
is a wide-ranging, comparative study of
mythology and religion, written by the
Scottish anthropologist Sir James George
Frazer.

12. The desire to write comes most characteristically from an impulse to identify the
human mind and the world outside it - this is expressed in the fundamental literary
units of simile and metaphor : the simplest of the example is,
‘My love's like a red, red rose.’
The other is a bold and elaborate denial that new forms of literature grow primarily
out of changed social conditions or from the writer's personal experience. Initially a
writer's desire to write can only have come from previous experience of literature,
and he'll start by imitating whatever he's read.
(GREEN)
[‘A Red, Red Rose’ Poem by Robert Burns]
[Original line of poem: O my Luve is like a red, red rose]
Examples :

13. શાર્દૂલવિક્રીવિત
ઊગે છે સુરખી ભરી રવિ મૃર્ુ હેમંતનો પદિૂમાાં ,
ભદરાં છે નભ સ્િચ્છ - સ્િચ્છ , ર્ીસતી એકે નથી િાર્ળી ;
ઠાંિો વિમભર્યો િિે અવનલ શો ઉત્સાિને પ્રેરતો ,
જે ઉત્સાિ ભરી ર્ીસે શુક ઊિી ગાતાાં મીઠાાં ગીતિાાં ! 1
માંર્ાક્રાન્તા
કાપી - કાપી ફરી ફરી અરે કાતળી શેલિીની ,
એકે બિન્દુ પણ રસ તણું કેમ હાવાં પડે ના ?
‘ શુાં કોપ્ર્યો કે પ્રભુ મુજ પરે ? ’ આાંખમાાં આાંસુ લાિી ,
બોલી માતા િળી ફરી છ
દ રી ભોાંકતી શેલિીમાાં. 10
અનુષ્ટુપ
રસિીન ધરા થૈ છે , દયાહીન થયો નૃપ ;
‘ નિીાં તો ના બને આિુાં , ' બોલી માતા ફરી રિી . 11
(Gohil)
ગ્રામમાતા (Grammata)

14. Frye and Jung's theories offer
valuable insights into the role
of archetypes in literature and
culture. By analyzing
archetypal patterns and
symbols, we can gain a deeper
understanding of the universal
human experiences that shape
our lives.
Conclusion

15. Works Cited
Brown, Daniel Russell. “A Look at Archetypal Criticism.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art
Criticism, vol. 28, no. 4, 1970, pp. 465–72. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/428486. Accessed 14
Mar. 2023.
GREEN, MICHAEL. “Northrop Frye.” Critical Survey, vol. 3, no. 4, 1968, pp. 209–14. JSTOR,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/41549303. Accessed 14 Mar. 2023.
Mueller, Carl R. “Jungian Analysis.” The Drama Review: TDR, vol. 22, no. 3, 1978, pp. 73–86.
JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1145189.
Adler, Gerhard, and R. F.C. Hull. Collected Works of C.G. Jung: Structure & Dynamics of the
Psyche. Edited by Gerhard Adler, second ed., vol. 8, Princeton, 1970.
Gohil, Sursinhji Takhtsinhji. Kalapino Kekarav. 1 ed., Gujarat Sahitya Acadamy, 2018.
Stevens, Anthony. Living Archetypes: The Selected Works of Anthony Stevens. Routledge, 2017.
Accessed 14 March 2023.

16. Chat GPT :
Prompt :
Comparison of Frye and Jung and their idea of Archetypal literature: Give points for
Presentation.
Here are some points to consider for a presentation comparing Frye and Jung's ideas on
archetypal literature:
Introduction: Start by introducing Frye and Jung and their respective ideas on archetypal
literature. Provide a brief overview of their theories and explain why they are important.
Definition of archetypes: Define archetypes and explain how Frye and Jung view them.
Compare and contrast their definitions and highlight any similarities or differences.
Archetypes in literature: Discuss how Frye and Jung view archetypes in literature. Provide
examples of works that contain archetypes and explain how they are used in the text.

17. Relationship to psychology: Discuss how Jung's theory of archetypes is rooted in psychology and
how it differs from Frye's literary approach. Explain how Jung's theory of the collective
unconscious plays a role in the development of archetypes.
Cultural significance: Discuss the cultural significance of archetypes and how they relate to
universal human experiences. Explain how archetypes can be used to understand cultural values
and beliefs.
Criticisms and limitations: Discuss any criticisms or limitations of Frye and Jung's ideas on
archetypal literature. Explain how their theories may not apply to all works of literature or cultural
contexts.
Conclusion: Summarize the main points of the presentation and provide a final evaluation of Frye
and Jung's ideas on archetypal literature. Explain how their theories can be useful in
understanding literature and culture, and offer any suggestions for future research.

18. Thankyou