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Archetypal and/or Myth Literary Criticism
- 2. Outline * Origin *Key proponents * What is Mythology/ Archetype ? * Gallery of Archetype * Basic theoretical tenets *Jung and Freude * Strength and Objections * Basic questions *Key terms * Wrapping up
- 3. Origin The word archetype is from the Greek ‘arkhetupon’ first mold or model being the initial version of something later multiplied Archetypal literary criticism was given impetus by Maud Bodkin's Archetypal Patterns in Poetry (1934) and flourished especially during the 1950s and 1960s. Abrams M H(1999., Pp.13)
- 4. Important antecedents James G. Frazer: The Golden Bough (1890-1915) identified elemental patterns of myth and ritual claimed, recur in the legends and ceremonials of diverse and far-flung cultures and religions Carl G. Jung (1875-1961): applied the term "archetype" to what he called "primordial images," the "psychic residue" of repeated patterns of common human experience in the lives of our very ancient ancestors maintained, survive in the "collective unconscious" of the human race and are expressed in myths, religion, dreams, and private fantasies, as well as in works of literature Abrams M H(1999., Pp.12)
- 5. Primordial Images and unconscious Primordial images we, as individuals, have these archetypal images ingrained in our understanding before we are born primordial images are embedded in the collective unconscious collective unconscious objective psyche /the racial memory is a heritage shared by all humanity, the psychic residue of prehistoric ancestors something passed on genetically It belongs to the species expresses itself through archetypal characters and patterns. These patterns occur in all cultures as myth. Myths are symbolic representations of psychic events Personal unconscious contains all the stuff that simply isn't conscious Universal which is why they can be found all over the world and throughout history
- 6. Important antecedents(cont’) The Cambridge School of Comparative Anthropology, which boasted of scholars like: Jane Harrison Gilbert Murray Andrew Lang, was inspired by Frazer. Jessie Weston Dr. Shobha Ramaswamy(2014.,Pp.10)
- 7. Important antecedents(Cont’) Among the prominent practitioners of various modes of archetypal criticism G. Wilson Knight Robert Graves Philip Wheelwright Richard Chase Leslie Fiedler Joseph Campbell Northrop Frey Abrams M H(1999., Pp.12)
- 8. Northrop Frye remarkable and influential book Anatomy of Criticism (1957) developed the archetypal approach combined with the typological interpretation of the Bible and the conception of the imagination in the writings of the poet and painter William Blake (1757-1827) four radical mythoi correspondent to the four seasons in the cycle of the natural world, are incorporated in the four major genres of comedy (spring), romance (summer), tragedy (autumn), and satire (winter) Abrams MH(1999. Pp.12)
- 10. Mythology/ Archetype Myth universal similar motifs or themes may be found among many different mythologies certain images that recur in the myths of peoples widely separated in time and place tend to have a common meaning tend to elicit comparable psychological responses and to serve similar cultural functions Such motifs and images are called archetypes. Archetypes are universal symbols. Guerine, Wilfred L.,et al(2005. Pp. 185)
- 11. Mythology/ Archetype (cont’) archetype denotes recurrent narrative designs patterns of action character-types themes images which are identifiable in a wide variety of works of literature myths, dreams, and even social rituals. Abrams MH(1999. Pp.13)
- 12. Mythology/ Archetyp(cont’) The term archetype can be applied to: An image A theme A symbol An idea A character type A plot pattern An event A tradition A story Archetypes can be expressed in: Dreams Religions Fantasies Folklore Movies Social rituals Art Literature Myths
- 15. Archetypal Characters Hero/Heroine Sidekick/Helper Villain Wise Sage Mentor Outcast Oracle Caring Mother/Earth Mother Trickster (joker, jester, clown, fool, fraud, prankster, Mad Scientist Femme Fatale “Don Juan” Star-Crossed Lovers Witch/Shrew Underdog Stern Father Damsel in Distress Mentor – Pupil Relationship Soul mate, Good mother, Terrible mother
- 16. Situational Archetypes The task/trial The journey The Quest The loss of innocence The initiation Apocalypse/end of the world Pursuit of revenge Descent into the underworld/heavenly ascent Searching for father Damsel in distress Banishment of the prince
- 17. Some Special Archetypes: Shadow, Persona, and Anima Individuation related to those archetypes designated as the shadow(darker side , the inferior and less pleasing aspects) the persona(the actor's mask) the anima(love at first sight, human psych is bisexual) ‘Individuation is a psychological growing up, the process of discovering those aspects of one's self that make one an individual different from other members of the species’ a process of recognition as one matures, the individual must consciously recognize the various aspects, unfavorable as well as favorable, of one's total self Guerine, Wilfred L.,et al(2005. Pp. 185)
- 18. Key theoretical tenets Concerned to identify and analyze the occurrence and variance of recognizable archetypes in different works of literature Wishes to discover how certain works of literature (classics) image a kind of reality to which readers give recurrent response while other works studies in depth the archetypes or archetypal patterns Guerine, Wilfred L.,et al(2005. Pp. 183)
- 19. Mythological criticism and the psychological approach Differences of degree and of affinities Psychology tends to be experimental and diagnostic; it is closely related to biological science. Mythology tends to be speculative and philosophical; its affinities are with religion, anthropology, and cultural history
- 20. Jung and Freud the predominance of religion in considerations of the psyche–and others Carl Jung and his mentor Sigmund Freud had fundamental disagreements and an ultimate falling-out a fierce competition between Freudians and Jungians based on theoretical disagreements
- 21. Jung and Freud(cont’) view the human psyche as "by nature religious“ make this the focus of his exploration believed libido (psychic energy) to be more psychic than sexual; he considered Freudian theories too negative because of Freud's emphasis on the neurotic rather than the healthy aspects of the psyche Guerine, Wilfred L.,et al(2005. Pp. 202)
- 22. Jung and Freud(cont’) believed religion was an expression of underlying psychological neuroses and distress suggested that religion was an attempt to control the Oedipal complex a means of giving structure to social groups wish fulfillment an infantile delusion and an attempt to control the outside world
- 23. Strengths Offers unusual opportunities for enhancement of our literary appreciation and understanding Possesses quiet the same combination of breadth and depth Takes us far beyond the historical and aesthetic realms of literary studies Back to the beginning of human kind’s oldest rituals and beliefs and deep into our own individual hearts Guerine, Wilfred L.,et al(2005. Pp. 219)
- 24. Inherent Limitations The work of Jung is based upon western mythology Culturally specific Other cultures might be informed by significantly different myth structures They run the risk of being destructed from the aesthetic experiences of the work itself Freudian critics lose sight of a great works aesthetics value and focuses on the sexual symbolism Myth critics tend to give attention only for archetypes and ritual/ mythical patterns Guerine, Wilfred L.,et al(2005. Pp. 219)
- 25. Basic questions What images, symbols, figures, ideas, themes, events etc… are present that are expressed in other literary works? What myths, dreams, literature, movies, fantasies and even ritualized modes of social behavior are present?
- 26. Key terms Season Persona Hero Character Anima/ Amines Situational Mythos Individual/ collective unconscious Religion First model Recurrence Quest Individuation
- 27. Wrapping up A first mold- model- first pattern Recurrent archetypes or archetypal patterns(literature, social rituals, art, movies …) Northrop Frey, C,G.Jung ,Frezer Character Archetype and Situation archetype
- 28. Movie Recommendation Shrek Cinderella Moana Nemo Lord of the rings Frankenstine Kungfu panda Rambo Harrypoter