1. Election
Terminology
A Guide to Frequently Used Terms and Phrases
‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻧـﺘـﺨــــﺎﺑــﻴــــﺔ‬
‫ﻄﻠﺤ ﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟ ﻌ ﺒ ﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺎﺋ ﻌ ﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻟــﻴــﻞ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤـــﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟــﻌــﺒــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸــﺎﺋــﻌــــﺔ‬
G
Governance
e Campaig Plan
p ign a
M
Majority
R l
Election
n
J dicial Pow
Judicial Powe
Bi
Bias
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE

4. The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) is a nonprofit organization working to strength-
en and expand democracy worldwide. Calling on a global network of volunteer experts, NDI provides practical
assistance to civic and political party leaders advancing democratic values, practices, and institutions. NDI works
with democrats in every region of the world to build political and civic organizations, to safeguard elections, and to
promote citizen participation, openness, and accountability in government.
Copyright © National Democratic Institute (NDI) 2009. All rights reserved. Portions of this work may be repro-
duced and/or translated for noncommercial purposes provided NDI is acknowledged as the source of the materi-
al and is sent copies of any translation.
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website: www.ndi.org
Translated by Nathalie Sleimane, Designed by Marc Rechdane.
For any comments or suggestions please contact: arabictranslation@ndi.org.
~¡©ŸG ôaƒjh .⁄É©dG ‘ ™°SGh ¥É£f ≈∏Y Égô°ûfh á«WGô≤Á~dG ~«WƒJ π«Ñ°S ‘ πª©J ,á«ëHQ ÒZ ᪶æe ƒg á«dh~dG ¿hDƒ°û∏d »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG
áμÑ°ûH kÉæ«©à°ùe ,á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸGh äÉ°SQɪŸGh º«≤dG ôjƒ£J πLCG øe ,Ú«°SÉ«°ùdGh Ú«f~ŸG IOÉ≤∏d á«∏ª©dG I~YÉ°ùŸG »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG
ágGõf ¿ƒ°Uh ,á«f~ŸGh á«°SÉ«°ùdG äɪ¶æŸG AÉæH ±~¡H ,⁄É©dG AÉëfCG πc ‘ Ú«WGô≤Á~dG ™e kÉ° jCG ~¡©ŸG ¿hÉ©àjh .ÚYƒ£àŸG AGÈÿG øe á«ŸÉY
.ºμ◊G ‘ ádAÉ°ùŸGh ìÉàØf’G õjõ©Jh ,ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûe ™«é°ûJ ¤EG áaÉ°VE’ÉH ,äÉHÉîàf’G
ÜÉàμdG Gòg øe AGõLCG êÉàfEG IOÉYEG øμÁ .¬d áXƒØfi ¥ƒ≤◊G ™«ªL .2009 á«dh~dG ¿hDƒ°û∏d »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ª∏d ™Ñ£dG ¥ƒ≤M Oƒ©J ©
.~¡©ŸG ¤EG áªLÎdG øY áî°ùf ∫É°SQEGh IQƒ°ûæŸG IOɪ∏d Gk Q~°üe »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG ôcP •ô°T ,ájQÉŒ ÒZ mäÉjɨd É¡àªLôJ hCG/h
.¿G~°TQ ∑QÉe »YÉÑW º«ª°üJ ,¿Éª«∏°S ‹ÉJÉf áªLôJ
arabictranslation@ndi.org :ÊhÎμdE’G ~jÈdG ¤EG ÜÉàμdG Gòg áªLôJ ∫ƒM ∫GDƒ°S hCG ≥«∏©J …CG ∫É°SQEG AÉLôdG

5. Foreword
Compiling the English-based jargon of election work and translating it into a language as intricate and uncompro-
mising as Arabic is a daunting mission. It would be an understatement to say that Arabic speakers are passionate
about their language and quick to debate usage, nuance, and meaning. NDI’s Arabic Publication Center in Beirut
first set out on this venture in 2004, publishing its English-Arabic Translator’s Guide to Election Terminology the
following year. With 200 additional entries and a new Arabic-English feature, this revised and updated publication
of the Guide has left few stones unturned. Even the most obscure expressions have been discussed and definitions
have been attempted.
As NDI expands democracy and governance programs throughout the Arabic speaking world, Arabic speakers on
the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) team will inevitably be at the forefront of creating new and precise
idiom to convey the concepts and ideas central to NDI’s work.
The team at the Arabic Publication Center humbly offers this second effort with the hope that it will not only prove
useful to NDI programs but that it will spark the regional discussion necessary to refine and improve its content.
The Guide is meant to be used as a reference document for NDI staff and contract interpreters. It is not meant to
be the final, authoritative resource.
User feedback is essential - comments and thoughts on terms, definition, usage, and regional application are desired
and actively solicited. Comments and suggestions can be emailed to the NDI Publication Center at:
arabictranslation@ndi.org
Joseph Hall, Senior Advisor
Middle East and North Africa
Beirut, Lebanon

6. áÄWƒJ
ΩÉ¡ŸG ±É°üe ¤EG ¿É«bôj á«Hô©dG á¨∏dÉc I~≤©eh áÑ©°U á¨d ¤EG É¡àªLôJh äÉHÉîàf’G ∫É› ‘ πª©dÉH á≤∏©àŸG ájõ«∏μfE’G äÉë∏£°üŸG ™ªL q¿CG ∂°T ’
»àdG á≤«b~dG äÉæjÉÑàdGh ,ÉgÒHÉ©J ∫ɪ©à°SG á≤jôW á°ûbÉæe øY ≈fGƒàj ’h ¬à¨∏H ±ƒ¨°T »Hô©dG ÇQÉ≤dG q¿CG ~MCG ≈∏Y ≈Øîj ’h .á«æ° ŸGh ábÉ°ûdG
Q~°UCÉa 2004 ΩÉ©dG ‘ IôeɨŸG √òg »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ª∏d ™HÉàdG ähÒH ‘ á«Hô©dG äGQƒ°ûæŸG õcôe ¢VÉN ,∂dP øe kÉbÓ£fGh .É¡«fÉ©eh ,É¡ØæàμJ
í∏£°üe »àÄà áK~ÙGh áë≤æŸG á©Ñ£dG √òg º«©£J ™e ,øμdh .‹ÉàdG ΩÉ©dG ‘ »HôY/…õ«∏μfEG-á«HÉîàf’G äÉë∏£°üª∏d ºLΟG π«dO øe á©ÑW ∫hCG
øe É¡Ñ«°üf äòNCG kÉeÉ¡HEG ÌcC’G äÉë∏£°üŸG ≈àM ;´ƒ°VƒŸG Gòg ÖfGƒL πμH áWÉME’G ¿ÉμeE’G Q~b ÉædhÉM ,á«Hô©dG ®ÉØdC’ÉH Om ô°ùe êGQOEGh ‘É°VEG
q
.É¡d m∞jô©J ™°Vh ¤EG Éæ«©°Sh ,¢TÉ≤ædG
kɪàM »©«Ñ£dG øe ¿Éμa ,ºμ◊G IQGOEGh á«WGô≤Á~dG »ndÉ› ‘ »Hô©dG ⁄É©dG ¿G~∏H ‘ É¡ª q¶æj »àdG èeGÈdG ¥É£f ™°Sƒj »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG ¿Éc ÉqŸh
r q
π≤æd á≤«bO á«MÓ£°UG äGQÉÑY çG~ëà°SG ∫É› ‘ kÉjOÉjQ Gk QhO É«≤jôaCG ∫ɪ°Th §°ShC’G ¥ô°ûdG á≤£æe øª°V á«Hô©dG á¨∏dÉH ≥WÉædG πª©dG ≥jôa …ODƒj ¿CG
.~¡©ŸG πªY É¡dƒM Qƒëªàj »àdG QÉμaC’Gh º«gÉØŸG
~¡©ŸG èeGôH iƒà°ùe ≈∏Y ÉgGh~L âÑãJ ’CG kÓeBG á«fÉãdG áHôéàdG √òg ™°VGƒJ πμH á«Hô©dG äGQƒ°ûæŸG õcôe ‘ πeÉ©dG ≥jôØdG ¢Vƒîj Éæg øe
π«d~dG Gòg q¿CG kɪ∏Y ,¬«∏Y äÉæ«°ù– ∫ÉNOEGh π«d~dG Gòg ÚeÉ° e í«≤æàd …Qhô° dG ¢TÉ≤ædG ÜGƒHCG á≤£æŸG ‘ íàØJ ¿CG πH ,Ö°ùMh »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG
p
.kÉ«FÉ¡f kÉ«ª°SQ kÉ©Lôe ’ ,º¡©e ~bÉ©àdG qºàj øjòdG ¿ƒjQƒØdG ¿ƒªLΟGh ~¡©ŸG ‘ πeÉ©dG ≥jôØdG √~ªà©j kÉ©Lôe ¿ƒμ«d ™°Vho
,äÉë∏£°üŸG øY º¡FGQBG hCG º¡JÉ≤«∏©J AG~HEG ¤EG ìÉ◊EÉH º¡ãëfh ,¬dƒM äÉYÉÑ£fG øe º¡j~d ¿ƒμàj Éà π«d~dG ƒe~îà°ùe ÉfOhõj ¿CG É檡j ,∂dòd
q q
:ÊhÎμdE’G ~jÈdG ¤EG π«d~dG Gòg áªLôJ ∫ƒM ìGÎbG hCG ≥«∏©J …CG ∫É°SQEG AÉLôdG .≥WÉæŸG ‘ É¡dɪ©à°SG á«°Uƒ°üNh ,É¡dɪ©à°SG á≤jôWh ,É¡JÉØjô©Jh
q
arabictranslation@ndi.org
≈∏YC’G QÉ°ûà°ùŸG ,∫ƒg ∞jRƒL
É«≤jôaCG ∫ɪ°Th §°SC’G ¥ô°ûdG á≤£æŸ
¿ÉæÑd - ähÒH

7. Acknowledgements
This updated and revised Guide builds on the work of its first publication, for which May Ahmar, served as editor.
She was assisted by Hiba Charara with research and by Arabic Publication Center Translator, Nour Al Assad, with
translation.
Nathalie Sleimane, Arabic Publication Center Coordinator, served as the primary and final editor for this second
publication of the Guide. Mr. Ayman Mhanna and Ms. Deborah Brown from the NDI Lebanon team assisted with
translation, research, and editing the Guide. Elizabeth Tomber and Neil Durnan from the Levant team and Julia
Brothers, Laura Grace, and Richard Klein from the Elections team contributed an additional 180 terms and pro-
vided expert advice for the Guide.
Sources
The glossaries included in NDI’s “Monitoring Electronic Technologies in the Electoral Process” by Vladimr Pran and Patrick
Merloe, and “The Political Campaign Planning Manual” by J.Brian O'Day were added verbatim to the Guide. Other
sources and websites are gratefully acknowledged below:
ACE PROJECT Glossary & Encyclopedia: www.aceproject.org
Produced by the International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES), the International Institute for Democracy
and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA).
International IDEA: www.idea.int
Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook (English and Arabic versions) 2005/2006.
UNDP Programme on Governance in the Arab Region (POGAR). www.pogar.org
UNTERM is a Multilingual Database including terminology related to the United Nations’ work in elections, gov-
ernance, and other programs.
http://unterm.un.org/
Access Clark County is the official website for Clark County Nevada. It provides information about local govern-
ment, legislation, and public services for local constituents. www.accessclarkcounty.com
The Boulder Community Network (BCN) provides non-profit organizations with information about community
issues. http://bcn.boulder.co.us
Elections Canada is an independent body established by parliament. This website is part of an effort to provide
accessible information about the federal electoral system. www.elections.ca

8. ôj~≤Jh ôμ°T áª∏c
áÑg I~«°ùdG øe mI~YÉ°ùà ,ÉgOG~YEG ≈∏Y ôªMC’G »e á°ùfB’G âaô°TCG »àdG ¤hC’G á©Ñ£dG äÉ«£©e ¤EG π«d~dG øe áK~ÙGh áë≤æŸG á©Ñ£dG √òg äõμJQG
.á«Hô©dG äGQƒ°ûæŸG õcôe ‘ áªLΟG ,~©°SC’G Qƒf á°ùfB’G øeh ,çÉëHC’ÉH âeÉb »àdG IQGô°T
mI~YÉ°ùà ,AÉ«dG ¤EG ∞dC’G øe π«d~dG Gòg øe á«fÉãdG á©Ñ£dG OG~YEG ≈∏Y âaô°TCG ~≤a ,á«Hô©dG äGQƒ°ûæŸG õcôe ¿hDƒ°T á≤°ùæe ,¿Éª«∏°S ‹ÉJÉf á°ùfB’G ÉeCG
IOÉ°TE’G Q~Œh .í«≤æàdGh çÉëHC’Gh áªLÎdG ä’É› ‘ ,¿ÉæÑd ‘ πeÉ©dG ~¡©ŸG ≥jôa øª°V øjƒ° Y ɪ¡àØ°üH ,¿hGôH GQƒÑjO á°ùfB’Gh Éæ¡e øÁCG ~«°ùdG øe
GQƒdh ,RôKhôH É«dƒLh ,¥ô°ûŸG èeGÈH »æ©ŸG ≥jôØdG øe ¿ÉfQOo π«fh ÈeƒJ å«HGõ«dEG ,ºgDhɪ°SCG á«dÉàdG ¢UÉî°TC’G kÉ° jCG É¡e~b »àdG I~YÉ°ùŸÉH kÉ° jCG
q
kÉbÓ£fG º¡JGQÉ°ûà°SÉH π«d~dG GƒæZCGh kÉë∏£°üe 180 áaÉ°VEÉH kÉ©«ªL A’Dƒg º¡°SCG ~≤a .äÉHÉîàf’G èeGÈH »æ©ŸG ≥jôØdG øe øjÓc OQÉ°ûàjQh ,¢ùjGôZ
q
.äÉHÉîàf’G ∫É› ‘ AGÈîc º¡©bƒe øe
™LGôŸGh QOÉ°üŸG áªFÉb
øe ' á«HÉîàf’G äÉ«∏ª©dG ‘ I~ªà©ŸG á«fhÎμdE’G äÉ«LƒdƒæμàdG áÑbGôe'' ¿Gƒæ©H ôNBGm π«dO ‘ áe~îà°ùŸG äÉë∏£°üŸG ´ƒª› π«d~dG Gòg ¤EG n∞«°VoCG
n n
™bGƒŸGh QOÉ°üŸÉH ¬jƒæàdG øe kÉ° jCG ~H ’h .…GOhCG øjGôH ∞«dCÉJ øe ' á«HÉîàf’G á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÓª◊G OG~YEG π«dO'' ‘h ,ƒdÒe ∂jôJÉHh ¿GôH ÒÁOÓa OG~YEG
q
:á«dÉàdG »gh ,É¡«dEG Éf~æà°SG »àdG iôNC’G á«fhÎμdE’G
:»HÉîàf’G ™bƒŸG ≈∏Y (ACE PROJECT) É¡Ø«dÉμJh äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG ´hô°ûe øY QOÉ°üdG á«HÉîàf’G äÉë∏£°üŸG ºé©eh ' ¢ùjEG' áYƒ°Sƒe
http://aceproject.org/ace-en
¿hDƒ°ûdG IQGOEGh ,(IDEA) äÉHÉîàf’Gh á«WGô≤Á~∏d á«dh~dG á°ù°SDƒŸGh ,(IFES) á«HÉîàf’G ᪶fCÓd á«dh~dG á°ù°SDƒŸG øe mIQOÉÑà ´hô°ûŸG Gòg CÉ°ûf ~bh
.(UNDESA) I~ëàŸG ·C’G ‘ á«YɪàL’Gh ájOÉ°üàb’G
www.idea.int :ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸG ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’Gh á«WGô≤Á~∏d á«dh~dG á°ù°SDƒŸG
.2006/2005 áë≤æŸGh I~j~÷G á«Hô©dG ¬àî°ùfh ájõ«∏μfE’G ¬àî°ùf ‘ äÉHÉîàf’Gh á«WGô≤Á~∏d á«dh~dG á°ù°SDƒŸG π«dO :á«HÉîàf’G º¶ædG ∫Éμ°TCG
www.pogar.org :ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸG ≈∏Y (POGAR) á«Hô©dG ∫h~dG ‘ ºμ◊G IQGOEG ∫ƒM »FɉE’G I~ëàŸG ·C’G èeÉfôH
»ndÉ› ‘ ᪶æŸG πª©H á∏°üàŸG äÉë∏£°üŸG øª° àJh I~ëàŸG ·C’G ᪶æe É¡JÉ°ûfCG »àdG (UNTERM) äɨ∏dG IO~©àŸG äÉë∏£°üŸG I~YÉb
r q
http://unterm.un.org/ :ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸG ≈∏Y ôaGƒàJ »gh .iôNC’G èeGÈdÉH ∂dòch ,ºμ◊G IQGOEGh äÉHÉîàf’G
,äÉ©jô°ûàdGh ,á«∏ÙG ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe øY äÉeƒ∏©e ™bƒŸG Gòg Ω~≤jh .GOÉØ«f ‘ ∑QÓc á©WÉ≤Ÿ (Access Clark County) »ª°SôdG ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸG
q
www.accessclarkcounty.com .»∏ÙG ÖNÉæ∏d IôaGƒàŸG áeÉ©dG äÉe~ÿGh
:ÊhÎμ˘˘dE’G ™˘˘bƒŸG ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ᢢ«˘ ∏ÙG ¿hDƒ˘ °ûdG ø˘˘Y mäɢ˘eƒ˘˘∏˘ ©Ã ᢢ«˘ ë˘ Hô˘˘dG ÒZ äɢ˘ª˘ ˘¶˘ ˘æŸG ~“ »˘˘ à˘ ˘dG
q (Boulder Community Network) á˘μ˘Ñ˘ °T
http://bcn.boulder.co.us/
᪶fCG øY äÉeƒ∏©ŸG Òaƒàd ádhòÑŸG Oƒ¡÷G QÉWEG ‘ ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸG Gòg ICÉ°ûf âJCG ~bh .¿ÉŸÈdG ÉgCÉ°ûfCG á∏≤à°ùe áÄ«g »gh Elections Canada áÄ«g
www.elections.ca :á«dGQ~ØdG ∫h~dG ‘ ÜÉîàf’G

10. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 1
A
Absentee Ballot A ballot used by voters who are unable º¡©°ùj ’ øjòdG ¿ƒÑNÉædG É¡e~îà°ùj ´GÎbG ábQh
to go to the polls to vote, either because ábÉYEÉH º¡àHÉ°UE’ ÉeEG ,´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG ∫ƒ°UƒdG
»HÉ«¨dG ´GÎb’G ábQh they are disabled or will be away from
their district on election day. Often, but
Ωƒj ‘ á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG øY ºg~©Ñd hCG áj~°ùL
not always, absentee balloting is done ¿ƒÑNÉædG A’Dƒg ´Î≤j Ée kÉÑdÉZ ,∂dòd .ÜÉîàf’G
through the mail. See also, “Out of ' ~∏ÑdG êQÉN âjƒ°üJ'' kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .~jÈdG ÈY kÉ«HÉ«Z
Q
Country Voting (OCV)” and “Postal
.''~jÈdG ÈY âjƒ°üJ''h
Vote/Voting By Mail.”
Absentee Voting A voting method by which voters can øe º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OE’G ÚÑNÉæ∏d í«àJ âjƒ°üJ á«dBG
»HÉ«Z ´GÎbG/âjƒ°üJ cast their ballots without going to their Ωƒj ‘ º¡d IO~ÙG ´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG ¬LƒàdG ¿hO
polling station on the day fixed for vot-
ing. See also “Embassy Voting,”
,''äGQɢ˘Ø˘ °ùddG ‘ âjƒ˘˘°üJ'' kɢ ° jCG ™˘˘LGQ .Üɢ˘î˘ à˘ f’G
“Out of Country Voting (OCV),” .''~jÈdG ÈY âjƒ°üJ''h ,''~∏ÑdG êQÉN âjƒ°üJ''h
Q
and “Postal Vote/Voting By Mail.”
Absolute Majority The required level of support in votes ∫ƒ˘°ü◊G ܃˘˘∏˘ £ŸG äGƒ˘˘°UC’G O~˘˘Y ᢢjÌcC’G √ò˘˘¡˘ H OGô˘˘jo
required to win an electoral contest or …C’ Gk ~«jCÉJ hCG á«HÉîàfG ácô©e …ÉC H RƒØ∏d áeÉY ¬«∏Y
k
á≤∏£e ájÌcCG a referendum. In most countries, an
q
absolute majority is calculated as 50%
,¿G~˘∏˘Ñ˘dG º˘¶˘©˘e ‘ .Aɢ˘à˘ Ø˘ à˘ °SÓ˘˘d ᢢMhô˘˘£˘ e ᢢdÉC ˘ °ùe
+ 1, while in other countries a higher äGƒ°UC’G øe %50 áÑ°ùæH á≤∏£ŸG ájÌcC’G Ö°ùàëoJ n
threshold is required by law, such as ¢ ©H ‘ ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ΩÉμMCG •Î°ûJ ɪ«a ,~MGh 䃰U ~FGR
two-thirds or 70%. Various legal sys- √òg ÚeCÉàd ≈∏YCG áÑ°ùf ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G iôNC’G ¿G~∏ÑdG
tems set different quota requirements
for the absolute majority; for example áÑ°ùædG √òg q¿GC kɪ∏Y ,kÓãe Úã∏ãdG ájÌcCÉc ,ájÌcC’G
a country may include all eligible vot- ±Óà˘NɢH ∞˘∏˘à˘î˘J á˘≤˘∏˘£ŸG á˘jÌcC’G ÚeCɢà˘d á˘Hƒ˘∏˘£ŸG
ers or legislators, not simply all partic- Ö°ùà˘ë˘j ’ ¿G~˘∏˘ Ñ˘ dG ¢ ©˘˘Ñ˘ a .ᢢ«˘ fƒ˘˘fɢ˘≤˘ dG ᢢª˘ ¶˘ f’GC
ipating voters or legislators, in the cal-
culation of an absolute majority which
ÜGƒædG hCG ÚÑNÉædG O~Y ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y á≤∏£ŸG ájÌcC’G
means that high voter abstention rates ™«ªL ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y πH ,Ö°ùMh âjƒ°üàdG ‘ ÚcQÉ°ûŸG
can cause an initiative to fail. See also q¿GC »æ©j ɇ ,âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒŸG ÜGƒædG hCG ÚÑNÉædG
“Plurality/Relative Majority” and ÖÑ°ùàj ¿CG øμÁ âjƒ°üàdG øY Ú©æટG áÑ°ùf ´ÉØJQG
“Simple Majority.”
f
' á«Ñ°ùf ájÌcCG' kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .âjƒ°üJ IQOÉÑe …GC ∫É°ûaEÉH
q
.''ájOÉY ájÌcCG' h

11. 2 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
Accessibility The level of access for election stake- øà ,äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ Ú«æ©ŸG IQ~b i~e ≈∏Y ∫~J q
holders, including citizens and political ,¿ƒ°ùaÉæàŸG ¿ƒ«°SÉ«°ùdG ¿ƒë°TôŸGh ¿ƒæWGƒŸG º¡«a
´ÓW’Gh ácQÉ°ûŸG á«fÉμeEG
Ÿ competitors, to participate in and gar-
ner information about all stages of the
äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ™ªL ≈∏Y ∂dòch É¡«a ácQÉ°ûŸG ≈∏Y
electoral process. .á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG πMGôe πc øY
Accountability The relationship between government ,øWGƒŸGh áeƒμ◊G ÚH CÉ°ûæJ »àdG ábÓ©dÉH ≈q∏éàJ
and citizens. Acknowledgement and äGQGô˘≤˘dG ø˘Y ɢ¡˘à˘«˘ dhDƒ˘ °ùÃ á˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G ô˘ ≤˘ J å«˘˘M
áÑ°SÉfi/ádAÉ°ùe
e assumption of responsibility for deci-
q
sions, actions, and policies, in light of πªëàJh ,É¡æY Q~°üJ »àdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdGh ∫ɪYC’Gh
q
agreed expectations, such as an agree- øe ±ôW πc ¬©bƒàj Ée Aƒ°V ≈∏Y á«dhDƒ°ùŸG √òg
q
ment between an elected official and ∫hDƒ˘ ˘°ùŸG ÚH Oƒ˘˘ ≤˘ ˘©ŸG ¥É˘˘ Ø˘ ˘J’G ¬˘˘ Ñ˘ ˘°ûj ÉÃh ô˘˘ NB’G
his/her constituents.
.¬«ÑNÉfh ÖîàæŸG n
Ad Hoc Electoral Electoral districts that are created out- É¡«∏Y ±QÉ©àŸG ôWC’G êQÉN CÉ°ûæJ á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO
Districts side of the standard framework and/or ô˘˘ FGh~˘˘ dG º˘˘ «˘ ˘°SÎd IO~ÙG ᢢ «˘ ˘æ˘ ˘ eõ˘˘ ˘dG π˘˘ ˘¡ŸG hCG/h
timeline for designing electoral districts.
¢Vô¨d ICÉ°ûæe á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO
æ .á«HÉîàf’G
á°UÉN á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO/¢UÉN
Additional See “Mixed-Member Proportional .''á£∏àıG ájƒ° ©dG Ωɶf'' ™LGQ
Member System System.”
‘É°VE’G ~©≤ŸG ÜÉîàfG Ωɶf
Adjudication The hearing and deciding of a legal case QG~°UEGh áªμÙG ΩÉeCG ™aôoJ á«fƒfÉb iƒYO ‘ ô¶ædG
in a court of law. .É¡fCÉ°ûH ºμM
äÉYRÉæŸG ‘ π°üa
Administration Clerk The person responsible for organizing Ωƒ˘˘«˘ ∏˘ d I~˘ ©ŸG OGƒŸG º˘˘«˘ ¶˘ æ˘ J ø˘˘ Y ∫Cɢ ˘°ù˘˘ jo ¢ü °T
q l
…QGOEG ∞Xƒe materials for election day and assisting á«fƒfÉ≤dG äGAGôLE’G ≥«Ñ£J ‘ ~YÉ°ùjh »HÉîàf’G
with post-election day statutory require-
ments, in addition to performing gener-
,ƒgh .»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ~©H Ée kɪμM ÖJÎJ »àdG
al administration and clerical functions á˘eɢ©˘dG á˘jQGOE’G Ωɢ˘¡ŸÉ˘˘H ™˘˘∏˘ £˘ ° j ,∂dP ø˘˘Y kÓ˘ ° a
related to elections administration. .äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEÉH á£ÑJôŸG
Administrative The unintentional exclusion of an eligi- π˘é˘°S ø˘e âjƒ˘°üà˘∏˘d π˘˘gƒ˘ e ÖNɢ˘f …GC º˘˘°SG •É˘˘≤˘ °SEG
D q
Exclusion ble voter from the voters roll due to lim- á«∏ªY IQGOEG ‘ m π∏N OƒLƒd ~°üb ÒZ øY ÚÑNÉædG
itations of voter registration administra-
…QGOEG AÉ°übEG tion, such as a poorly publicized dead-
π˘¡˘e ø˘Y ¿Ó˘Y’G ‘ Ò°ü≤˘à˘dɢc ,ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG π˘˘«˘ é˘ °ùJ
E
lines, redistricting, clerical errors, or due ,á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ IOÉYEG ÖÑ°ùH hCG ,π«é°ùàdG
to voter inaction, such as failing to com- ∫ɪμà°SG øY ÚÑNÉædG ¢ùYÉ≤J hCG ájQGOE’G AÉ£NC’G
plete the registration process correctly. .á«YôŸG ∫ƒ°UC’G ≥ah π«é°ùàdG á«∏ªY

12. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 3
Advance Voting Voting conducted before election day IÎØ˘dG ø˘ª˘°V Üɢ˘î˘ à˘ f’G Ωƒ˘˘j π˘˘Ñ˘ b …ô˘˘é˘ j ´GÎbG
ôμÑe âjƒ°üJ during a period specified by the electoral ¿G~∏ÑdG ¿CÉ°T øeh .ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb ÖLƒÃ IO~ÙG
law. Countries that allow early voting
may require citizens to justify why they
ø˘˘e Ö∏˘˘ £˘ ˘J ¿CG ô˘˘ μ˘ ˘ÑŸG ´GÎb’ɢ˘ H í˘˘ ª˘ ˘°ùJ »˘˘ à˘ ˘dG
are unable to cast a ballot on election º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OE’G øY ºgõéY ÖÑ°S ôjÈJ É¡«æWGƒe
day. Also known as advanced voting. .ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj ‘
Advertisements Political campaigning in a form of voter äÓª◊G ¿ÉHEG ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJ’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe lπμ°T
(»HÉîàfG) ¿ÓYEG contact in which the campaign pays to ádÉ°SQ ∫É°üjEG ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ~¡©àJ å«M á«°SÉ«°ùdG
have the mass media deliver the mes-
sage. See also “Mass Media,”
πFÉ°Sh''h ,''(á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ'' ™LGQ .∫~H πHÉ≤e á∏ª◊G
“Message,” and “Paid Media.” .''´ƒa~e ΩÓYEG' h ,''ΩÓYE’G
Affiliate In the electoral context, this is a person, ¢üî°ûdG ¤EG ,»HÉîàf’G ¥É«°ùdG ‘ ,í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj
`H §ÑJôe political group, or a non-political »àdG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÒZ ᪶æŸG hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG áYƒªÛG hCG
organization associated with a candi-
date or political organization.
.»°SÉ«°S º«¶æàH hCG í°Tôà •ÉÑJQG É¡j~d ¿ƒμj
Alien/Non-Citizen Individuals living in a country who are áØ°U πªëj ¿CG ÒZ øe ø«©e ~∏H ‘ ¢û«©j Ol ôa
q
»ÑæLCG not legal citizens of the nation or of the áj’ƒdG hCG ádh~dG ÉjÉYôd I~FÉ©dG »Yô°ûdG øWGƒŸG
state in which they reside, and therefore
do not have access to the same rights
¥ƒ˘≤◊ɢH ™˘à˘ª˘à˘dG ¬˘dƒ˘î˘j ’ ɇ ,ɢ¡˘«˘a º˘«˘≤˘ j »˘˘à˘ dG
q
and responsibilities as citizens. See also .É¡˘«˘æ˘WGƒ˘e ¤EG IOƒ˘¡˘©ŸG äɢ«˘dhDƒ˘°ùŸÉ˘H ´Ó˘£˘°V’Gh
“Citizen” and “Resident.” .''~∏ÑdG ‘ º«≤e''h ' øWGƒe'' kÉ° jCG ™LGQ
Alliance An association of groups, people, or ≈∏Y ≥aGƒàJ k’hO hCG kÉ°UÉî°TCG hCG äÉYƒª› º° j ™ªŒ
q q
∞dÉ– nations who agree to cooperate to .∑ΰûe ±~g ≥«≤– πLCG øe É¡æ«H Ée ‘ ¿hÉ©àdG
achieve a common goal. An alliance is
usually a formal agreement. See also
.''±ÓàFG''h ' πàμJ'' kÉ° jCG ™LGQ
“Bloc” and “Coalition.”
Allocation of Seats Distribution of seats to political parties Úë°TôŸG hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G ≈∏Y ~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ
or candidates within a legislative body »àdG äGƒ°UC’G O~©d kÉ≤ah á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG πNGO
~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ according to votes received.
.É¡«∏Y ¿ƒ∏°üëj

13. 4 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
Alternative Vote A voting method used in plurality/major- ≥Ñ£ŸG …ÌcC’G ΩɶædG πX ‘ ™ÑàoJ âjƒ°üJ á«dBG
q q
πj~ÑdG 䃰üdG Ωɶf ity systems in single-member districts in ‘ GƒÑJôj ¿CÉH ÚÑNÉæ∏d í«àJh ájOôØdG ôFGh~dG øª°V
which voters mark their order prefer-
ences for candidates on the ballot by
º¡«dEG øjÒ°ûe ,Ú∏° ØŸG º¡«ë°Tôe ´GÎb’G ábQh
using numbers. If no candidate wins an πæj ⁄ ∫ÉM ‘h .º¡j~d á«∏° aC’G áLQO Ö°ùëHm ΩÉbQCÉH
n
absolute majority when first preference äGƒ˘°UC’G ™˘jRƒ˘J ~˘æ˘Y á˘≤˘∏˘£ŸG ᢢjÌcC’G í˘˘°Tô˘˘e …CG
q
votes are distributed, the least successful
candidates are excluded and the second
Ú뢰TôŸG Oɢ©˘Ñ˘à˘°SG ¤EG Qɢ°ü˘oj ,¤hC’G ᢫˘∏˘«˘° Ø˘˘à˘ dG
preference votes of their supporters are äGƒ°UCG ™jRƒJ IOÉYEG ¤EGh ácô©ŸG øY kɶM πbC’G
redistributed. This process continues ¿CG ¤EG IôμdG OÉ©oJh .á«fÉãdG á«∏«° ØàdG º¡j~jDƒe
q
until a candidate achieves a majority. .ájÌcC’ÉH Úë°TôŸG ~MCG ≈¶ëj
Amendment of A revision or change made in the elec- Gòg ‘ á«YôŸG ᪶fC’Gh ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb ´É° NEG
Electoral Law toral law and regulations by formal proce- .»ª°SQ AGôLE’ kÉ≤ÑW ,Ò«¨àdG hCG á©LGôŸG ¤EG ∫ÉÛG
dure. See also “Electoral Reform.”
»HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG πj~©J .' »HÉîàfG ìÓ°UEG' kÉ° jCG ™LGQ
Anomaly A deviation or departure from the normal ~YGƒ≤dG hCG ,∫ƒ°UC’G hCG ,᪶fC’G øY êhôN hCG ±GôëfG
I~YÉ≤dG øY Phò°T order, form, or rule. Can be found by ‘ Phò˘˘°ûdG ô˘˘gɢ˘ ¶˘ ˘e º˘˘ g~˘˘ MGC ~˘˘ °Uô˘˘ j ~˘˘ ≤˘ ˘a .ᢢ «˘ ˘YôŸG
comparing election results (e.g. rates of
voter participation, numbers of spoilt bal-
äÉHÉîàf’G É¡à∏é°S »àdG èFÉàædG áfQÉ≤à äÉHÉîàf’G
lots, margins of victory, etc.) from a cur- ¥GQhCG O~˘˘ Yh ,ÚÑ˘˘ Nɢ˘ æ˘ ˘dG ᢢ cQɢ˘ ˘°ûe Ö°ùæ˘˘ ˘c) ᢢ ˘jQÉ÷G
rent election in the region with data from äÉfÉ«ÑH (É¡«dEG Éeh ,RƒØdG ¢ûeÉgh ,á«ZÓdG ´GÎb’G
previous years. .iôNCG ≥WÉæe hCG mäGƒæ°S ‘ äôL äÉHÉîàfG øe IÉ≤à°ùe
Apathy Voter A trend among some voters that demon- ¿h~Ñj ɪ∏b øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG ¢ ©H i~d áéFGQ ádÉM
m ∫ÉÑe’ ÖNÉf strates lack of interest in voting, politics, ,»˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG π˘ª˘©˘dGh ,âjƒ˘°üà˘dG ᢫˘∏˘ ª˘ Y ‘ kɢ eɢ˘ª˘ à˘ gG
candidates, and other public issues. See also
“Voter Drop Off” and “Voter Fatigue.”
™LGQ .ΩÉ©dG ¿CÉ°ûdÉH ≥∏©àJ iôNCG ÉjÉ° b ‘h ,Úë°TôŸGh
.''ÖNÉædG áªg Qƒàa''h ' ácQÉ°ûŸG iƒà°ùe ¢VÉØîfG'' kÉ° jCG
Ÿ e
Apparentement A device used in some list proportional í«àJh á«Ñ°ùædG áëFÓdG ᪶fCG ¢ ©H ‘ ~ªà©oJ á«dBG
n
»HÉîàfG πàμJ representation systems which enables ‘ É¡∏àμJ øY ø∏©J ¿CG É¡æ«H Ée ‘ •ÉÑJQG ’ mÜGõMC’
separate parties to declare themselves
linked for the purpose of seat allocation. .~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ ~æY É¡°VGôZC’ áe~N ,äÉHÉîàf’G
k
Appellate Court Any court of law that is empowered to øY QOÉ°U ºμM ‘ ô¶ædG á«MÓ°U É¡«dEG πncƒJ áªμfi …CG
±ÉæÄà°S’G áªμfi hear an appeal of a court or other tribunal. ø©£∏d áYƒaôŸG ihÉY~dG ‘ âÑdG QÉWEG ‘h .iôNCG áªμfi
In the process of electoral complaints
adjudication, an appellate court can be the
±ÉæÄà°S’G áªμfi Ωƒ≤J ¿CG øμÁ ,äÉHÉîàf’G áë°U ‘
next body of review after the election áÄ«g ~©H ¿ƒ©£dG √òg ‘ ô¶æJ »àdG á©LGôŸG áÄ«g ΩÉ≤e
management body (EMB), electoral court, ¿ƒ˘©˘£˘dɢH ᢰüàıG á˘ª˘μÙG ~˘©˘H hCG ,äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘à˘f’G IQGOEG
electoral tribunal, or other designated judi- QG~°UE’ ¢VƒØe ôNBG »FÉ° b RÉ¡L …GC ~©H hCG á«HÉîàf’G
cial body has issued a decision. See also s q
“Review Authority/Body.” .''á©LGôŸG áÄ«g'' kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¿CÉ°ûdG Gò¡H QGôb

14. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 5
Applying for The procedure by which an individual ¢Vƒÿ ¬˘ë˘°Tô˘J ø˘Y ø˘∏˘©˘j ¿CɢH Oô˘Ø˘∏˘d í˘«˘à˘ j AGô˘˘LEG
Candidacy officially declares his or her candidacy ‘ ≥Ñ£ŸG »HÉî˘à˘f’G ¿ƒ˘fɢ≤˘∏˘d kɢ©˘Ñ˘Jh .äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G
to contest an election. Depending on
í«°TÎdG Ö∏W Ë~≤J the electoral law of the country, apply-
í°TôŸG øe äÉHÉîàfÓd í°TÎdG »Y~à°ùj ~b ,~∏ÑdG
ing for candidacy may require collecting kɨ∏Ñe ´Op ƒj ¿CG hCG ™«bGƒàdG øe kÉæ«©e Gk O~Y ™ªéj ¿CG
q
a certain number of signatures or pay- π«é°ùJ' h ,''í°TÎ∏d á«∏gC’G •hô°T'' ™LGQ .∫ÉŸG øe
°J
ing a deposit. See also “Ballot
.''Úë°TôŸG hCG ÜGõMC’G
Qualification” and “Registration of
Parties or Candidates.”
Appointed Official An individual holding public office ¬HÉîàfG ÖLƒÃ ,kÉeÉY kÉÑ°üæe π¨°ûj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG
ø«©oe ∫hDƒ°ùe
e selected for the position by another äɢĢ«˘g ø˘e iô˘NCG á˘Ä˘«˘g Öfɢ˘L ø˘˘e Ö°üæŸG Gò˘˘¡˘ d
s branch of government, such as the
executive or legislature, rather than by
ÖLƒÃ ’ ,á«©jô°ûàdG hCG ájò«ØæàdG ᣰùdÉc ,ºμ◊G
an election by citizens. .ÚæWGƒŸG øe ¬HÉîàfG
Approval Voting A single-seat election method in øe ÚÑNÉædG øuμªoJ ,~MGh ~©≤e AπŸ ÜÉîàfG á«dBG
á≤aGƒŸÉH âjƒ°üJ which voters can vote for, or approve ,ºgO~Y ¿Éc kÉjCG ,Úë°TôŸG øe ¿hDhÉ°ûj øŸ âjƒ°üàdG
of, as many candidates as they wish.
Each approved candidate receives one
í°Tôe πc ∫Éæj ,‹ÉàdÉHh .º¡ë«°TôJ ≈∏Y á≤aGƒŸG hCG
vote, and the candidate with the most RƒØj ¿CG ≈∏Y Gk ~MGh kÉJƒ°U ÚÑNÉædG á≤aGƒÃ ≈¶ëj
votes wins. .äGƒ°UC’G á«Ñ∏ZCG ∫Éæj …òdG í°TôŸG ~©≤ŸÉH
o
Association Group of individuals who organize øY kÉYÉaO º¡aƒØ°U ¿ƒª q¶æj øjòdG OGôaC’G øe áYƒª›
á£HGQ/á«©ªL around a common idea or cause, with áØ°U ¿ƒ∏ªëj GƒfÉcCG AGƒ°S ,ácΰûe á«° b hCG Iôμa
either formal or informal status in a polit-
ical system. Associations are considered
√ògh .»°SÉ«°ùdG ΩɶædG πNGO ᫪°SQ ÒZ hCG ᫪°SQ
civil society organizations (CSOs) and Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äɪ¶æe ΩÉ≤à Èà©oJ »àdG äÉ«©ª÷G
can include non-governmental organiza- äÉHÉ≤ædG hCG á«eƒμ◊G ÒZ äɪ¶æŸG º° J ¿CG øμÁ
q
tions (NGOs) or labor unions. See also ,''Ê~ŸG ™ª˘àÛG äɢª˘¶˘æ˘e' kɢ° jCG ™˘LGQ .᢫˘dɢª˘©˘ dG
“Civil Society Organization (CSO),”
“Non-Governmental Organization .''á«dɪY äGOÉ–G''h ,''á«eƒμM ÒZ äɪ¶æe''h
(NGO)” and “Union.”
At-Large Candidates may be elected “at-large” to á˘≤˘£˘æŸG ¥É˘£˘f ≈˘∏˘Y' ¿ƒ˘ë˘°TôŸG Ö˘î˘à˘æ˘oj ¿CG Rƒ˘˘é˘ j
n
É¡∏eÉμH á≤£æŸG π«ã“ represent an entire jurisdiction that ´ôØàJ »àdG ájQGOE’G I~MƒdG πeÉc Gƒ∏㪫d ' πμc
contains sub-districts. This jurisdiction
q
then serves as a single constituency. At-
IôFGO á≤£æŸG √òg πqμ°ûàa .á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO É¡æY
large systems allow 50 % of voters to IO~©àŸG ᪶fC’G íª°ùJ ,‹ÉàdÉHh .I~MGh á«HÉîàfG
control 100 % of seats, and in conse- Iô£«°ùdÉH ÚÑNÉædG øe áÄŸG ‘ 50 áÑ°ùæd π«ãªàdG
quence typically results in racially and
¤EG kɢ«˘F~˘Ñ˘e »˘˘° Ø˘˘j ɇ ,~˘˘Yɢ˘≤ŸG O~˘˘Y π˘˘eɢ˘c ≈˘˘∏˘ Y
politically homogenous elected bodies.
.kÉ«°SÉ«°Sh kÉ«bôY á°ùfÉéàe áÑîàæe äÉÄ«g π«μ°ûJ
nn

15. 6 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
At-Large District A district that contains sub districts, or »àdG hCG ,á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO I~Y º° J »àdG á≤£æŸG
q
É¡∏eÉμH á≤£æe where more than one candidate shares ¢ù«Fô˘d Rƒ˘é˘«˘a .~˘MGh í˘°Tô˘e ø˘e ÌcCG ɢ¡˘ª˘°Sɢ≤˘à˘j
the same district. A mayor may run “at-
large” while city council members run
í°TÎj ɪ«a ' á≤£æŸG πeÉc øY'' í°TÎj ¿CG áj~∏ÑdG
in districts. See “Multi-Member .᢫˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G ô˘FGh~˘dG ø˘Y …~˘∏˘Ñ˘ dG ¢ù∏ÛG Aɢ˘° YCG
District.” .''~YÉ≤ŸG IO~©àe IôFGO'' ™LGQ
At-Large Plurality See “Block Vote/Bloc Vote.” .''á∏àμdG Ωɶf'' ™LGQ
Ö°ùëH á∏àμdG âjƒ°üJ
ë
…ÌcC’G ΩɶædG
Audience A person or people to whom information hCG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ¿ƒ≤∏àj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe ¿ƒμàj
q
Qƒ¡ªL is conveyed or messages are directed. .πFÉ°SôdG º¡«dEG ¬LƒoJ
s
Audit (Electoral) An examination of records and activi- Ég~«≤J øe ~cCÉà∏d ,ᣰûfC’Gh äÓé°ùdG áæjÉ©e
q
(»HÉîàfG) ≥«b~J ties conducted to ensure compliance ,á«YôŸG πª©dG äGAGôLEGh äÉ°SÉ«°ùdGh §HGƒ° dÉH
with established controls, policies, and
operational procedures. Also to recom-
≈∏Y ¬dÉNOEG ìÎ≤e πj~©J …CG ¿CÉ°ûH äÉ«°UƒJ ™aôdh
n
mend any indicated changes in con- .IQƒcòŸG øjOÉ«ŸG
trols, policy, or procedures.
Authority Quality that leads the judgments, deci- º¡JOGQEG Aπà Gƒ∏Ñ≤àj ¿CG ≈∏Y øjôNB’G πª– »àdG áØ°üdG
á£∏°S sions, recommendations, and orders of øY IQOÉ°üdG ôeGhC’Gh äÉ«°UƒàdGh äGQGô≤dGh ΩÉμMC’G
certain individuals and institutions to
be accepted voluntarily as right and
,áë«ë°Uh ᪫∏°S ÉgQÉÑàYÉH äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG OGôaC’G ¢ ©H
therefore to be implemented through hCG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG √ò¡d ´É«°üf’G ∫ÓN øe Égƒ≤Ñ£j ¿CG ≈∏Yh
obedience and cooperation. Authority ~ªà°ùJ á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£∏°ùdG q¿GC lí«ë°U .É¡©e ¿hÉ©àdG
q
is a main source of political power, but
it is not identical to it. For example, the
qøμdh ,É¡d áMƒæªŸG á£∏°ùdG øe ∫hC’G É¡Jƒb Q~°üe
State may be the main holder of øY ™˘Ñ˘£˘dɢH ∞˘∏˘à˘î˘j á˘dhDƒ˘°ùe á˘¡˘é˘c á˘£˘∏˘°ùdG Ωƒ˘¡˘Ø˘e
authority, and therefore be the target ±~˘¡˘à˘°ùJ kÓ˘ã˘e ɢæ˘g ø˘e .᢫˘MÓ˘°üc á˘£˘∏˘ °ùdG Ωƒ˘˘¡˘ Ø˘ e
of advocacy. á¡÷G kÓãe ¿ƒμJ ~b É¡qfGC Éà ádh~dG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM
n o
.á£∏°ùdG É¡«dEG πncƒoJ »àdG á«°SÉ°SC’G

16. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 7
B
Balanced Media Media that presents more than one side ≈àe ÈN …CG øY ô¶f á¡Lh øe ÌcCG ¢Vô©j ΩÓYEG
q
¿RGƒàe ΩÓYEG of a story when appropriate. To be bal- ’ ¿RGƒ˘à˘dG á˘Ø˘°U ΩÓ˘YE’G Üɢ°ùà˘cGh .kÉ˘Ñ˘°Sɢ˘æ˘ e ¿É˘˘c
anced, media is not required to allocate
precisely equal time to all sides, but the
á˘Mɢ°ùŸG ±Gô˘WC’G ™˘«˘ ª˘ L í˘˘æÁ ¿CG ¬˘˘æ˘ e »˘˘Y~˘˘à˘ °ùj
quality of being balanced precludes ∫ƒëj ¿CG ¬æe »Y~à°ùj ɉEG ,kG~j~– É¡JGP á«eÓYE’G
inflated coverage of one side and/or hCG/h kÉ«eÓYEG ±GôWC’G ~MCG á«£¨J ‘ •GôaE’G ¿hO
disregard or omission of another. .øjôNB’G ±GôWC’G ∫ɪgEG hCG πgÉŒ
Ballot Box Official container into which voters p
.´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬«a §≤°ùoj »ª°SQ AÉYh
´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U place their ballot papers.
Ballot Box Seals A method of tamper-proofing the ballot ≥˘˘jô˘˘W ø˘˘Y ,´GÎb’G ≥˘˘jOɢ˘æ˘ °üH åÑ˘˘©˘ dG ™˘˘æŸ ᢢ«˘ dGB
´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U ΩÉàNCG box, with a uniquely numbered keyed øªa .Iõq«‡ ΩÉbQCÉH IôØ°ûe ∫ÉØbCG hCG πØ≤H Ég~jhõJ
lock. It is appropriate to seal, with a
paper seal, wax, or some other method,
≥q∏©e ƒgh ,´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U πØb ºàîjo ¿CG ≥ahC’G
n
the keyhole of each lock when it is …CÉH hCG ,ôªMC’G ™ª°ûdÉH hCG ,¥Qh øe ”ÉîH ,¥h~æ°üdÉH
affixed to the ballot box. Tamper-proof ™æ“ ∫ÉØbCÉH ´GÎb’G ≥jOÉæ°U ºàîa .iôNCG á∏«°Sh
sealing of ballot boxes is one of the basic ágGõæd á«°SÉ°SC’G äÉfɪ° dG ~MCG πμ°ûj É¡H åÑ©dG
guarantees of voting integrity. Ballot
boxes must be sealed from the com- A~H òæe áeƒàfl ≥jOÉæ°üdG ≈≤ÑJ ¿CG Öéjh .´GÎb’G
k
mencement of voting through to their ÜÉH ∫ÉØbEG ôKEG ,≥jOÉæ°üdG íàa ájɨdh ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY
opening, after the close of voting, for .äGƒ°UC’G Rôa ¢Vô¨H É¡∏≤æd Gk ~«¡“ ,´GÎb’G
removal of ballot boxes for the count.
Ballot Box Stuffing A type of voter fraud in which an indi- ~˘ª˘©˘j å«˘M »˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G ô˘jhõ˘à˘dG Ühô˘°V ø˘˘e Üô˘˘°V
´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U ƒ°ûM
M vidual submits more than one ballot. .¥h~æ°üdG ‘ ´GÎbG ábQh øe ÌcCG •É≤°SEG ¤EG ÖNÉædG
This term is also used when a respon-
dent to computerized survey submits
´Ó£à°SG ‘ m∑QÉ°ûe ¤EG kÉ° jCG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûjh
more than one survey. .´Ó£à°S’G áHƒLCG øY áî°ùf øe ÌcCG π°Sôj ÊhÎμdEG

17. 8 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
Ballot Initiative A proposed piece of legislation (a law) âjƒ°üàdG Ö©°û∏d ≈æ°ùàj ìÎ≤e (¿ƒfÉb) ™jô°ûJ
q n
âjƒ°üàdG IQOÉÑe on which people can vote. See also .''ΩÉY AÉàØà°SG'' kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¬«∏Y
“Referendum.”
Ballot Placement The location and order of races, candi- ,ɢ¡˘«˘∏˘Y ¢ù˘naɢæ˘àŸG Ö°UɢæŸG ∞˘∏˘àfl Ö«˘Jô˘Jh ™˘bƒ˘˘e
´GÎb’G ábQh Ö«JôJ á≤jôW date names, and ballot initiatives on the ᢢbQh ‘ âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘dG äGQOɢ˘Ñ˘ eh ,Ú뢢°TôŸG Aɢ˘ ª˘ ˘°SCGh
ballot. Races are often placed in order
of importance and candidate names are
kÉ≤ah Ö°UÉæŸG √òg Ö«JôJ ºàj Ée kÉÑdÉZ .´GÎb’G
q
often ordered randomly. .kÉ«FGƒ°ûY Úë°TôŸG Aɪ°SCG êGQOEG ºàj ɪæ«H ɡ૪gC’
q
Ballot Qualification A set of pre-established criteria that par- ôaGƒàJ ¿CG Öéj »àdG kÉØ∏°S IO~ÙG ÒjÉ©ŸG øe á∏ªL
í°TÎ∏d á«∏gC’G •hô°T ties or individual candidates must meet ,í°TÎdG º¡d ≥ë«d øjOôØæŸG Úë°TôŸG hCG ÜGõMC’G ‘
to be placed on a ballot. These require-
ments should be rational, reasonable,
á˘dƒ˘≤˘©˘eh ᢫˘≤˘£˘æ˘e •hô˘°ûdG √ò˘g ¿ƒ˘˘μ˘ J ¿CG ≈˘˘∏˘ Y
and objective. See also “Applying for ' í˘«˘°TÎdG Ö∏˘W Ë~˘≤˘ J' kɢ° jCG ™˘LGQ .᢫˘ Yƒ˘˘°Vƒ˘˘eh
Candidacy” and “Registration of .''Úë°TôŸG hCG ÜGõMC’G π«é°ùJ' h°J
Parties or Candidates.”
Ballot Reconciliation The process of comparing the number IOƒLƒŸG ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG O~Y áfQÉ≤à »° ≤j AGôLEG l
´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG á≤HÉ£e of ballots in the ballot box with the í˘FGƒ˘d ≥˘˘ah ÚÑ˘˘Nɢ˘æ˘ dG O~˘˘©˘ H ´GÎb’G ¥h~˘˘æ˘ °U ‘
number of voters according to the vot-
ers list or other records of the total
ÚÑNÉædG ´ƒª› O~ëj ôNBG πé°S …CG hCG Ö£°ûdG
number of persons who cast ballots. øe ø«Ñàj ¿CG Öéj ,‹ÉàdÉHh .º¡JGƒ°UCÉH GƒdOCG øjòdG
q
The number of ballots cast should …hÉ°ùj É¡H ¤~ŸG ¥GQhC’G O~Y q¿CG ÚÑNÉædG áëF’
equal the number of voters according .ÚÑNÉædG On ~Y
to the voters list.
Ballot Structure The method of presenting voter choic- ábQh ‘ ÖNÉædG äGQÉ«N É¡«a ¢Vô©oJ »àdG á≤jô£dG
n
´GÎb’G ábQh º«ª°üJ es on the ballot paper (i.e. candidate- ´GÎb’G ÖNÉæ∏d IÒNC’G √òg í«àJ ¿CÉc) ´GÎb’G
centered vs. party-centered).
.(ÜGõMCG ídÉ°üd ’ Úë°Tôe ídÉ°üd
Ballot Tampering/ Deliberately spoiling paper ballots of a ÚÑNÉædG ´GÎbG ¥GQhCÉH Gk ~ªY åÑ©dG ≈∏Y ºg~MCG ΩG~bEG
Vote Tampering voter one seeks to disenfranchise, often ±~¡H ∂dPh ,âjƒ°üàdG ≥M øe º¡fÉeôM ¤EG ≈©°ùj øjòdG
in the aim of eliminating votes for a
/´GÎb’G ¥GQhCÉH ÖYÓJ political opponent. See also
.»˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG º˘°üÿG ¤EG á˘∏˘j’G äGƒ˘˘°UC’G ¢ ©˘˘H Oɢ˘©˘Ñ˘à˘°SG
B
äGƒ°UC’ÉH ÖYÓJ “Disenfranchise.” .''´GÎb’G ≥M øe (ÖNÉædG) ¿ÉeôM'' kÉ° jCG ™LGQ
Ballot/Ballot Paper Official document on which voters can º˘¡˘«˘ë˘°Tô˘e ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘Nɢæ˘dG ɢ¡˘«˘a O~˘ë˘j ᢢ«˘ ª˘ °SQ ᢢbQh
´GÎbG ᪫°ùb/ábQh
b indicate their preferences to cast their .º¡d ¿ƒJƒ°üj øjòdG Ú∏° ØŸG
vote.
q

18. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 9
Balloting See “Voting.” .''âjƒ°üJ'' ™LGQ
´GÎbG
Ballots Destroyed Ballots that have been rendered hCG ɢ¡˘ «˘ am π˘˘∏˘ N Oƒ˘˘Lƒ˘˘d á◊ɢ˘°U ÒZ ´GÎbG ᢢbQh
áØ∏àe ´GÎbG ábQh invalid because of damage or tampering; ;É¡H ÖYÓàdG ÖÑ°ùH
Ballots that have been disposed of
after the election results have been made
øY kÉ«ª°SQ ¿ÓYE’G ~©H É¡H åÑ©dG ” ´GÎbG ábQh q
official. Ballots should not be destroyed ’EG ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG ±ÓJEG Rƒéj ’ .äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf
until after the time for challenging a ΩÉeCG äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàæH ø©£dG ≈∏Y âbh Qhôe ~©H
result before a court or tribunal has ” »˘à˘dG ¿ƒ˘©˘£˘dɢH kɢ«˘Fɢ¡˘f âÑ˘dG ~˘©˘H hCG ,á˘ª˘ μÙG
passed, or if a challenge has been lodged, q q
after the challenge has been finally dealt ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG ±Ó˘JEG kɢ° jCG ø˘«˘©˘à˘jh .ɢ¡˘H Ω~˘˘≤˘ à˘ dG
q
with. Ballots should be destroyed in such .´GÎb’G ájô°S ≈∏Y ßaÉ– má≤jô£H
a manner that keeps the vote secret.
Ballots/Votes Cast The number of ballots correctly deposit- p
πμ°ûH â£≤°SoCG »àdG ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG O~Y ¤EG Ò°ûJ
/É¡H ¤~oŸG ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG ed into the ballot box or transmitted p
Iõ¡LCG ÈY â∏°SQoCG hCG ´GÎb’G ≥jOÉæ°U πNGO í«ë°U
through an electronic voting machine
áYp Î≤e äGƒ°UCG (EVM) which will be enumerated in the
ÉgDhÉ°üMEG ºàj ¥GQhCG »gh ,á«fhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdG
q
vote count. Unused and spoilt ballots ÒZ ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG ɢ˘ ˘ ˘eCG .äGƒ˘˘ ˘ ˘°UC’G Rô˘˘ ˘ ˘a ~˘˘ ˘ ˘æ˘ ˘ ˘ ˘Y
are not considered ballots cast. .áfÉÿG √òg ‘ πN~J Óa á«ZÓdG hCG á∏ª©à°ùŸG
Bar Graph A chart with rectangular bars with Ö°SÉæàj πμ°ûdG á∏«£à°ùe I~ªYCG øe ∞dCÉàj ∫h~L
I~ªYCG πμ°T ≈∏Y ÊÉ«H º°SQ lengths proportional to the values that ¬˘LhCG O~˘©˘à˘Jh .ɢ¡˘∏˘ã“ »˘à˘dG á˘ª˘«˘ ≤˘ dG ™˘˘e ɢ˘¡˘ dƒ˘˘W
they represent. Bar graphs have several
uses in elections, such as representing
Rp Èàa ,äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ á«fÉ«ÑdG Ωƒ°SôdG √òg ∫ɪ©à°SG
where candidates or parties stand in rela- ¢ ©ÑdG º¡° ©H øe ÜGõMC’G hCG Úë°TôŸG ™bGƒe kÓãe
tion to each other in the electoral race. .á«HÉîàf’G ácô©ŸG ‘
Baseline Poll A political poll taken to determine as ≈∏˘Y ∫ƒ˘°ü◊G ±~˘¡˘H ᢫˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG AGQBÓ˘d ´Ó˘£˘à˘°SG
á«dhC’G …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG much information about the voters as …ôéjh .ÚÑNÉædG øY äÉeƒ∏©ŸG øe øμ‡ Q~b ÈcCG
possible. The baseline poll is usually
done early in the campaign before there
øe IôμÑe á∏Môe ‘ kIOÉY ‹hC’G ´Ó£à°S’G Gòg
is much political activity. See “Political á˘£˘°ûfC’G ∞˘qã˘μ˘à˘J ¿CG π˘Ñ˘ b ᢢ«˘ Hɢ˘î˘ à˘ f’G ᢢ∏˘ ª◊G
Polling” and “Tracking Poll/Survey.” ' ᢫˘°Sɢ«˘°ùddG AGQB’G ´Ó˘£˘à˘°SG'' ™˘LGQ .᢫˘°Sɢ˘«˘ °ùdG
.''á«∏MôŸG …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG''h
Bias A leaning in favor of or against some- Ω~Yh ôNBG ¿hO ±ôW hCG á«° ≤d Ö°ü©àdG hCG ÜõëàdG
RÉ«ëfG/õ«– thing or someone; partiality or preju- .''õ«ëàe ÒZ'' ¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .ájOÉ«◊G
q
q dice. For antonym, see “Unbiased.”

19. 10 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
Bicameral Legislature In government, bicameralism is the q¿CG ¤EG ºμ◊G á°SQɇ Qɪ° e ‘ í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj
á«FÉæK á«©jô°ûJ áÄ«g
J practice of having two legislative or par- hCG ÚàaôZ øe ¿Éfƒμàj á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG hCG ¿ÉŸÈdG
liamentary chambers. Thus, a bicameral
q
Ú°ù∏› äGP/π«ãªàdG
∏ parliament or bicameral legislature is a
á˘jOɢMGC ᢫˘©˘jô˘°ûJ á˘Ä˘«˘g' ™˘˘ ˘ ˘ LGQ .Úæ˘˘ ˘ ˘ KG Ú°ù∏›
J
parliament or legislature which consists .''π«ãªàdG
of two chambers or houses. See also
“Unicameral Legislature.”
Bill Proposed act not yet passed by the leg- .~©H ¿ÉŸÈdG √ô≤j ⁄ ìÎ≤e ¿ƒfÉb
q n
islature.
¿ƒfÉb ´hô°ûe
e
Bipartisan Consisting of, or supported by, mem- ¿GÈà˘©˘jo Ú«˘°Sɢ«˘°S ÚHõ˘M Aɢ° YCɢH ≥˘∏˘©˘à˘j ɢe π˘ c q
/ÚHõëH ≥∏©àe bers of two major political parties. ø˘e π˘c hCG ,᢫˘ °Sɢ˘«˘ °ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G Rô˘˘HCG ø˘˘e ᢠ°Uɢ˘N
k
q
ÚHõM øe ~ js ƒe
D .º¡ªY~H ≈¶ëj
Birth Registry Official records of people's births. In »Øa .IO’ƒdG äGOÉ¡°T hCG ᫪°SôdG äÓé°ùdÉH πqãªàj
äGO’ƒdG πé°S
° some countries it is necessary to pro- øY ᫪°SQ áî°ùf QG~°üà°SG ø«©àj ,¿G~∏ÑdG ¢ ©H
duce an official copy of one's birth cer-
q
tificate to prove citizenship or voting
᢫˘∏˘ gC’ hCG Oƒ˘˘dƒŸG ᢢ«˘ °ùæ÷ kɢ Jɢ˘Ñ˘ KEG IO’ƒ˘˘dG IOɢ˘¡˘ °T
eligibility. .âjƒ°üàdG
Black Box Voting The practice of recording votes using a äGƒ˘˘°UC’G π˘˘«˘ é˘ °ùJ ᢢ«˘ ∏˘ ª˘ ˘Y ¤EG Ò°ûj lí˘ ˘∏˘ ˘£˘ ˘°üe
Oƒ°SC’G ¥h~æ°üdG ‘ âjƒ°üJ direct recording electronic (DRE) sys- âjƒ°üàdG ᪶fCG ΩG~îà°SG ≥jôW øY á«HÉîàf’G
tem that does not provide a subsequent
paper record of the voter's action.
πé°S …CG kÉ≤M’ Q~°üoJ ’ »àdG ô°TÉÑŸG ÊhÎμdE’G
q
.ÖNÉædG É¡H Ωƒ≤j »àdG ´GÎb’G á«∏ª©d »bQh
Blank Ballot A ballot with no mark, meaning that the q¿CG ¤EG kIQɢ˘°TEG ,ᢢeÓ˘˘Y …CG ø˘˘e ᢢ«˘ ˘dɢ˘ N ´GÎbG ᢢ bQh
AÉ° «H ´GÎbG ábQh voter did not vote for any of the candi- ºgDhɪ°SCG IOQGƒdG Úë°TôŸG øe …C’ 䃰üj ⁄ ÖNÉædG
dates on the ballot, nor did he or she
q q
vote for or against a proposition on the âjƒ°üà∏d ìhô£e ìGÎbG …C’ ’h ,´GÎb’G ábQh ‘
ballot. .¬à°VQÉ©e hCG ¬«∏Y á≤aGƒŸG π«Ñb øe ¿EG
Blanket Primary A primary election in which the names Úë°TôŸG ™«ªL Aɪ°SCG É¡«a OpôJ áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG
á∏eÉ°T áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG of all the candidates for all the parties ™«°ûj .I~˘˘MGh ´GÎbG ᢢbQh ‘ ᢢ aɢ˘ c ÜGõ˘˘ MC’G ø˘˘ e
are on one ballot. This term is used specifi-
cally within the U.S. electoral system.
Ωɢ¶˘æ˘dG ø˘ª˘ °V Gk ~˘˘j~– í˘˘∏˘ £˘ °üŸG Gò˘˘g ∫ɢ˘ª˘ ©˘ à˘ °SG
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G

20. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 11
Blind Pull When all eligible voters in a geographic âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG ™«ªL ™«é°ûJ á«∏ªY
âjƒ°üàdG ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG ™aO area are encouraged to vote regardless A’OE’G ≈∏Y IO~fi á«aGô¨L á©≤H øª°V øj~LGƒàŸGh
of which candidate they support. For
õ««“ ¿hO example, in areas where there is consid-
.¬fh~jDƒj …òdG í°TôŸG øY ô¶ædG ¢ ¨H º¡JGƒ°UCÉH
q
erable support for a candidate - say six kÓãe Úë°TôŸG ~MCG É¡«a ≈¶ëj »àdG ≥WÉæŸG »Øa
out of ten voters support the candidate π˘°UCG ø˘e ÚÑ˘Nɢf á˘à˘°S º˘Y~˘H π˘˘≤˘ æ˘ d ,ÒÑ˘˘c º˘˘Y~˘˘H
on
- it may benefit the campaign of that Q~b ÈcCG ¬LƒJ øe í°TôŸG ∑GP á∏ªM ~«ØJ ~b ,Iô°ûY
candidate if as many voters as possible
go to the polls, regardless of whether or ô¶ædG ¢ ¨H ´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG øe øμ‡
q
not the supporters have been identified. .øjô°UÉæŸG Qƒ° M øe ~cCÉàdG ≈∏Y IQ~≤dG i~e øY
See also “GOTV Get Out The Vote” ™aO''h ' âjƒ°üàdG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ™«é°ûJ' kÉ° jCG ™LGQ
°J
and “Pull.”
.''âjƒ°üàdG ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG
Bloc A group with a shared interest/pur- hCG í˘dɢ°üe º˘¡˘©˘ªŒ ø˘jò˘dG ¢UɢTC’G ø˘˘e ᢢYƒ˘˘ª›
á∏àc/πàμJ pose; group of voters or politicians who hCG ÚÑ˘˘ Nɢ˘ æ˘ ˘dG ø˘˘ e ᢢ Yƒ˘˘ ª› hCG ;ᢢ cΰûe äɢ˘ jɢ˘ ˘Z
share common goals. See also
“Alliance” and “Coalition.”
™LGQ .ácΰûe ±G~gCG º¡©ªŒ øjòdG Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG
.''±ÓàFG''h ' ∞dÉ–'' kÉ° jCG
Block Vote/Bloc Vote A multi-seat election method in plurali- Ωɢ¶˘æ˘dG π˘X ‘ ≥˘Ñ˘£˘oJ ~˘Yɢ≤˘ e I~˘˘Y AπŸ Üɢ˘î˘ à˘ fG ᢢ«˘ dGB
q s
á∏àμdG âjƒ°üJ/á∏àμdG Ωɶf ty/majority systems in which each voter ∫OÉ©j äGƒ°UCG O~Y íæÁ ¿CG ÖNÉf πμd í«àJh …ÌcC’G
can vote on as many seats that are to be
filled within the electoral district. The
.á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG øª°V ÉgDƒ∏e Öéj »àdG ~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y
candidates with the most votes win - an O~Y ÈcCÉH ¿ƒ¶ëj øjòdG ¿ƒë°TôŸG ~YÉ≤ŸG √ò¡H RƒØjh
absolute majority is not required. See ájÌcC’G ≈∏Y IQhô° dÉH Gƒ∏°üëj ⁄ ¿EGh ,äGƒ°UC’G øe
also “Plurality/Relative Majority.” .''á«Ñ°ùf ájÌcCG' kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á≤∏£ŸG
f
Board of Elections Usually a non-partisan or multi-partisan I~Y πãÁ hCG ÜõM …CG πãÁ ’ RÉ¡L ¤EG kIOÉY Ò°ûJ
q
äÉHÉîàf’G ≈∏Y ±Gô°TE’G áÄ«g board set up to oversee the election and ≈˘˘ ∏˘ ˘Y ±Gô˘˘ °TE’G ±~˘˘ ˘¡˘ ˘ H √Dhɢ˘ ˘°ûfEG º˘˘ ˘à˘ ˘ jh ,ÜGõ˘˘ ˘MCG
ensure that it is conducted fairly. See
also “Election Management Body
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡JQGOEG ø°ùM ≈∏Y ô¡°ùdGh äÉHÉîàf’G
(EMB).” .''äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g''
Booth Capturing The act of seizing and controlling a ¬H ∑É°ùeE’Gh ´GÎb’G º∏b ≈∏Y ~«dG ™°VƒH ≈q∏éàJ
´GÎb’G º∏≤H ºqμ– polling station so that many fraudulent .äGƒ°UC’G øe ÒÑc O~Y ôjhõàH íª°ùj ƒëf ≈∏Y
m
votes may be cast there.
Booth Management Managing of the booths in the polling .´GÎb’G º∏b πNGO ∫RÉ©ŸG IQGOEG
´GÎb’G º∏b IQGOEG station.

21. 12 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
Borda Count A voting system for single or multiple- á˘jOɢ˘MC’G ô˘˘FGh~˘˘dG ø˘˘ª˘ °V ~˘˘ª˘ à˘ ©˘ jo âjƒ˘˘°üJ Ωɢ˘¶˘ f
n
äGƒ°UC’G ÜÉ°ùàM’ ' GOQƒH'' Ωɶf
à seat elections using rank preference bal- ¿CG ÖNÉæ∏d í«àjh ,π«ãªàdG IO~©àŸG hCG π«ãªàdG
lots. A voter's first choice is worth a full
point and subsequent choices are worth
.´GÎb’G ábQh ‘ á«∏° aC’G Ö°ùëH Úë°TôŸG ÖqJôj
a percentage of a point. The √QÉàîj …òdG í°TôŸG ≈¶ëj ,ΩɶædG Gòg πX ‘h q
candidate(s) with the most cumulative ≈¶ëj ɪ«a á∏eÉc á£≤f ¤hC’G áLQ~dÉH ÖNÉædG
points wins. áæ«©e áÑ°ùæH á«dÉàdG ÖJGôŸG ‘ πëj …òdG í°TôŸG
q q
™ªéj …òdG ƒ¡a õFÉØdG í°TôŸG ÉeCG .á£≤ædG √òg øe
.•É≤ædG øe O~Y ÈcCG
Bottleneck A situation in which the flow of people ≥a~J É¡«a ô°ùëæj mádÉM ∞°Uƒd Ω~îà°ùjo í∏£°üe
n
(´GÎb’G á«∏ªY) á∏bôY is slowed at one place in the voting π˘NGO hCG ´GÎb’G π˘MGô˘e ø˘e á˘∏˘ Mô˘˘e ‘ ÚÑ˘˘Nɢ˘æ˘ dG
process, therefore causing the process
to slow down or halt.
hCG ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY AÉ£HEÉH ÖÑ°ùàj ɇ ,´GÎb’G õcôe
.É¡∏«£©J
Bottoms Up A multi-seat election method. Similar to âjƒ°üàdÉH á¡«Ñ°T ~YÉ≤e I~Y AπŸ ÜÉîàfG á«dBG
l
¤EG πØ°SC’G øe ~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ instant runoff voting except runoff ™˘jRƒ˘J äGQhO q¿CG Aɢæ˘ã˘à˘°SɢH ,º˘˘°SÉ◊G »˘˘∏˘ «˘ ° Ø˘˘à˘ dG
cycles stop when number of remaining
≈∏YC’G candidates is equal to the number of
Ú뢢°TôŸG O~˘˘Y ihɢ˘ °ùà˘˘ j ÚM ∞˘˘ bƒ˘˘ à˘ ˘J äGƒ˘˘ °UC’G
seats to be filled. .ÉgDƒ∏e Öéj »àdG ~YÉ≤ŸG O~©H ÚbÉÑdG
Boundary (Election) Something that marks an electoral limit ™LGQ .á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG ∞∏àfl ÚH π°üØj Ée »g
(á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG) Oh~M or border. See also “Constituency.” .''á«HÉîàfG IôFGO'' kÉ° jCG
Boundary Delimitation The process of drawing boundaries of ¢VGôZC’ áe~N á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG Oh~M º°SQ á«∏ªY
k
á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ constituencies for allocation of seats. See ô˘FGh~˘dG º˘«˘°Sô˘˘J' kɢ ˘ ° jCG ™˘˘ ˘LGQ .~˘˘ ˘Yɢ˘ ˘≤ŸG ™˘˘ ˘jRƒ˘˘ ˘J
also “Districting” and “Redistricting.”
.''á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ IOÉYEG' h ' á«HÉîàf’G
Bribing Voters The act of giving or promising any ≠dÉÑe ,íæà OƒYh ™£b hCG ,íæe ≈∏Y í°TôŸG ΩG~bEG
Iƒ°TôdÉH ÚÑNÉædG ádɪà°SG money gift, office, employment, or …GC ¤EG äBÉaÉμe hCG ,∞FÉXh hCG ,Ö°UÉæe hCG ,á«dÉe
reward to a voter, at anytime in order to
q
influence him or her to give or withhold
hCG ¬Jƒ°üH A’OE’ÉH ¬YÉæbE’ ¿Éc âbh …GC ‘h ,ÖNÉf
q
his/her vote. See also “Vote-Buying.” .''äGƒ°UC’G AGô°T'' kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .âjƒ°üàdG øY ΩÉéME’ÉH
Briefing A short and clear summary of a situa- ƒgh .ç~M hCG ™°Vh …CG øY í°VGhh õLƒe ¢üî∏e
q
≥Ñ°ùe ¢üî∏e
e tion or an event. It can be a meeting or πμ°T ≈∏Y ´Rs ƒjo ¿CG hCG ´ÉªàLG πμ°T òîàj ¿CG øμÁ
a set of written materials.
.áYƒÑ£e OGƒe

22. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 13
Budget The amount of money a candidate or ¬≤Øæj …òdG ‹ÉŸG ≠∏ÑŸG ¤EG kIOÉY í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj
áfRGƒe party spends on various aspects of the ∞˘∏˘à˘îÃ á˘«˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G á˘∏˘ª◊G ≈˘∏˘Y Üõ◊G hCG í˘˘°TôŸG
campaign. Can also refer to allocation
of time and resources.
âbƒdG ¤EG kÉ° jCG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj ¿CG øμÁh .É¡ÑfGƒL
.É¡d IOƒ°UôŸG ájô°ûÑdG OQGƒŸGh á∏ªë∏d ¢ü°üıG
By-Election An election not held at the regularly º s¶æoJ ɉEG É¡d O~ÙG ~YƒŸG ‘ kIOÉY ~n≤©oJ ’ äÉHÉîàfG
á«Yôa äÉHÉîàfG scheduled time, often to fill a vacancy á˘˘Ñ˘ °ùf ɢ˘eCG .ô˘˘Zɢ˘°T mÖ°üæ˘˘e AπŸ ¿É˘˘«˘ MC’G Ö∏˘˘ZCG ‘
in the office. There is often much
lower voter turnout in a special or by- äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ á° Øîæe ¿ƒμJ Ée kÉÑdɨa ácQÉ°ûŸG
election. By-elections are also known .á°UÉÿG äÉHÉîàf’ÉH kÉ° jCG ±ô©oJ »àdG á«YôØdG
n
as special elections.
By-Law A law or rule governing the internal .᪶æª∏d á«∏NG~dG ¿hDƒ°ûdG ≈Yôj Ωɶf hCG ¿ƒfÉb
»∏NGO Ωɶf affairs of an organization.

23. 14 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
C
Campaign Political activity, including meetings, äÉYɪàL’G πª°ûJ á«°SÉ«°ùdG ᣰûfC’G øe á∏ªL l
á∏ªM rallies, speeches, demonstrations, äɢ°VGô˘©˘à˘ °S’Gh äGÒ°ùŸGh Ö˘˘ n£oÿGh äɢ˘fɢ˘Lô˘˘¡ŸGh
parades, and other events. The use of
media intended to inform citizens or
.᪠q¶æŸG äÉÑ°SÉæŸG øe ÉgÒZh IQÉ«°ùdG ÖcGƒŸGh
q
government about the platform of a ΩÓYEG á«æH ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ΩG~îà°SG É¡«dEG ±É° jo
q
particular candidate, coalition, or group qp
hCG í°Tôe Ég~©jo »àdG èeGÈdÉH áeƒμ◊G hCG ÚæWGƒŸG
of citizens, to gather support. .ºY~∏d Gk ~°ûM ÚæWGƒŸG øe ≥jôa hCG øq«©e ∞dÉ–
Campaign Abuse/ An infringement, either intentional or ¿ƒ˘fɢ≤˘dG Ωɢμ˘MC’ ,~˘ª˘©˘à˘ e ÒZ hCG ~˘˘ª˘ ©˘ à˘ e ,¥ô˘˘N
l
Violation unintentional, of the electoral law's reg- ÖfGƒL øe ÖfÉL …CG º«¶æJ ≈YôJ »àdG »HÉîàf’G
ulations on any aspect of the campaign,
q
º«¶æJ ΩÉμMCG ¥ôN/∑É¡àfG such as campaign finance, advertising,
»àdG Oƒ«≤dGh ,É¡JÉfÓYEGh ,á∏ª◊G πjƒªàc ,á∏ª◊G
á∏ª◊G and media restrictions. .»eÓYE’G iƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y É¡d ™° îJ
Campaign Calendar A calendar developed by a campaign to ∫h~÷G ~˘j~˘ë˘à˘d á˘∏˘ª◊G ƒ˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e ɢg~˘©˘ oj ᢢeɢ˘fRhQ
q
á∏ª◊G áeÉfRhQ schedule events and voter contact in ɢ˘gDhɢ˘«˘ MEG ™˘˘eõŸG äɢ˘Ñ˘ °Sɢ˘æŸGh çG~˘˘MCÓ˘ d »˘˘æ˘ eõ˘˘ dG
the campaign.
.ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJ’G ~«YGƒeh
Campaign Committee The decision-making group in a cam- ‘ QGô≤dG ™˘æ˘°U ¬˘«˘dEG ~˘¡˘©˘jo …ò˘dG ≥˘jô˘Ø˘dɢH π˘qã˘ª˘à˘J
n
á∏ª◊G áæ÷ paign made up of the key advisors to √ò¡d ≈æ°ùàjh .í°TôŸG …QÉ°ûà°ùe RôHCG º° jh á∏ª◊G
the candidate. This committee could
q q
also provide financial assistance to can-
áaÉ°VEG á«dÉŸG äG~YÉ°ùŸÉH í°TôŸG ~“ ¿CG kÉ° jCG áæé∏dG
k q
didates, in addition to strategic support. kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¬d √ôaƒJ …òdG »é«JGΰS’G ºY~dG ¤EG
See also “Campaign Team.” .''á∏ª◊G ≥jôa''
Campaign Donation A contribution of money to fund a .á«°SÉ«°S á∏ªM πjƒªàd Ω~≤oJ »àdG á«dÉŸG áªgÉ°ùŸG
s
á∏ªë∏d äÉYÈJ political campaign. There are two types πjƒªàdG'' :äÉYÈàdG øe ÚYƒæH äÓª◊G ≈¶–h
of campaign donations: “hard money,”
which is regulated by campaign finance
π˘jƒ˘ª˘à˘H á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG ¬˘ª˘ q¶˘æ˘J …ò˘dG ' ~˘«˘≤ŸG
q
laws, and “soft money,” which is not ™˘° î˘j ’ …ò˘dG ' ~˘q«˘ ≤ŸG ÒZ π˘˘jƒ˘˘ª˘ à˘ dG''h ,ᢢ∏˘ ª◊G
subject to campaign finance laws, but …CG ºY~d ¬dɪ©à°SG Qqò©àj ɉEG IQƒcòŸG ÚfGƒ≤∏d
cannot be used to directly support a kɢ° jCG ™˘LGQ .kGô˘°TÉ˘Ñ˘ e kɢ ª˘ YO ‹GQ~˘˘a Ö°üæŸ í˘˘°Tô˘˘e
candidate for federal office. See also
“Hard Money/Soft Money.” .''~«≤ŸG ÒZ πjƒªàdG/~«≤ŸG πjƒªàdG''
q q

24. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 15
Campaign Finance A movement to restrict and monitor »àdG á«dÉŸG ≠dÉÑŸG §Ñ°Vh áÑbGôŸ ádhòÑŸG Oƒ¡÷G
Reform the amount of money individuals and π˘jƒ˘ª˘ à˘ d í˘˘dɢ˘°üŸG äɢ˘Yƒ˘˘ª›h OGô˘˘aC’G ɢ˘¡˘ H º˘˘¡˘ °ùj
interest groups can contribute to politi-
á∏ª◊G πjƒ“ ᪶fCG ìÓ°UEG cal campaigns.
.á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÓª◊G
Campaign Finance Laws that restrict the amount of money í˘ª˘°ù˘jo »˘à˘dG ᢫˘dÉŸG ≠˘dÉ˘ÑŸG á˘ª˘«˘ b ø˘˘e ~– ÚfGƒ˘˘b
n q
Regulations individuals and interest groups can con- äÓªë∏d É¡H GƒYÈàj ¿CÉH ídÉ°üŸG äÉYƒª›h OGôaCÓd
tribute to political campaigns. Regulations
äÓª◊G πjƒ“ ᪶fCG require candidates or political parties to
äÓª◊G πjƒ“ ᪶fCG ÖLƒà°ùJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ .á«°SÉ«°ùdG
maintain and disclose financial records. ∑ɢ˘ °ùeE’G ᢢ «˘ ˘°Sɢ˘ «˘ ˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘ MC’G hCG Ú뢢 °TôŸG ø˘˘ e
.É¡æY ∞°ûμdGh á«dÉe äÓé°ùH
Campaign Literature Printed campaign material used to ÚÑNÉædG ´ÓWE’ á∏ª◊G É¡YRƒJ »àdG áYƒÑ£ŸG OGƒŸG
á∏ª◊G äGQƒ°ûæe/OGƒe
æ inform and persuade potential voters .¬d âjƒ°üàdÉH º¡YÉæbEGh í°TôŸG ≈∏Y Ú∏ªàÙG
about the candidate.
Campaign Manager The person responsible for overseeing ᢢ«˘ é˘ «˘ JGΰSG ™˘˘°Vh ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ±ô˘˘°ûj …ò˘˘dG ¢ü°ûdG
á∏ª◊G ôj~e the strategic development and the day-to- .á«eƒ«dG É¡fhDƒ°T IQGOEGh á∏ª◊G
day running of the campaign. The candi-
date cannot be the campaign manager.
Campaign Period Period of time, defined by law, within Úë°Tôª∏d É¡«a íª°ùjh ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ÉgO~ëj á«æeR IÎa
á∏ª◊G I~e which candidates may conduct cam- äÉjÉY~dGh OGƒŸG Ghô°ûæjh á∏ª◊G ᣰûfCG GhòØæj ¿CÉH
paign activities and distribute election
propaganda.
.á«HÉîàf’G
Campaign Plan The written document drafted at the á˘eɢ¡˘dG çɢë˘HC’G ™˘ªŒ »˘˘à˘ dG ᢢHƒ˘˘à˘ μŸG ᢢ≤˘ «˘ Kƒ˘˘dG
á∏ª◊G á£N beginning of a campaign bringing togeth- á«é˘«˘JGΰS’Gh á˘dɢ°Sô˘dGh á˘na~˘¡˘à˘°ùŸG äɢYƒ˘ªÛGh
er the important research, targeting, mes-
sage, strategy, and step-by-step outline of
¤EG QÉ°üjo Ée kÉÑdÉZh .á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G ‘ á©ÑàŸG q
how the campaign will get to election day. ᣰûfCG ÖcGƒàa ,á∏ª◊G ájG~H ‘ á£ÿG √òg áZÉ«°U
.»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ¤EG k’ƒ°Uh ,kIƒ£N kIƒ£N á∏ª◊G
Campaign People who have proven past experi- m
ÉgƒÑ°ùàcG ∫ÉÛG Gòg ‘ á∏jƒW IÈîH ¿ƒ©àªàj ¢UÉî°TCG l
Professionals ence working on campaigns, and under- ºgh »°VÉŸG ‘ äÓª◊G øe O~Y º«¶æJ ‘ º¡∏ªY øe
stand the fundamentals of campaign
äÓª◊G ¿hDƒ°T ‘ ¿ƒ°üàfl/AGÈN development, such as raising money,
±ô©jo h .πª©dG Gòg AGOCG AÉ≤d Gk ôLCG ¿ƒ°VÉ≤àj Ée kÉÑdÉZ
n
formulating a campaign message, work- äÓª◊G º«¶æàd á«°SÉ°SC’G ÇOÉÑŸÉH ™°SGƒdG º¡eÉŸEG º¡æY
ing with the media, and targeting and ,á˘∏˘ª◊G á˘dɢ°SQ á˘Zɢ«˘°Uh ,äɢYÈà˘dG ™˘ª˘L ∫ɢã˘e ≈˘˘∏˘ Y
persuading voters. See also “Campaign ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG ±G~˘¡˘à˘°SGh ,ΩÓ˘Y’G π˘Fɢ˘°Sh ™˘˘e »˘˘Wɢ˘©˘ à˘ dGh
E
Committee,” “Campaign Manager,”
and “Scheduler.” ôj~e''h ,''á∏ª◊G áæ÷'' kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .âjƒ°üàdÉH º¡YÉæbE’
.''∫ɪYC’G/~«YGƒŸG ∫h~L ™°VGh''h ,''á∏ª◊G