This presentation discusses about foundations of individual and group behavior in Principles of Management

1. UNIT IV – DIRECTING
FOUNDATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL AND
GROUP BEHAVIOR
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

2. SYLLABUS
Foundations of individual and group behaviour – motivation –
motivation theories – motivational techniques – job satisfaction –
job enrichment – leadership – types and theories of leadership –
communication – process of communication – barrier in
communication – effective communication –communication and
IT.
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

3. Objective:
 To perceive the concept of motivation and the process of
communication in directing.
Outcome:
 The student will be able to illustrate the different theories of
motivation and leadership.
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

4. DIRECTING:
 Directing is the process of driving entire workforce towards
objective of organization without deviation.
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

5. DIRECTING:
 Every organization is composed of individuals.
 Unless a manager understands individual’s behavior, he / she
cannot get the things done by others.
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

6. INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR:
 The various factors that leads to individual differences are
physical characteristics, personality, attitude, memory, etc.
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

7. IMPACT OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR:
 Few may feel comfort with rules, few may not.
 Few may prefer democratic leaders and few may autocratic
leaders.
 Few may enroll themselves in an union, some may don't.
 Expectations of wages also differ.
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

8. BEHAVIORAL MODELS:
1. Rational economic models:
 F.W. Taylor, Henri Fayol, Adam Smith have used this model.
 Individual evaluates various courses of any actions in terms of
economic benefits.
 Higher the doses of economic incentives, higher will be the
output.
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

9. BEHAVIORAL MODELS:
2. Organization man models:
 Whilliam Whyte propounded this model.
 This model proposes that group is the source of creativity for
individuals.
 Individual produces more when he has to coordinate with
others.
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

10. BEHAVIORAL MODELS:
3. Social man:
 Social man concept expresses that performance of an individual is
influenced and motivated by social variables.
 Individual relies more on social recognition than economic
rewards.
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

11. BEHAVIORAL MODELS:
4. Self actualizing man:
 This model is based on Mc Gregors’ theory and Maslow’s
theory.
 Individual is self motivated and self controlled.
 Individual performs to the peak in an environment of freedom
and autonomy.
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

12. BEHAVIORAL MODELS:
5. Complex man model:
 Proposes that behavior of an individual is unpredictable.
 Individual needs vary and it causes individual differences.
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

13. DETERMINANTS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR:
1. Biographical factors:
a) Gender
b) Age
c) Education
d) Individual abilities
i) Physical abilities
ii) Mental abilities
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

14. DETERMINANTS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR:
2. Psychological factors:
a) Attitude
b) Perception (view)
c) Values
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

15. DETERMINANTS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR:
3. Environmental factors:
a) Economic conditions
b) Technological changes
c) Governmental policies
d) Cultural environment
e) Pay benefits
f) Welfare measures
g) Style of leadership
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

16. DETERMINANTS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR:
4. Organizational factors:
a) Nature of job
b) Job security
c) Work environment
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

17. GROUP BEHAVIOUR:
 Group is defined as a cluster of persons who all have came
together to pursue activities of common interests.
 In a group, members must be aware of one another.
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

18. REASONS TO FORM A GROUP:
 Safety and security needs
 Sense of belonging (tendency to live in group)
 Work extraction power
 Job monotony (relaxation in working environment)
 Goal accomplishment
 Informational need.
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

19. TYPES OF GROUP:
 Functional group
 Command group
 Interest group
 Committees
 Formal group
 Informal group
 Family group
 Friends group
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

20. STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT:
1. Forming stage
 Group formation
2. Storming stage
 Misunderstanding
3. Norming stage
 Coordination begins
4. Performing stage
 Dedication
5. Adjourning stage
 Deforming of group
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

21. PURPOSE OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT:
1. Mutual acceptance
2. Communication and decision – making
3. Motivation and productivity
4. Control and organization
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

22. CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT:
a) Role play of individuals
b) Cohesiveness
c) Leadership
d) Behaviour of individuals.
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT

23. CREATIVITY:
 Defined as the ability to produce new useful ideas through the
combination of known principles and components in novel ways.
INNOVATION:
 Innovation is defined as the process execution of creative ideas.
R.ArunKumar,AP/Mech,RIT