This document discusses technology transfer models in pharmaceuticals. It begins with an introduction that defines technology transfer as the movement of technology between different stakeholders. It then discusses four qualitative models of technology transfer: the Bar-Zakay model, the Behrman and Wallender model, the Dahlman and Westphal model, and the Chantramonklasri model. It also discusses three quantitative models proposed by Sharif and Haq, Raz et al., and Klein and Lim. The document concludes that technology transfer is a complex process that requires a holistic approach and dedicated organizations to facilitate the transfer of technology from development to commercialization.

1. Presented By
Mr. Pritam P. Kolge
First Year M. Pharm
Department Of Pharmaceutical
Quality Assurance
Bharati Vidyapeeth College Of
Pharmacy, Kolhapur
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
MODELS IN PHARMACEUTICALS
1
Guided By
Mr. Rakesh P. Dhawale
Assistant Professor
Department Of Pharmaceutics

2. CONTENTS
2
 Introduction
 Types, Methods, facets, importance, reasons of
technology transfer.
 Models of technology transfer
 Conclusion
 References

3. INTRODUCTION
3
 Pharmaceutical industry, “technology transfer” refers
to the processes of successful progress from drug
discovery to product development, clinical trials and
ultimately full-scale commercialization.
 The term technology transfer can be defined as the
process of movement of technology from one unit to
another.
 Technology transfer is a broad set of processes in
which technology is transferred between different
stakeholder such as governments, private sector,
nongovernmental organizations NGO’s and research
institutions.

4. TYPES
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• refers to transfer of
technology from basic
research to development
and production respectively.
• refers to the movement and
application of technology
used in one place or
context to another place

5. METHODS
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 Licensing is the most common method of
technology transfer.
 There are two strategies for licensing one is
licensing-in and licensing-out.
 In licensing-in strategy, companies that are small
and lack facilities to do basic research and these
facilities want to buy other research.
 In case of licensing-out strategy, company’s right
is given to another party.

6. IMPORTANCE
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 Improvement of the research
pertinence/Relevance and its promotion in foreign
countries.
 Contribution with the creation and consolidation
of research groups and centers for technology
development, involving the training of young
research students.
 Promote interdisciplinary projects to be
developed in the region of interest.

7. REASONS
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 Many reasons exist why a company would like to
transfer its technology to other parties:
1. Due to lack of manufacturing capacity
2. Due to lack of resources to launch product
commercially
3. Due to lack of marketing distribution and
distribution capability

8. MODELS OF TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
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QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
1. The Bar-Zakay model
2. The Behrman and
Wallender
model
3. The Dahlman and
Westphal
model
4. The Schlie, Radnor and
Wad
model
5. The Chantramonklasri
model
1. Sharif and Haq
2. Raz et al
3. Klein and Lim

9. 1. The Bar-Zakay model
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 Bar-Zakay (1971) developed a technology
transfer model based on a project management
approach. Technology transfer process is divided
into the Search, Adaptation, Implementation and
Maintenance stages.
 The lessons that can be learnt from the Bar-
Zakay model are the following:
 There is a need for a comprehensive examination
of the entire technology transfer process from
“search” right through to “post-implementation”
activities.

10. 10
 The process approach must be adopted in
planning and implementing technology transfer
projects.
 Milestones and decision points are important so
that activities can be strengthened, mistakes
corrected, or even the project terminated at any
point in time.

11. 11

12. 2.The Behrman and Wallender
model
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 Behrman and Wallender (1976) have proposed a seven stage
process for international technology transfer that may be more
relevant to multinational corporations. The seven stages are:
 1. Manufacturing proposal and planning to arrive at decisions
regarding location and preparing a business case including good
resource assessments.
 2. Deciding the product design technologies to be transferred.
 3. Specifying details of the plant to be designed to produce the
product and other aspects related to construction and
infrastructure development.
 4. Plant construction and production start-up.
 5. Adapting the process and product if needed and strengthening
production systems to suit local conditions.
 6. Improving the product technology transferred using local skills.
 7. Providing external support to strengthen the relationship
between the transferor and transferee.

13. 13

14. 3. The Dahlman and Westphal
model (1981)
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 proposed a nine stage process model as follows:
 1. Pre-investment feasibility is carried out to gather
information and establishing project viability that are
carried out for techno-economic.
 2. On the basis of feasibility study there is a need to carry
out a preliminary identification of technologies.
 3. Carry out basic engineering studies that involve the
preparation of process flow diagrams, layouts, material
and energy balances and other design specifications of the
plant and machinery and the core technology to be
transferred.
 4. To make the transfer effective carry out a detailed
engineering study that involve the preparation of a detailed
civil engineering plan for the facility, including construction
and installation specifications and identification of the
peripheral technology needed.

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 5. Selection of suppliers to assemble the plant
machinery, equipment and plan for the co-
ordination of the work among various parties.
 6. The education plan and training are executed
in consultation with the suppliers of technology for
the workers who would be employed in the
technology transfer project.
 7. The plant is constructed.
 8. Operations are commenced.
 9. Develop trouble-shooting skills and put in place
arrangements to solve design and operational
problems as they arise, especially during the
early years of operation.

16. 4. The Chantramonklasri model
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17. 17
 Chantramonklasri (1990) who proposes a five
phase model as follows:
 1. Carrying out a pre-investment and feasibility
study
 2. On the basis of feasibility study developing
engineering specifications and design.
 3. Production based on the engineering
specifications and designs that have been
developed.
 4. Commissioning and start-up including
comprehensive of the workforce.
 5. Commercial production commences.

18. QUANTITATIVE MODELS
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Sharif and Haq (1980)
proposed the concept of Potential Technological
Distance (PTD) between a transferor and transferee
and argues that when the PTD is either too great or too
small between the transferor and transferee, the
effectiveness of the transfer is low.

19. 19
Raz et al (1983)
The model examines three phases of growth of a technology
follower namely,
 the slow initial phase with high technological capability
gap,
 the faster learning phase with the decreasing gap,
 and catch-up phase when the technological gap is very
small or closed.

20. 20
Klein and Lim (1997)
have studied the technology gap between the general
machinery and electrical and electronic industries of
Korea and Japan. This model suggests that technology
transfer from leaders can play a critical role in
upgrading the technological levels of follower firms.

21. By
NIPER,Mohali..……NanoCrySP
21

22. CONCLUSION
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 A dedicated technology transfer organization is
set up to facilitate and execute the process.
 Technology transfer can be considered
successful if a receiving unit can routinely
reproduce the transferred product, process or
method against a predefined set of specifications
is agreed with a sending unit and/or a
development unit.
 Technology transfer is a complex issue and
should be deal with using holistic approach.

23. REFERENCE
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 1.http://www.irjponline.com/admin/php/uploads/11
63_pdf.pdf
 2.
https://www.asianpharmtech.com/articles/review-
on-technology-transfer-as-aregulatory-aspect-
with-inclusion-of-ichguidelines.pdf

24. THANK
YOU
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