Behaviorism focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. This learning theory states that behaviors are learned from the environment, and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior. John B. Watson is known as the founder of behaviorism. Though others had similar ideas in the early 1900s, when behavioral theory began, some suggest that Watson is credited as behavioral psychology's founder due to being "an attractive, strong, scientifically accomplished, and forceful speaker and an engaging writer" who was willing to share this behavioral approach when other psychologists were less likely to speak up. Behaviorism can be used to help elicit positive behaviors or responses in students, such as by using reinforcement. Teachers with a behavioral approach often use "skill and drill" exercises to reinforce correct responses through consistent repetition, for instance. Other ways reinforcement-based behaviorism can be used in education include praising students for getting the right answer and providing prizes for those who do well. Using tests to measure performance enables teachers to measure observable behaviors and is, therefore, another behavioral approach.

1. Behaviorism

2. First of all you must know
about “BEHAVIOR”

3. Behavior is what people say and do.
*(Examples)
It can be measured;
Frequency, Intensity and Duration

4. PAVLOV talked about “Conditioning Principles” whereas
SKINNER talked about “Operant Conditioning”

5. We will talk about
SKINNER first!

6. REINFORCEMENT

7. Definition
 A process in which a behavior is strengthened by the immediate
consequence that reliably follows its occurrence.
Response Consequence

8. Daily Life Examples???

9.  Mother praises the child for doing homework.
Response (homework) Consequence (Praise)
Behavior will be repeated.
 Father gives a candy to her daughter for cleaning her room.
Response (cleaning) Consequence (Candy)
Behavior will be repeated.
 Teacher gives attention to the student in classroom for his study
behavior.
Response (study behavior) Consequence (attention)
Behavior will be repeated.

10. *Daily Life Examples from your
PERSONAL LIFE???

11. “PRACTICE”
THESE CONCEPTS IN YOUR
“DAILY LIFE”
AND
YOU WILL BECOME
“EXPERT”!

12. Types of REINFORCEMENT
 Positive Reinforcement
 Negative Reinforcement

13. Positive Reinforcement
 The occurrence of a behavior
(a) Is followed by the addition of a stimulus or an increase in the
intensity of the stimulus,
(b) Which results in the strengthening of the behavior.

14. Negative Reinforcement
 The occurrence of a behavior
(a) Is followed by the removal of a stimulus or a decrease in the
intensity of the stimulus,
(b) Which results in the strengthening of the behavior.

15. Daily Life Examples???

16.  A child throws tantrums in the store and gets a candy.
Response (tantrums) Consequence (Candy)
Behavior will be repeated.
 Dolphin getting a fish after a trick.
Response (trick) Consequence (fish)
Behavior will be repeated.
 Taking a pill to alleviate headache.
Response (taking a pill) Consequence (headache gone)
Behavior will be repeated.

17.  Study when you are worried about a test or exam.
Response (Study) Consequence (No worry)
Behavior will be repeated.

18. *Daily Life Examples from your
PERSONAL LIFE???

19. PLEASE “REVISE” THE ENTIRE
TOPICS
AGAIN AND AGAIN.

20. “PRACTICE”
THESE CONCEPTS IN YOUR
“DAILY LIFE”
AND
YOU WILL BECOME
“EXPERT”!

21. PUNISHMENT

22. Definition
 A particular behavior occurs and a consequence immediately
follows the behavior. As a result, the behavior is less likely to
occur again in the future.
Response Consequence

23.  Ali grabbed the hot sauce pan which resulted in pain (burn).
Response (grabbing) Consequence (burn)
Behavior will NOT be repeated.
 A boy disturbing other classmates and is made to sit in another room alone.
Response (disturbing) Consequence (sitting alone)
Behavior will NOT be repeated.
 Aslam is riding a fast bicycle in the street, collided with a car and is injured.
Response (fast bicycle) Consequence (injury)
Behavior will NOT be repeated.

24. Daily Life Examples???

25. “PRACTICE”
THESE CONCEPTS IN YOUR
“DAILY LIFE”
AND
YOU WILL BECOME
“EXPERT”!

26. Types of PUNISHMENT
 Positive Punishment
 Negative Punishment

27. Positive Punishment
 The occurrence of a behavior
(a) Is followed by the presentation of a stimulus,
(b) As a result, behavior is less likely to occur in the future.

28. Negative Punishment
 The occurrence of a behavior
(a) Is followed by the removal of a stimulus,
(b) As a result, behavior is less likely to occur in the future..

29.  +A child throws tantrums in the store and gets a spank.
Response (tantrums) Consequence (spank)
Behavior will NOT be repeated.
 +Challan issued on a high speed.
Response (High speed) Consequence (Challan)
Behavior will NOT be repeated.
 -Ali’s games period is closed because of incomplete homework.
Response (incomplete homework) Consequence
(games period closed)
Behavior will NOT be repeated.

30.  -Trainer goes away with the fish bucket when dolphin is aggressive.
Response (Aggressive) Consequence (Deprived of fish)
Behavior will NOT be repeated.

31. *Daily Life Examples from your
PERSONAL LIFE???

32. PLEASE “REVISE” THE ENTIRE
TOPICS
AGAIN AND AGAIN.

33. “PRACTICE”
THESE CONCEPTS IN YOUR
“DAILY LIFE”
AND
YOU WILL BECOME
“EXPERT”!

34. Reinforcers and Punishers

35. Reinforcers

36. Reinforcer
 A stimulus (or an event) that increases the probability of a desired
response is called as reinforcer.

37. Types of Reinforcers
 Tangible reinforcers
 Intangible reinforcers (Also known as Social Reinforcers)

38. TANGIBLE Reinforcers

39.  These reinforcers are concrete that one can hold them.

40. EXAMPLES

41.  Food
 Clothes
 Book
 Toys
 Sweets (candies, chocolates etc.)
 Chalk and duster
 Electronics
 Crayons
 Pencils (or color pencils)
 Stickers
 Surprise treats or rewards like calendars etc.

42. INTANGIBLE Reinforcers
Or
Social Reinforcers

43.  These reinforcers are NOT concrete and that one cannot hold
them.

44. EXAMPLES

45.  Attention
 Praise
 Approval
 Smile
 Clapping
 Talk of choice (Cartoons, movies, sports etc.)
 Permission to choose an activity
 Permission to sit on teacher’s chair
 Extra games class.

46. CONVERTING OF
INTANGIBLE TO TANGIBLE

47. * HOW?

48. Punishers

49.  The consequences or events that reduce or decrease the
probability of the particular behavior are known as punishers.

50. EXAMPLES

51.  Losing a TV privilege
 Sending to bed early
 Taking a toy away
 Losing games period
 Losing appreciation

52. Must LEARN to IDENTIFY
the reinforcers and punishers

53. * HOW?

54. Factors that Influence the
Effectiveness of Reinforcement
and Punishment

55.  Immediacy
 Contingency

56. Schedules of Reinforcement

57.  Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
 Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule

58. Continuous Reinforcement
Schedule

59.  Continuous Reinforcement Schedule is one in which each
occurrence of a response is reinforced.

60. Intermittent Reinforcement
Schedule

61.  Intermitted Reinforcement Schedule is one in which each
occurrence of a response is NOT reinforced rather responses are
occasionally or intermittently reinforced.

62. Schedules of Reinforcement

63.  Fixed Ratio
 Variable Ratio
 Fixed Interval
 Variable Interval

64. Respondent Conditioning

65. Respondent Conditioning
vs. Operant Conditioning

66.  Operant behaviors are controlled by their consequences; It involves
the manipulation of consequences.
 Respondent behaviors are controlled (elicited) by antecedent stimuli,
and respondent conditioning involves the manipulation of antecedent
stimuli.

67. Example

68. Sarah work in a factory and she’s always busy with a machine.
Machine works and a short blast of air hits her at face.
• It is not dangerous but it causes blinking of the eye.
After few days Sarah observed that before the blast of air there’s a
clicking sound that causes blinking.
Ultimately she started to blink as soon as there was clicking sound.

69. Examples from your Daily
Life?