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1. Modals Part 3
LAST ONE I PROMISE......

2. Review: Advisability (Good Advice)
Using SHOULD, OUGHT
 Use SHOULD, OUGHT TO or HAD BETTER when giving advice
 They have very similar meanings
 Example:
 You SHOULD study harder. = You OUGHT TO study harder.
 You HAD BETTER study harder, or you may fail the test.
 Negative forms:
 You SHOULDN'T eat too much cake.
 You OUGHT NOT TO eat too much cake, or you will get sick.
 You'd BETTER NOT eat too much cake.

3. SHOULD/SHOULD NOT
 Using SHOULD implies "this is a good idea"
 Has a present or future general meaning
 Form:
 Subject + SHOULD/SHOULDN'T + Base Verb
 Examples:
 Jorge SHOULD study harder.
 There SHOULD be more fun activities at GV.
 Paulina is sick. She SHOULD see the doctor tomorrow.
 You SHOULDN'T be mean to others.

4. OUGHT TO/OUGHT NOT TO
 Using OUGHT TO means "this is an important responsibility"
 Has a present or future general meaning
 Form:
 Subject + OUGHT TO/OUGHT NOT TO + Base Verb
 Examples:
Jorge OUGHT TO study harder.
There OUGHT TO be more fun activities at GV.
Paulina is sick. She OUGHT TO see the doctor tomorrow.
You OUGHT NOT TO be mean to others.

5. SHOULD/SHOULD NOT &
OUGHT TO/OUGHT NOT TO
SHOULD
 Jorge SHOULD study harder.
 There SHOULD be more fun activities at GV.
 Paulina is sick. She SHOULD see the doctor
tomorrow.
 You SHOULDN'T be mean to others.
OUGHT TO
 Jorge OUGHT TO study harder.
 There OUGHT TO be more fun activities at GV.
 Paulina is sick. She OUGHT TO see the doctor
tomorrow.
 You OUGHT NOT TO be mean to others.

6. HAD BETTER/HAD BETTER NOT
 HAD BETTER has a similar meaning to SHOULD and OUGHT TO
 Form:
 Subject + HAD BETTER/HAD BETTER NOT + Base Verb
 Has a present or future general meaning
 But: there is usually a consequence attached to these phrases.
 Examples:
 You HAD BETTER put a bandage on your cut, or it might infected.
 You HAD BETTER NOT play in the street, or you might get hurt.
 We are almost out of gas. We HAD BETTER stop at the gas station soon.

7. Expectations: Using BE SUPPOSED TO
 Used when expressing things you expect to happen.
 Can be used to express general and future expectations
 Form:
 Subject + IS/ARE (NOT) SUPPOSED TO + BASE VERB
 Examples:
 Scheduled events
 The class IS SUPPOSED TO begin at 8:45 AM.
 The game IS SUPPOSED TO start at 3 PM.

8. • Expectations: Using BE SUPPOSED
TO
 Behaviour:
 GV students ARE NOT SUPPOSED TO be late in the mornings.
 Students in my class ARE NOT SUPPOSED TO be on their phones.
 Children ARE SUPPOSED TO put their toys away.
 Jimmy IS SUPPOSED TO listen in class.

9. WAS/WERE SUPPOSED TO
 Used in the past to express an expectations that did not happen
Examples:
 We WERE SUPPOSED TO go to the movie last night, but we didn't.
 I WAS SUPPOSED TO clean up my house last night, but I fell asleep.
 Jhonny WAS SUPPOSED TO do his homework last night. (He did not)

10. Making Suggestions: LET'S, WHY
DON'T & SHALL I/WE
 Examples:
 I want to go to a movie with my friends. I say:
 LET'S go to a movie!
 OR
 WHY DON'T we go to a movie tonight?
I would rather stay home and spend time together. I say:
 LET'S NOT go to the movie, LET'S stay home tonight.
WHY DON'T we stay home tonight?

11. Using SHALL I/WE
 SHALL is rare in modern everyday conversation
 It can be used to make a formal suggestion.
 Example 1:
 I want us to leave for Wonderland at 2 PM. I say to my friends:
 SHALL we leave at 2?
 Example 2:
 My friend is feeling warm in the classroom. I say:
 SHALL I open the window?

12. Suggestions: COULD vs SHOULD
 COULD is used to make suggestions and offer possibilities in the present.
 Example 1:
 Your friend is having trouble with his/her English homework. You tell them:
 You COULD talk to your teacher, or you COULD ask me for help.
 Example 2:
 Your friend can't find their smartphone. You tell them:
 You COULD look in the lost and found.

13. SHOULD
 Using SHOULD means you are giving someone definite advice
 Example 1:
 I want to have to good time in Toronto.
 You SHOULD go to the nude beach.
 Example 2:
 Joao is feeling sick to his stomach.
 You SHOULD go to the bathroom.

14. SHOULD HAVE & COULD HAVE
SHOULD HAVE + P.P.
 Offers advice in "hindsight" (in the past)
 The situation is impossible to fix now
 Example:
 A: "I was very bored at Wonderland
yesterday".
 B: "You SHOULD HAVE gone on the roller
coaster."
COULD HAVE + P. P.
 Offers suggestions in hindsight
 The situation is still impossible to fix
 Example:
 A: "I got lost looking for the CN Tower
yesterday".
 B: You COULD HAVE looked up and
followed it downtown, or you COULD HAVE
called me .