Substation

1. Substation/Enclosed
Switchgear/PCC Fundamentals
Niel Miele, PE, LEED AP
PACS Industries

2. Let’s go Golfing

3. Swing = Energy

4. The Water Tank

5. Voltage

6. Impulse

7. Voltage

8. Nominal Current

9. Short Circuit Current

10. Electrical System
• Voltage
– Steady State
– Basic Impulse Level (BIL)
• Current
– Nominal
– Short Circuit

11. Dangerous Territory

12. Electrical Danger
• Electrical Current is Very Powerful
• Any Path to Ground Results in Electrical
Current
• Less Than 100mA Can Kill
• Electrical Current Can Jump Between
Conductors
• Arc Fault

13. Arc Flash

14. Arc Flash

15. Arc Flash
• Plasma Arc Can be Greater than 35,000
Degrees
• Copper Expands and Vaporizes by a Factor of
67,000
• Arc Blast at 160dB
• Flame, Metal, Smoke and Debris Expel at
600MPH

16. Arc Flash Boundaries

17. Arc Flash Boundaries @ 13.8kV
26 INCHES
7 INCHES
60 INCHES
15 FEET

18. System Model

19. System Model
Utility
Substation
Consumer

20. Power Grid

21. Electrical Substation
• Hub on the Power Grid
• Voltage Converter
• Distribution Point
• Link

22. Substation Components
• Transformer
• Circuit Switches/Breakers
• Command and Control System
• Communication Network

23. Circuit Breaker

24. Circuit Breaker-Low Voltage

25. Circuit Breaker-Low Voltage

26. Circuit Breaker-Medium Voltage

27. Circuit Breaker-High Voltage

28. Circuit Breaker-Extra High Voltage

29. Command/Control Systems
• Breaker Control
• System Monitoring
• Circuit Protection/Logic
• Feedback
• Metering

30. Breaker Control

31. Control Switches

32. Current Monitoring

33. Current Transformer

34. Overcurrent Trip

35. Voltage Monitoring

36. Potential Transformer

37. Undervoltage Trip

38. Electromechanical Relays

39. Multi-Function Relay

40. Multi-Function Relay

41. Communication

42. Communication Network
• Multiple Communication Loops
• Internal/External
– Status
– Health
– Data Collection
• Copper and Fiber Optic Connection

43. Communication Network

44. SCADA
• Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
• Series of Inputs and Outputs
• Digital
• Analog
• Master CPU or PLC
• Communicates To/From Master Processor

45. SCADA

46. Substation Design Criteria
• IEEE/ANSI Standards/Guidelines
– Equipment and Conductor Clearances
• Transmission 69kV – 765kV
• Distribution 5kV – 35kV
• Overhead Bus and Lines
• Large Sites with Civil Issues
– Drainage
– Grounding
– Steel Foundations

47. Transmission Substation

48. Distribution Substation

49. Switchgear Design Criteria
• IEEE/ANSI Standards/Guidelines
– Internal Bus Needs Phase to Phase/Ground Clearance
• Medium Voltage 5kV – 38kV
• High Current 1000A – 5000A
• Self Contained in One or More Lines of Cubicles
• Indoor or Outdoor
• Confined Space for Operation
• Metalclad
• Arc Resistant

50. Switchgear

51. Switchgear

52. Switchgear

53. Switchgear

54. Switchgear

55. Design Considerations
• Space Allocation
– Sufficient Arc Flash Boundary
– Work Clearance per NEC
• Controllability
• Accessibility
• Maintainability
• Personnel/Arc Flash Protection

56. Warning Signs

57. Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE)

58. Special Tools

59. Special Tools

60. Arc Resistant Switchgear

61. Power Control Centers

62. Power Control Centers

63. Power Control Centers

64. Switchgear Construction

65. Switchgear Construction

66. Switchgear Construction

67. Switchgear Construction

68. Switchgear Construction

69. Switchgear Construction

70. Switchgear Construction

71. Switchgear Construction

72. Switchgear Construction

73. Manufacturing

74. Manufacturing

75. Special Tools

76. PPE

77. Switchgear

78. Substations

79. Protection/Controls

80. Components

81. Arc Flash

82. Voltage/Current
• System Voltage
• BIL
• Nominal Current
• Short Circuit Current

83. Golf Time