LEPTOSPIROSIS

1. LEPTOSPIROSIS
BY : D R . N E E N A K A R U N A K A R A N
M A L A B A R M E D I C A L C O L L E G E
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2. LEPTOSPIROSIS
Zoonotic infection
Leptospira interrogans
Source of infection : urine of infected animals
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3. Animal reservoirs:
•Rodents –rats ,mice &
voles
•Ratus norvegicus & Mus
musculus
•Domestic animals like
cattle,sheep,goats etc
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4. •Risk groups
Occupation
• Farmers – Rice, Sugarcane,
vegetables
• Sewerage workers
• Butchers
• Vetenarians , Lab staff
• Miners
• Fishermen – Inland
• Soldiers
Recreational activities
• Swimming , Sailing ,
Gardening 4

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8. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
 Dengue
Typhoid fever
Malaria
Scrub typhus
Hepatitis A
Meningitis
Brucellosis
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9. MANAGEMENT
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10. PRIMARY PREVENTION
1.HEALTH PROMOTION
 Health Education
People should be adequately informed
about the methods to prevent the disease
from occurring
 Environmental modifications
Avoid drinking contaminated water
Rodent control 10

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12. •2. SPECIFIC PROTECTION
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VACCINATION:
• For farmers & pets
• Countries like-Italy,USSR & China-
vaccines are available
• Vax-spiral trivalent antileptospirosis
vaccine

13. SECONDARY PREVENTION
•EARLY DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT
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Investigations :
o Cannot be diagnosed based on clinical
grounds alone
o Specimens:blood(acute illness), urine(after
the first week), CSF

14. o MICROSCOPY :
 Dark-field examination
 Fluorescent antibody technique
 Silver impregnation technique
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15. oCULTURE
Takes 1-6 wks to become positive
Not done routinely
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16. oSEROLOGY
Usual method
Agglutination tests
Indirect haemagglutination
Immunofluorescent antibody
Ig M ELISA helps in early diagnosis-positive as
early as 2 days into illness
Leptodipstick test 16

17. •TREATMENT
PENICILLIN is the drug of choice- 6 million units daily
intravenously
Doxycycline 2mg/kg upto 100mg 12 hourly for 5-7
days
Tetracycline 500mg immediately followed by 250mg
8 hourly orally
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18. TERTIARY PREVENTION
•‘’ All measures available to reduce or limit
impairments & disabilities,minimize
suffering caused by existing departures
from good health & to promote patient’s
adjustment to irremediable conditions”
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19. • Includes :
 DISABILITY LIMITATION
Objective- To prevent or halt the transition from
IMPAIRMENT HANDICAP
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“Any loss or abnormality of
psychological,physiological
or anatomical structure or
function”
“A disadvantage for a given
individual resulting from an
impairment or disability,that
limits or prevents the fulfilment
of a role that is normal for that
individual”

20.  REHABILITATION
‘’The combined & coordinated use of
medical,social,educational & vocational measures for
training & retraining of the individual to the highest
possible level of functional ability”
Medical rehab. –restoration of function
Vocational-capacity to earn livelihood
Social-family & social relationship
Psychological-personal dignity & confidence
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