Scrub typhus is a bacterial infection caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi transmitted through the bites of infected trombiculid mites. It is endemic in parts of Asia and Australia. Clinical features include fever, headache, and rash appearing 3-5 days after onset. Complications can include pneumonia, renal failure, and multi-organ dysfunction. Diagnosis is made through serology, PCR, or culture. Doxycycline is the treatment of choice for 7-14 days. Prevention involves protective clothing, insect repellents, and clearing of vegetation to reduce the mite population.
Scrub typhus is a mite-borne disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi (formerly Rickettsia tsutsugamushi). Symptoms are fever, a primary lesion, a macular rash, and lymphadenopathy. (See also Overview of Rickettsial and Related Infections.) Scrub typhus is related to rickettsial diseases.
Scrub typhus, also known as bush typhus, is a disease caused by a bacteria called ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI.
Scrub typhus is spread to people through bites of infected chiggers (larval mites).
Most cases of scrub typhus occur in rural areas of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, China, Japan, India, and northern Australia. Anyone living in or travelling to areas where scrub typhus is found could get infected
Scrub typhus is not transmitted directly from person to person; it is only transmitted by the bites of vectors
Chiggers are abundant in locales with high relative humidity (60%–85%), low temperature (20°C–30°C), low incidence of sunlight, and a dense substrate-vegetative canopy.
Occupational risk is higher in farmers (aged 50–69 years), females.
Scrub typhus is a mite-borne disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi (formerly Rickettsia tsutsugamushi). Symptoms are fever, a primary lesion, a macular rash, and lymphadenopathy. (See also Overview of Rickettsial and Related Infections.) Scrub typhus is related to rickettsial diseases.
Scrub typhus, also known as bush typhus, is a disease caused by a bacteria called ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI.
Scrub typhus is spread to people through bites of infected chiggers (larval mites).
Most cases of scrub typhus occur in rural areas of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, China, Japan, India, and northern Australia. Anyone living in or travelling to areas where scrub typhus is found could get infected
Scrub typhus is not transmitted directly from person to person; it is only transmitted by the bites of vectors
Chiggers are abundant in locales with high relative humidity (60%–85%), low temperature (20°C–30°C), low incidence of sunlight, and a dense substrate-vegetative canopy.
Occupational risk is higher in farmers (aged 50–69 years), females.
Its all about the Scrub typhus or bush typhus caused byintracellular parasite Orientia tsutsugamushi , a Gram-negative alpha proteobacterium of family Rickettsiaceae
Dengue fever- clinical features,investigations, diagnosis, treatment and prev...DeepakBhosle
This presentation is for medical students and general practitioner It contains detailed account of epidemiology, causation, clinical features, investigations,diagnosis, treatment of dengue fever. contains pictures. useful latest and comprehensive information about Dengue. It also contains dengue case definitions of WHO.It also lists the complications of dengue. It enumerates the warning signs for more severe form of dengue fever. Includes risk factors for dengue shock syndrome and dengue hemorrhagic fever.It includes a list if clinical markers of dengue. Also details about the habits of the dengue vector , aedes aegypti mosquito
Its all about the Scrub typhus or bush typhus caused byintracellular parasite Orientia tsutsugamushi , a Gram-negative alpha proteobacterium of family Rickettsiaceae
Dengue fever- clinical features,investigations, diagnosis, treatment and prev...DeepakBhosle
This presentation is for medical students and general practitioner It contains detailed account of epidemiology, causation, clinical features, investigations,diagnosis, treatment of dengue fever. contains pictures. useful latest and comprehensive information about Dengue. It also contains dengue case definitions of WHO.It also lists the complications of dengue. It enumerates the warning signs for more severe form of dengue fever. Includes risk factors for dengue shock syndrome and dengue hemorrhagic fever.It includes a list if clinical markers of dengue. Also details about the habits of the dengue vector , aedes aegypti mosquito
Rabies is a deadly virus spread to people from the saliva of infected animals. The rabies virus is usually transmitted through a bite. Animals most likely to transmit rabies in the United States include bats, coyotes, foxes, raccoons and skunks.
SARS stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome . caused by a corona virus . major outbreak in south china in 2002 with fatality of about 10% and 800 deaths in a single outbreak.
lecture for MBBS students
Rickettsia named after HOWARD
TAYLOR RICKETTS died of Typhus fever contracted during his studies
Discovered spotted fever rickettsia (1906)
Obligate intracellular parasite
Gram negative pleomorphic rods
Parasite of arthropods – fleas, lice, ticks and mites.
No Human to human transmission.
Rickettsia are transmitted to humans by the bite of infected arthropod vector.
Multiply at the site of entry and enter the blood stream.
Localise in the vascular endothelial cells and multiply to cause thrombosis lead to rupture & necrosis
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
Scrub typhus
1. SCRUB TYPHUS
Presenter:
Dr. Madhu Gaikwad
Post Graduate Student
1
Guided by:
Dr. Shubhra A. Gupta
Associate Professor
Department of Community Medicine
Pt. J.N.M. Medical College, Raipur (C.G.)
2. Contents
History
Introduction
Epidemiology
Mode of transmission
Life cycle
Clinical features
Complications
Investigations & Diagnosis
Management
2
3. Scrub Typhus
• Rickettsial infection caused by Orientia
tsutsugamushi, a gram negative obligate
intracellular coccobacillus bacteria of
Rickketsiaceae family.
tsutsuga = small and dangerous ; mushi = mite
• It was first described from Japan in 1899.
• In India first case was reported from Himanchal
Pradesh.
3
4. • Epidemic in India was first reported from
Kumaon region, in soldiers during the second
world war in Assam.
• Scrub typhus is the commonest occuring
rickettsial infection in India.
4
5. • There is an estimated one million new scrub
typhus infections every year and over one billion
people around the world are at risk.
• More during rainy and winter seasons.
5
AFTER RAINY SEASON
INCREASED HUMIDITY
HATCHING OF MITES EGG INTO
CHIGGERS LEADS TO TRANSMISSION
6. • It is generally seen in people whose
occupational or recreational activities bring them
into contact with ecotypes favorable with vector
chiggers.
• It occurs in area where scrub vegetation
– Consisting of low lying trees and bushes
– Banks of rivers
– Rice fields
– Poorly maintained kitchen garden
– Grassy lawns
6
7. Disease
Ricketssial
Agent
Insect Vector
Mammalian
Reserviors
Typhus Group
a. Epidemic Typhus
b. Murine Typhus
c. Scrub Typhus
R. Prowazekki
R. Typhi
O. tsutsugamushi
Louse
Flea
Mite
Human
Rodent
Rodent
Spotted Fever
Group
a. Indian Tick
Typhus
b. Rocky Mountain
Spotted fever
c. Rickettsial Pox
R. Conorii
R. Rickettsii
R. akari
Tick
Tick
Mite
Rodent, Dog
Rodent, Dog
Mice
Others
a. Q Fever
b. Trench Fever
C. Brunetti
Rochalimaea
Nil
Louse
Cattle, sheep, goat
Human 7
Classification of Rickettsial Diseases
8. Epidemiology
• Causative organism is Orientia tsutsugamushi
• Human acquires the disease from the bite
of an infected trombiculid mite larva (Chigger).
• Humans are accidental and dead end host.
• The larva is the only stage that can transmit
the disease to humans.
8
9. • Other life stages (nymph and adult) do not
feed on vertebrate animals. Both are free living
in the soil.
• Once infected, they maintain the transmission
through out their life cycle
• Transovarial and transstadial transmission of
infection occurs.
• Mites are both reservoir and vector of disease.
9
11. Endemic in the part of World known as
tsutsugamushi triangle extends from northern
Japan and far eastern Russia in the north, to
northern Australia in the south and to Pakistan in
the west.
11
12. • O. tsutsugamushi expresses a type specific
protein 56kDa protein which is unique and have
cross reacting epitopes resulting in genetic
diversity.
• 5 Serotypes:
Kato, Karp, Kawazaki, Boryong, Gilliam
12
13. Life cycle of Trombiculid mite
13
1 WEEK
1- 2 WEEKS
1-3 WEEKS
6 MONTHS
14. Clinical Features
• Incubation period: 5-20 days after the initial bite
• Clinical spectrum: self limiting disease to multi organ
dysfunction resulting in death.
• Untreated cases have high CFR 30-45%
• Chigger bite painless, noticed by transient localized
itch.
• First sign of disease is vesicular lesion at the site of
bite
14
15. • Bites are found on groin, axillae, genitalia,
perianal area or neck.
• Eschar may develop at the site of bite. (7-97%)
Rare in South East Asia
15
16. 16
ESCHAR Chigger bite on the axilla
Chigger bite on the neck Spotted rashes over the trunk
17. • Fever with shaking chills
• Headache
• Myalgia
• Malaise
• Infection of conjunctiva
• Spotted Rash (3-5 days after onset of
symptoms, rare)
• Lymphadenopathy
17
18. Complications
• Develops after 1st week of illness:
– Atypical pneumonia with ARDS like
presentation
– Renal failure
– Encephalopathy
– Myocarditis
– Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
– Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
– Septic Shock
18
19. • Definition of Suspected/clinical case:
– Acute undifferentiated febrile illness of 5 days
or more with or without eschar should be
suspected as a case of Rickettsial infection.
– Fever of less than 5 days and eschar present,
should be considered as scrub typhus.
– Other features may be headache and rash
(fair persons), lymphadenopathy, multi-organ
involvement.
– Differential diagnosis- dengue, malaria,
pneumonia, leptospirosis and typhoid
Source: Guidelines for Diagnosis and management of rickettsial Disease in India, DHR-ICMR,
2015 19
20. • Definition of Probable case:
– A suspected clinical case showing titres of
1:80 or above in OX2, OX19 and OXK
antigens by Weil Felix test and an optical
density (OD) > 0.5 for IgM by ELISA are
considered positive for typhus and spotted
fever groups of Rickettsiae.
Source: Guidelines for Diagnosis and
management of rickettsial Disease in India,
DHR-ICMR, 2015
20
21. • Definition of Confirmed case:
A Confirmed case is the one in which:
– Rickettsial DNA is detected in eschar
samples or whole blood by PCR
or
– Rising antibody titers on acute and
convalescent sera detected by Indirect
Immune Fluorescence Assay (IFA) or
Indirect Immunoperoxidase Assay (IPA)
Source: Guidelines for Diagnosis and management of rickettsial Disease
in India, DHR-ICMR, 2015
21
23. • Specimens:
– Serum
– Blood collected in tubes with EDTA or
Sodium citrate
– Eschar, whole blood, buffy coat fraction and
tissue specimen.
– (Samples to be dispatched to laboratory at 2-
8 degree Celsius with label)
23
25. Weil Felix test
• Sharing of antigen between rickettsia and
proteus is the basis.
• Carried out 5-7 days after onset of fever
• Titre of 1:80 is to be considered as possible
infection
25
26. 26
• IgM and IgG ELISA
Most sensitive
IgM Antibody titre is observed at the end of
1st week, IgG appears at the end of 2nd
week.
27. Immunofluoroscence assay (IFA):
• Gold standard
• Fourfold rise in antibody titre is considered
diagnostic of scrub typhus.
• High cost and requirement of technical expertise
limit its wide use.
27
28. Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Rapid and specific test for diagnosis.
• Best within first week (7-10 days)
• Detects rickketsial DNA in whole blood and
eschar.
• Targeted at 56kDa and/or 47kDa surface antigen
gene.
• Rapid Diagnostic test for diagnosis of scrub
typhus is not recommended.
28
29. Isolation of organism
• Isolation should be done in laboratories
equipped with appropriate safety i.e. biosafety
level-3.
• Isolated by animal inoculation, embryonated
eggs and various cell lines
29
30. Treatment
1 Drug of choice Doxycycline 100 mg BD
2 Alternatives
Azithromycin 500 mg OD
Chloramphenicol 500 mg
QID
3
Children and
Pregnant
women
Azithromycin 500 mg OD
4
Drug resistant
serotype
Azithromycin + Rifampicin
Doxycycline + Rifampicin
Source: Ramasubramanian V, Senthur Nambi P. Scrub typhus. Medicine Update. India: Association of
Physicians of India. 2013:19-22.
30
31. • The recommended treatment duration is 7-14
days.
• Treatment < 7 days is initially curative but may
be followed by relapse.
31
32. Side effects of Tetracyclines:
• Should not be given to children under 8 years of
age and to the pregnant women as it is C/I in
pregnancy.
Source: Scrub typhus, CD Alert, National Center for Disease Control, DHS, GOI, May
2018
32
Discoloration of teeth (directly related to
no. of tetracycline therapy received)
Depression of skeletal growth in Children
33. • Should not wait for laboratory confirmation,
antibiotic therapy should be instituted when
rickettsial disease is suspected.
• At Primary level: The Health Care provider
needs to do the following:
– Recognition of disease severity: if
complications present- treatment with
doxycycline should be initiated before
referring the patient.
– In fever cases of duration of 5 days or more
where malaria, dengue and typhoid have been
ruled out treatment to be continued as per the
guidelines 33
34. At secondary and tertiary care:
• a) The treatment as specified above in
uncomplicated cases.
• b) In complicated cases the following
treatment is to be initiated –
I/V Doxycycline100mg twice daily in 100 ml
normal saline to be administered as infusion
over half an hour followed by oral therapy
Or
I/V Azithromycin in the dose of 500mg IV in
250 ml normal saline over 1 hour once daily
for 1-2 days followed by oral therapy
Or
34
35. • I/V chloramphenicol 50-100 mg/kg/d 6 hourly
doses to be administered as infusion over 1 hour
initially followed by oral therapy to complete 7-15
days of therapy.
• Management of the individual complications
should be done as per the existing practices.
Without appropriate treatment the case fatality
rate is 30%.
35
36. • Chigger Index: Average number of chiggers
infesting a single host.
• If >0.69 (critical value), it is an indicator for
implementation of vector control measures.
36
37. Preventive and control measures
37
1
Persons who cannot avoid infested terrain should wear
protective clothing, impregnate their clothing and bedding
with a miticide.
2
People should wash themselves and their clothes after
every potential exposure.
3
Insect repellents containing dimethyl phthalate (DMP),
benzyl benzoate and diethyl toluamide (DEET) can be
applied to the skin and clothing to prevent chigger bites.
4
Do not sit or lie on bare ground or grass; use a suitable
ground sheet or other ground cover.
5
Clearing of vegetation and chemical treatment of the
vegetation/ soil may help to break up the cycle of
transmission from chiggers to humans.
38. Chemoprophylaxis
• A single oral dose of chloramphenicol or
tetracycline given every 5 days for a total
of 35 days, with 5-day non-treatment
intervals. This is recommended under
special circumstances incertain areas
where the disease is endemic.
38
39. Vaccine
• There is no effective vaccine against scrub
typhus.
• There is enormous antigenic variation in O.
tsutsugamushi strain and immunity to one strain
does not confer immunity against another.
39
40. References
1. Guidelines for Diagnosis and management of rickettsial Disease in
India, DHR-ICMR, 2015
2. Ramasubramanian V, Senthur Nambi P. Scrub typhus. Medicine
Update. India: Association of Physicians of India. 2013:19-22.
3. Scrub typhus in India- An Impending Threat!, Sneha K Chuchanur,
Annals of clinical Immunology and Microbiology, 3 July 2018
4. CD Alert, National Centre for disease Control, Directorate General of
Health Services, Government of India, May 2018.
5. Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 24TH Edition.
40