3. PHRASE
Group of words
No subject or predicate of its own
Cannot stand by itself
Makes some sense
Does not make complete sense unless combined
with a larger group of words
4. All these groups contain words forming a unit
[‘times’ , ‘helpless’ , ‘man’ , ‘before’-do not
have syntactic relationship , do not qualify as
phrase]
EXAMPLE:
In olden times , man was completely
helpless before the vagaries of nature.
5. CLAUSE
Group of words having a syntactic structure , a
subject and predicate of its own
Group of words which form a part of sentence
Can stand on its own
May or may not make complete sense
May be classified as either main or subordinate
(depending on whether it makes complete sense or
not
Part of a larger sentence
6. CLAUSES
There are two clauses in the sentence
Sentence 1
My father travels by train till the New Delhi Railway
Station and then takes a bus to reach his office in
Noida . (Subject Predicate )
Sentence 2
I met your cousin who has blue eyes .
Clause 1 – I met your cousin
Clause 2 – who has blue eyes
7. • Sentence 3 – It has a single independent clause
The eleventh edition is out of stock.
Main/Independent/Principal Clause
Sentence 2, the first clause is complete in itself and
thus is independent.
Main or Independent or Principal Clause expresses
complete sense on its own.
8. Dependent or Subordinate Clause
In Sentence 2 , the second clause cannot stand by itself.
Dependent or subordinate clause cannot stand by itself
and begins with a subordinating conjunction Subordinate
clause may precede , follow or be embedded in the main
clause.
Examples: (a) Since Alok was the most qualified
applicant , he was offered the job.
(b) Alok was offered the job since he was the most
qualified applicant.
(c) Alok , who was the most qualified applicant , was
offered the job
9. KINDS OF PHRASES
NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB
PREPOSITIONAL VERB
EXAMPLES
Noun Phrase [main word – noun or pronoun]
An important meeting was held yesterday
I asked him his brother’s name.
10. Adjective Phrase [adjective as main word]
The problem was too difficult to solve.
The girl with a blue bag is my sister.
Adverb Phrase [may or may not have an
adverb as its main word ]
He completed the work pretty fast.
They arrived here last evening.
Verb Phrase [group of verb forms a function
in the same way as a single word verb]
The boat was drawn up.
The army marched away.
11. Prepositional Phrase [consists of a preposition
and its object]
(a)It may function as an adverb.
(b) as an adjective in noun phrases.
I am coming in a moment .
Winters in London are wet.
Noun Phrase [functions like a noun] Noun
or pronoun is the main word gives detail
or information about a noun this is usually
done by adding adjectives to describe the
noun ; further information to the noun can be
added with a prepositional phrase.
12. EXAMPLES
(a) She walked through the forest.
She walked through the dark mysterious
forest.
(b) The parrot flew through the canopy.
The brightly coloured parrot flew through
the canopy.
(c) The winning team held the trophy.
Happy and elated , the winning team held
the trophy.
(d) He talked about his home .
He talked about his ancestral home.
13. PRACTICE
A. Pick out the Noun Phrases:
1. Thinking good thoughts precedes good
actions.
2. Travelling in a hot dusty train gives me no
pleasure
3. He denies stealing the money.
B. Replace Noun by Noun Phrase:
1. He likes books .
2. He tried the sum.
3. She dislikes punishment.
14. Adjective Phrase
•Group of words that function as an Adjective
1.(a) I like to see a smiling face.
(b) I like to see a face with a smile on it.
2.(a) The chief lived in a stone house.
(b) The chief lived in a house built of stone.
15. Adjectives Adjective Phrases
Smiling face face with a smile on it
Stone house house built of stone
a heavy load a load of great weight
a deserted village a village without any j
inhabitants
a golden crown a crown made of gold
16. PRACTICE
Pick out the Adjective Phrases in the
following sentences:
1. He tells a tale with the ring of truth in it .
2. Gardens with cool shady trees surround the
village.
3. He was a lad of great promise.
17. PRACTICE
A. Replace the underlined Adjective by an
Adjective Phrase:
1. A grey cloud spread over the sky.
2. He is well.
3. She wore a diamond necklace.
B. Replace the adjective phrase by an
adjective:
1. He led a life devoid of blame .
2. It is of no use .
3. Nelson was a boy without fear.
18. C. Fill in the blank with suitable Adjective
Phrase:
1. An elephant is considered sacred by
some people.
2. He lost a diamond
3. The old sage spoke words
19. Adverb Phrases
•Group of words functions as an adverb
•Single word or group of words modify a verb
Adverbs Adverb Phrase
Recently just now , at a recent date
Bravely with bravery, in a brave
manner manner
Soon at an early date, before very
long very long
There at that place
Away to another place
20. EXAMPLES
1.(a)He ran quickly.
(b)he ran with great speed.
2.(a)The arrow fell here.
(b)The arrow fell on this spot.
3.(a)He is coming now.
(b)He is coming at this very moment.
4.(a)No such diseases were known then.
(b)No such diseases were known in those days.
.
21. PRACTICE
A. Replace the italicized Adverb by an
Adverb Phrase:
1. Gently fell the rain.
2. Go away .
3. She spoke eloquently.
B. Replace the Adverb Phrases by an
Adverb:
1.Let us cease work from this very moment.
2. He succeeded in the long run .
3. He seems to have acted with promptitude.
22. C. Fill in the blanks with suitable Adverb
Phrases:
1.He has behaved_______
2. The knight fought_______
3. He treated his relatives______
D. Pick out Adverbs Phrases in the
following sentence:
1. I have read Bacon to my great profit.
2. She lived in the middle of a great wood.
3. He lives by his pen
