By: Muhammad Khizer Hayat (M.Sc Botany)

1. Write down the functions of Nucleolus?
MAJOR functions of Nucleolus are as follows.
 It is essential for spindle formation during nuclear division.
 It is the principal site for the formation of ribosomal RNAs.
 Nucleolus is the centre for the formation of ribosomes.
 It stores nucleoproteins.
Name the classes of phylum chordata?
1-Agnatha 2-Chondrichthyes 3-Osteichthyes
4-Amphibia 5-Reptilia 6-Aves7–Mammalia
Differentiate between magnification and resolution of a microscope?
Magnification Resolution
Magnification is the ability of optical
instruments, such as a telescope or a
microscope, to make an object bigger.
Resolution is the ability of optical
instruments to produce images that are
clearer, finer, and sharper.
Magnification is the power of an
instrument to create and produce a
much larger image of an object.
Resolution is the power of an optical
instrument to capture and produce more
details of an image while 3.Resolution can be
expressed in arc sec or seconds
Magnification allows us to see small
objects, especially those that are not
visible to the naked eye
Resolution allows us to see these objects
more clearly and with more details.
Define Assimilation with examples?
The processes of photosynthesis and the absorption of raw materials by
which plants derive their nutrition. Examples of assimilation are
photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and the absorption of nutrients after
digestion into the living tissue.
Define Diatoms?
A diatom is a photosynthetic, single celled organism which means they
manufacture their own food in the same way plants do. They are a major
group of algae and form one of the most common forms of phytoplankton
.They are found in rivers, oceans, lakes, bogs, damp rock surfaces, even on
the surface of a whale's skin -in short anywhere there is water.
M
uham
m
ad
K
hizer
H
ayat

2. Differentiate between Plasmolysis and Deplasmolysis?
Why Transpiration is called necessary evil?
Transpiration controls the rate of water absorption. It helps in the
absorption of minerals and regulates the temperature. At the same time, it
has disadvantages such as it leads water deficiency in plants and thus,
impairs the processes of photosynthesis and growth, etc. It is therefore said
‘transpiration is a necessary evil’.
What is the difference between schizocoelous and enterocoelous?
Schizocoelous found in protostomes and this is destriptive for coelom
development during which archentron forms and coelom begins as splits
within the solid mesodermal mass.
Entrocoelous found in deuterostomes and coelom development during
which the mesoderm arises as lateral out pocketing of archentron with
hollows that become coelomic cavity.
M
uham
m
ad
K
hizer
H
ayat

3. Define Photorespiration?
A respiratory process in many higher plants by which they take up oxygen
in the light and give out some carbon dioxide, contrary to the general
pattern of photosynthesis.
Differentiate between Light Dependant and Light Independent Reactions?
LIGHT REACTION (light dependent reaction) DARK REACTION (light independent reaction)
It occurs in thylakoid membranes of
chloroplasts in a leaf.
It occurs in the stroma of the living chloroplast.
Cyclic and non-cyclic photo-phos-
phorylation occurs in the cells.
C3 pathway is observed in green plants. In
desert plants, we can observe c4 pathway.
End products are ATP and NADP.H2.
End products of light reaction are used up to
synthesize sugar.
Oxygen is released as a by-product of
the photolysis if water.
Main product is sugar in the form of glucose.
Define Source and Sink?
"The movement of carbohydrates occurs from where carbohydrates are made
or have been stored, called a source (For example mature leaves) to where
they will be stored or used, called a sink (For example roots).
What is the difference between Perioxisome and Glyoxysome?
Perioxisome Glyoxysome
Peroxisomes are single membrane
microbodies found in photosynthetic cells of
plants and liver and kidney cells of
vertebrates.
Glyoxysomes are also single
membrane microbodies but found
only in plant cells.
It contains enzymes like peroxides, oxidases
and catalases.
It contains many enzymes like
isocratic lyase, malate synthetase,
glycolate oxidases, etc.
It is involved in formation and degradation of
hydrogen peroxide and detoxification of
poisons in the cell.
It is involved in photorespiration
and conversion of fats into
carbohydrates.
M
uham
m
ad
K
hizer
H
ayat