Diatoms are unicellular algae with silica cell walls that play an important role in the global carbon cycle and oxygen production. They are highly responsive to iron limitation, downregulating iron-dependent pathways and upregulating iron-independent alternatives. Ocean iron fertilization experiments have shown diatom blooms in high nutrient low chlorophyll regions of the ocean in response to added iron, but diatoms may also be co-limited by silica.
Study on Toxic Impact of Sugar Factory Effluent on the Gill of the Fresh Wate...IJEAB
The fresh water fish Rasbora daniconius were exposed to two sublethal concentration of sugar factory effluent for 4 weeks studied. The concentration were record 1/5(2.2%) and 1/10(1.1%) of the 96 hrs LC 5O values of sugar factory effluent. The gills of R. daniconius showed the curling and degeneration and breaking of epithelium cells of the secondary gill lamellae, destruction of blood cells, blood capillaries and nuclei were the prominent features of the gill.
The Marine Board provides a pan-European platform
for its member organisations to develop common priorities,
to advance marine research, and to bridge the
gap between science and policy in order to meet future
marine science challenges and opportunities.
The Marine Board was established in 1995 to facilitate
enhanced cooperation between European marine science
organisations (both research institutes and research
funding agencies) towards the development of a common
vision on the research priorities and strategies for
marine science in Europe. In 2012, the Marine Board
represents 34 Member Organisations from 20 countries.
The marine Board provides the essential components for
transferring knowledge for leadership in marine research
in Europe. Adopting a strategic role, the Marine Board
serves its member organisations by providing a forum
within which marine research policy advice to national
agencies and to the European Commission is developed,
with the objective of promoting the establishment of the
European Marine Research Area.
Evolution and Economic Importance of BacillariophytaMUsmanZaki
THIS SLIDE IS ABOUT Evolution and Economic Importance of Bacillariophyta. “ Bacillariophyta are unicellular organisms that are important components of phytoplanktons as primary sources of food zooplanktons in both marine and fresh water habitats.”
Utilization of Diatom's Ability to Fixate Carbon Dioxide as An Alternative to Inhibit Global Warming
Abstract
Vascular plants have stomata which enables it to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, unlike dissolved carbon dioxide. Dissolved carbon dioxide can easily be exported to the atmosphere and becomes the main trigger for global warming if there is no fixator that can keep it in waters. This experiment has the purpose to utilize diatoms as a fixator for dissolved CO2 in seawater. By counting the sum of diatoms and levels of dissolved CO2, it is known that the carbon dioxide level will decrease gradually at the beginning of breeding, decrease drastically after fertilization, and reach a constant point in the end. This is caused by the ability of diatoms to bloom. Thus, with precise fertilization, a population explosion can occur and CO2 will be absorbed drastically. At the maximum point, the sum of dissolved CO2 becomes rare. Therefore, diatoms have to be harvested periodically. The breeding of diatoms can protect it from predators and also obtain a faster population explosion than diatoms that are left to grow naturally in seas. Moreover, the content of diatoms’ cell wall (sillica) that has been harvested can be used for various sectors in the fishing industry.
Keywords: diatom, CO2 fixator, blooming
Study on Toxic Impact of Sugar Factory Effluent on the Gill of the Fresh Wate...IJEAB
The fresh water fish Rasbora daniconius were exposed to two sublethal concentration of sugar factory effluent for 4 weeks studied. The concentration were record 1/5(2.2%) and 1/10(1.1%) of the 96 hrs LC 5O values of sugar factory effluent. The gills of R. daniconius showed the curling and degeneration and breaking of epithelium cells of the secondary gill lamellae, destruction of blood cells, blood capillaries and nuclei were the prominent features of the gill.
The Marine Board provides a pan-European platform
for its member organisations to develop common priorities,
to advance marine research, and to bridge the
gap between science and policy in order to meet future
marine science challenges and opportunities.
The Marine Board was established in 1995 to facilitate
enhanced cooperation between European marine science
organisations (both research institutes and research
funding agencies) towards the development of a common
vision on the research priorities and strategies for
marine science in Europe. In 2012, the Marine Board
represents 34 Member Organisations from 20 countries.
The marine Board provides the essential components for
transferring knowledge for leadership in marine research
in Europe. Adopting a strategic role, the Marine Board
serves its member organisations by providing a forum
within which marine research policy advice to national
agencies and to the European Commission is developed,
with the objective of promoting the establishment of the
European Marine Research Area.
Evolution and Economic Importance of BacillariophytaMUsmanZaki
THIS SLIDE IS ABOUT Evolution and Economic Importance of Bacillariophyta. “ Bacillariophyta are unicellular organisms that are important components of phytoplanktons as primary sources of food zooplanktons in both marine and fresh water habitats.”
Utilization of Diatom's Ability to Fixate Carbon Dioxide as An Alternative to Inhibit Global Warming
Abstract
Vascular plants have stomata which enables it to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, unlike dissolved carbon dioxide. Dissolved carbon dioxide can easily be exported to the atmosphere and becomes the main trigger for global warming if there is no fixator that can keep it in waters. This experiment has the purpose to utilize diatoms as a fixator for dissolved CO2 in seawater. By counting the sum of diatoms and levels of dissolved CO2, it is known that the carbon dioxide level will decrease gradually at the beginning of breeding, decrease drastically after fertilization, and reach a constant point in the end. This is caused by the ability of diatoms to bloom. Thus, with precise fertilization, a population explosion can occur and CO2 will be absorbed drastically. At the maximum point, the sum of dissolved CO2 becomes rare. Therefore, diatoms have to be harvested periodically. The breeding of diatoms can protect it from predators and also obtain a faster population explosion than diatoms that are left to grow naturally in seas. Moreover, the content of diatoms’ cell wall (sillica) that has been harvested can be used for various sectors in the fishing industry.
Keywords: diatom, CO2 fixator, blooming
Nualgi Auqculture accelerates fish growth by promoting Diatom bloom in water. Nualgi is water dispersible and consists of an alumina-modified silica sol with micronutrients adsorbed on it as nanoparticles.
A brief introduction to amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for the analysis of microbial diversity. This talk was presented originally at the Workshop: Introduction to Systems Biology, Aalborg Denmark. 2013-10-29
Nutrient Uptake, Growth and Yield of Wheat as affected by Manganese ApplicationNualgi.org
This paper discusses tests undertaken on Wheat in South Asia, reviewing current problems with low yields and how Micronutrients play an essential role for good yields.
My master's thesis project presentation on Transcriptomics of Iron Limitation in Phaeocystis antarctica supervised by Assist. Prof. Ahmed Moustafa (who surprised me with slide 2 :)
Iron acquisition and mineral transformation by cyanobacteria living in extrem...Sérgio Sacani
Iron is an essential micronutrient for most living organisms, including cyanobacteria. These microorganisms have
been found in Earth's driest polar and non-polar deserts, including the Atacama Desert, Chile. Iron-containing
minerals were identified in colonized rock substrates from the Atacama Desert, however, the interactions be-
tween microorganisms and iron minerals remain unclear. In the current study, we determined that colonized
gypsum rocks collected from the Atacama Desert contained both magnetite and hematite phases. A cyanobacteria
isolate was cultured on substrates consisting of gypsum with embedded magnetite nanoparticles. Transmission
electron microscopy imaging revealed a significant reduction in the size of magnetite nanoparticles due to their
dissolution, which occurred around the microbial biofilms. Concurrently, hematite was detected, likely from the
oxidation of the magnetite nanoparticles. Higher cell counts and production of siderophores were observed in
cultures with magnetite nanoparticles suggesting that cyanobacteria were actively acquiring iron from the
magnetite nanoparticles. Magnetite dissolution and iron acquisition by the cyanobacteria was further confirmed
using large bulk magnetite crystals, uncovering a survival strategy of cyanobacteria in these extreme
environments.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Article AssignmentDue date December 11, 2012 by 1 pm Influenc.docxfredharris32
Article Assignment
Due date: December 11, 2012 by 1 pm
Influence of aluminum on the uptake of various cations from a solution into carrots
Read the article and answer the following questions:
1. What causes acidification of rain and what is the main effect of the acidification on crops?
2. Provide name of all elements that were utilized for preparation of multitracer solution.
3. Above what Al concentration was the deformation of carrot roots observed? At what AlCl3 concentration was the rate of cerium uptake into intact roots the highest? What is the pattern in uptake rate for rear earth elements?
4. What is the reported influence of Al3+ on the uptake of beryllium, strontium and barium by a carrot roots? What is responsible for this uptake?
5. Compare uptake of manganese, cobalt and zinc into roots and leaves at 0.002 ppm of Al.
Answers to all questions must be typed.
NOTE: You may need to find secondary sources to answer question 1. In such case, you must cite your sources at the end of the assignment, following the examples below. Remember that reproducing text from a source verbatim is plagiarism, and such incidences can become part of your academic record.
How to cite a web page:
National Library of Medicine. Environmental Health and Toxicology: Specialized Information Services. http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/enviro.html (accessed Aug 23, 2004).
How to cite a scientific journal article:
Evans, D. A.; Fitch, D. M.; Smith, T. E.; Cee, V. J. Application of Complex Aldol Reactions to the Total Synthesis of Phorboxazole B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10033-10046.
Effects of Ionic Valency
of Interacting Metal Elements
in Ion Uptake by Carrot
(Daucas carota cv. U.S.
harumakigosun)
TAKUO OZAKI,*,1 SHIZUKO AMBE,2 YOSHITAKA MINAI,3
SHUICHI ENOMOTO,2 FUMIO YATAGAI,2 TOMOKO ABE,2
SHIGEO YOSHIDA,2 AND YOSHIHIRO MAKIDE4
1Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai,
Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan; 2The Institute of Physical and
Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
3Faculty of Humanities, Musashi University, Toyotama-kami,
Tokyo 176-8534, Japan; and 4Radio Isotope Center,
Tokyo University, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
Received April 27, 2001; Accepted June 28, 2001
ABSTRACT
Interaction of elements in the course of element uptake by carrot
(Daucas carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) exerted by the addition of ele-
ments, such as Rb, Zn, and Al, was investigated. For the purpose of pre-
cise evaluation of uptake behavior, the simultaneous determination of
absorption of Na, Be, Sr, Mn, Co, Zn, Ce, Pm, and Gd was conducted by
the multitracer technique. For root uptakes, Al exhibited its influence on
the uptake of essential elements and on the uptake of toxic or unbenefi-
cial ones, presumably as a result of the large electric valency that caused
cell membrane disintegrity. On the other hand, Zn as a divalent cation
only affected the uptake of essential and beneficial elements. Rubidium,
which is a monovalent cation, did no ...
Heavy metals and its effects on plants and environmentHaider Ali Malik
Heavy metals are natural constituents of the earth’s crust , but indiscriminate human activities have drastically altered their geochemical cycles and biochemicals balance.
Any toxic metals may be called heavy metals.
Since heavy metals have a propensity to accumulate in selective body organs.
The average safety levels in food or water are often misleading high.
Heavy is any metal or metalloid of environmental concern.
Heavy metals are metallic element that have relatively high density usually greater than 5 g/cm3, or their density is greater than the density of water.
1. Effect of Iron Limitation
on Diatoms
Mariam Rizkallah
Biotechnology Master’s Program
The American University in Cairo
2. Outline
• Diatoms, their structure, applications, and role in the
ecosystem
• Iron limitation and whole-cell response (Allen et al.,
2008)
• Ocean fertilization attempts (Smetacek et al., 2012)
• Co-limitation of diatoms by iron and silica (Brzezinski et
al., 2011)
4. Diatoms structure and life cycle
• Unicellular photosynthetic
“microalgae”
• Inhabitants of aquatic systems:
seawater, freshwater and soil,
freely or in an endosymbiotic
relationship
• Of siliceous skeleton (frustule)
• Between 20-200 microns in
diameter or length
• Cell division (epitheca as
parent frustule) size Source:
reduction size restoration http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/mi
cropal/diatom.html
(auxospores)
5. Diatoms in the Tree of Life
Source: http://chloroplast.ocean.washington.edu/organisms
6. Diatoms role in the ecosystem
and applications
• Diatoms and the global carbon cycle:
- Primary producers in the aquatic food web [e.g., they
contribute with ≈40% of global oceanic organic carbon
production per year (Allen et al., 2007)]
- Major contributors in global oxygen production
• Diatoms as indicators of the Earth's history:
- Indicator of the past environments and climate changes
through tracking the sediments of the empty silica cell wall
deposited after their death
- Living diatoms optimal growth conditions vs. that of extinct
ones as way of palaeoenvironmental reconstruction
• Diatoms nanotechnology (Bradbury, 2004)
8. Iron limitation and whole-cell
response 1/3
• Observation:
- Diatoms-dominating blooms after Fe-repletion in high nutrient low
chlorophyll (HNLC) regions
- HNLC regions: subarctic Pacific, equatorial Pacific, and Southern Oceans
and North Atlantic)
Source: http://www.polartrec.com/expeditions/seawater-property-changes-in-the-southern-
ocean/journals/2011-03-21
9. Iron limitation and whole-cell
response 2/3
• One of the species studied:
- Phaeodactylum tricornutum: highly tolerant to Fe-limitation
• Methods:
- Growth conditions: Cultures grown in Fe-limited media, followed by
Fe addition
- Physiological measurements: Photosynthetic fitness, cell diameter
and volume, Fe reductase assay and chlorophyll (Chl) concentration
- Gene expression profiling: Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs )libraries,
partial genome microarray, Real Time quantitative Reverse
transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)
- Comparative genomics : Mapping ESTs to predicted proteins
encoded by P. tricornutum genome and across lineages
- Metabolites extraction: Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy
(GC-MS)
10. Iron limitation and whole-cell
response 3/3
Down-regulation of Fe-requiring Up-regulation of Fe-economic
pathways alternatives
- Cell volume reduction and Chl - Alternative shuttling system from
concentration reduction chloroplast and cytosol to
- Respiration (Fe-dependent electron mitochondria
carriers, cytochrome restriction, - Remodeling of the photosynthetic
accumulation of TCA intermediates) apparatus (peripheral light-
- Photosynthesis (Fv/Fm, quantum harvesting antennas)
yield of fluorescence) - Proteome remodeling: glycolysis
- Nitrate assimilation and proteolysis of structural
- Fe-depended Reactive Oxygen proteins to compensate for
Species (ROS) defense (e.g., heme impaired nitrate metabolism in
peroxidase and superoxide amino acid synthesis
dismutase (SOD)) - Fe-independent ROS defense (e.g.,
tocopherol and dehydroascorbate)
and mitochondrial alternative
oxidase (AOX)
13. Geoengineering and Ocean
iron fertilization (OIF)
• The European Iron Fertilization Experiment (EIFEX):
- Enhancement of CO2 sequestration from the atmosphere via
eliminating the phytoplankton growth limiting factor, Fe
- Testing the “iron hypothesis” in the Southern Ocean as a
typical HNLC region (bloom were observed via satellite upon
continental and volcanic iron addition)
- Measurements at different depths were taken, pre-, during
and post-fertilization
- Chemical analysis of Chl, particulate organic carbon (POC),
nitrogen (PON), phosphate (POP) and biogenic silica (BSi)
concentrations (ratios indicated diatoms domination)
16. Concluding remarks
• Diatoms have a major role in carbon cycle and oxygen
production.
• Iron is crucial for growth, photosynthesis, respiration and ROS
response in diatoms.
• However, diatoms show adaptation to iron limitation.
• Ocean fertilization is a way for geoengineering depending on
iron hypothesis.
• Iron may be the limiting factor for diatoms growth, however,
silica may be a limiting factor for diatoms silicification and
division.
17. References
• Allen, A. E., Laroche, J., Maheswari, U., Lommer, M., Schauer, N., Lopez,
P. J., Finazzi, G., et al. (2008). Whole-cell response of the pennate
diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to iron starvation. Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,
105(30), 10438–43
• Smetacek, V., Klaas, C., Strass, V. H., Assmy, P., Montresor, M., Cisewski,
B., Savoye, N., et al. (2012). Deep carbon export from a Southern Ocean
iron-fertilized diatom bloom. Nature, 487(7407), 313–319.
doi:10.1038/nature11229
• Brzezinski, M. A., Baines, S. B., Balch, W. M., Beucher, C. P., Chai, F.,
Dugdale, R. C., Krause, J. W., et al. (2011). Co-limitation of diatoms by
iron and silicic acid in the equatorial Pacific. Deep Sea Research Part II:
Topical Studies in Oceanography, 58(3-4), 493–511.
doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.08.005
• The Friedrich Hustedt Diatom Study Centre:
http://www.awi.de/index.php?id=2366&L=0
• Diatoms and climate change – The use of diatom analysis in
reconstructing Late Holocene climate for Kigoma Region, Tanzania:
http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/Meeker.pdf
Editor's Notes
They are major players in marine food web, as they contribute with ≈40% of global oceanic organic carbon production per year (Allen et al., 2007). The are major contributors in global oxygen production. They are very important in terms of understanding phytoplankton evolution through secondary endosymbiosis as the reason behind their fitness. They live in seawater, freshwater and soil, eitherfreely or in an endosymbiotic relationship. So, it’s time now to know more about their structure and characteristics.complex, species-specific pattern in the structure of the cell-wall, composed chiefly of silica, can be extremely beautiful. Following death of the alga, the empty cell wall may be deposited in the sediments of lakes and oceans and be preserved as a valuable record about past environments and climate changes; as such they are important fossils for the reconstruction of millions of years of the Earth's history.
The map shows surface areas of the world's oceans in which we find high concentrations of nutrients but small amounts of phytoplankton