AIM To study the factors on which the self-inductance of a coil depends by observing the effect of this coil, when put in series with a resistor/bulb in a circuit connected to an AC source of adjustable frequency. APPARATUS REQUIRED • Enamelled copper wire R L

1. LIFE PROCESSES

2. Life is a characteristic that distinguishes
between LIVING & NON- LIVING

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING
ORGANISMS
Living organisms have following characteristics :
1. Molecular Movement.
2.Nutrition .
3. Respiration
4.Transportation .
5. Excretion .
6. Reproduction
7. Control & coordination
8. Growth & Development etc.

4. Virus is a type of
Acellular / Non –
Cellular organism that
are characterized by
NON – LIVING
structure outside the
cell
Virus does not express
molecular movement
outside the living cell
so virus is considered
as NON – LIVING
outside the cell .

5. Molecular movement is the
Basic property which describe
Virus as living or Non- Living

6. PROTO
N
NEUTRON ELECTRON ATO
M
BIOMOLECULE CELL ORGANELLE
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGANISM

7. All the biological processes
which maintain the living
state of organisms are
known as LIFE PROCESSES.

8. LIFE PROCESSES
NUTRITION
RESPIRATION
REPRODUCTION
TRANSPORTATION EXCRETION
GROWTH

9. DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
The DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM is a state in which the rates of forward and reverse reactions
are equal in a continuous manner and no net change occurs .

11. METABOLISM
Life on earth is dependent on CARBON based molecules .

12. The sum of all the chemical reactions occurring in a
living organism in order to maintain life is known
as METABOLISM .
Metabolism includes two types of reactions :
1. ANABOLISM : The sum of all the reactions which
produce complex products from simple
reactants known as anabolism , these reactions
use energy like in PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
2. CATABOLISM : The sum of all the reactions
which produce simple products from a complex
reactant known as CATABOLISM ,these
reactions release energy like in RESPIRATION.

13. 1.
2.

14. NUTRITION

15. Nutrition is the process of intake and utilization of nutrients by an organisms .
A nutrient can be defined as a substance which an organism obtains from its
surroundings and uses it as a source of energy for biosynthesis of its body
constituents , growth , development , synthesize protein and maintain HOMEOSTATIS
.
EXAMPLE :
EXAMPLE : EXAMPLE :
EXAMPLE :

17. Photosynthesis is the process by which all the green plants
and some other organisms like bacteria and euglena can
convert light energy into chemical energy with the help of
chlorophyll pigment , water and carbon dioxide .
REACTION

18. Photosynthetic organism trap solar energy and form ATP and
NADPH ( Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate )
By using ATP & NADPH formation of carbohydrates takes
place which serves as reserved internal energy.
STORED FOOD
1. STARCH ( PLANT)
2. GLYCOGEN ( ANIMAL)

19. STOMAT
A
Plants have tiny pores on their epidermal body surface like leaf and
young stem through which they obtain carbon dioxide .
Opening and Closing Mechanism of
STOMATA The opening and closing of the
stomatal pore is a function of the
guard cells .
They swell when water flows into
them , causing the stomatal pore to
open .
On the loss of turgidity , the guard
cells become flaccid leading to
closure of stomatal pore .

20. Subsidiary cells
Inner and lateral
Thick cell wall

23. 1. Thylakoid may present in the form of GRANUM
or singly .
2. Stroma lamellae connect two grana .
3. Chlorophyll is present in the thylakoid
membrane .

24. Mechanism of Photosynthesis
1. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
2. Conversion of light energy to chemical energy
and splitting of water (photolysis of water).
3. Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates

25. Desert plants absorb CO2 at night and form
intermediate product like MALIC ACID.

26. LIGHT REACTION /HILL’S REACTION
PHOTOCHEMICAL PHASE /LIGHT DEPENDENT
PHASE
1. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll .
2. Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and
splitting of water .
3. 2 electron and 1 proton is used for the formation
of NADPH.
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATIO
N
Formation of ATP is known as phosphorylation
and when energy come from the electrons
released during photolysis then this is called
photophosphorylation .

27. DARK REACTION /BLACKMAN’S REACTION
BIOSYNTHETIC PHASE /LIGHT
INDEPENDENT PHASE
1. OCCURS IN STROMA .
2. Dark reaction occurs through calvin cycle .
3. Plants have C3 OR C4 pathway .
4. The fixation of CO2 is catalyzed by RuBisCO
(Ribulose Biphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase )
In an experiment we use KOH for the absorption of CO2 and
IODINE for the presence of STARCH.
GLUCOSE is transported in the form of SUCROSE.
Plants absorb nitrogen in the form of nitrites/ nitrates

28. Heterotrophic nutrition
1. HOLOZOIC nutrition is also known as animal like
nutrition which have five step: 1. Ingestion 2.
Digestion 3. Absorption 4. Assimilation 5. Egestion.
LICHEN is a type of symbiotic nutrition between
algae and cyanobacteria or fungi.

29. Paramecium receive food by cell mouth /cytostome
and Egest it by cytopyge /anal spot .

34. NUTRITION IN
HUMAN
BEINGS

35. 1. The digestive system of humans consists 6-9 m
long digestive canal from mouth to anus with
glands like salivary gland ,liver, pancreas etc.
2. In small intestine simple food absorb by villi in
the mucosa layer and ultimately reach into
blood or lymph.
TEETH
1. Arrangement of teeth is called DENTITION .
2. Exposed part of teeth is called CROWN and
embeded part is called ROOT.
3. MILK TEETH are 20 and PERMANENT TEETH are 32
in number .

36. 1. Pre- molar (8) and last molar (4) are
monophyodont in number .
2. Permanent teeth appear around 12 years
3. Teeth have anatomically three 1. Enamel 2.
Dentine 3. Pulp
Cementum is the substance around the root that
holds the tooth in its socket .

37. Dental formula of some mammal
1. Man – 2123/2123
2. Dog – 3143/3142
3. Cat - 3131/3131
4.Cow - 0033/3133
HETERODONT – Different types of teeth
THECODONT – Attachment of teeth in socket
Upper incisors of elephant modified into TUSK.

38. Streptococcus
mutans
/Lactobacillus
acidophilus acting on
sugars produce acid
and damage enamel
cause tooth decay .

39. Salivary gland
Largest – parotid ( in front of ears )
Smallest – sub- lingual (below the tongue)
BOLUS is a form of food in mouth and CHYME is in
stomach.
GASTRIC GLAND
These are present in mucosa layer of stomach.
1. Mucus cell – protect from HCl.
2. Peptic/chief/ zymogenic cell – produce
pepsinogen.
3. Parietal /oxyntic cells – produce HCl and
Castle’s intrinsic factor which absorb
Vitamin B12 (extrinsic factor)

40. LIVER
1. Largest digestive gland .
2. Have two lobe with covering known as Glisson’s
capsule .
3. Bile juice contain bile salts ( sodium
taurocholate , sodium glycocholate, sodium
bicarbonate ) and bile pigments (bilirubin and
biliverdin)
4. Bile pigments produce from the destruction of
old RBC in liver and its accumulation is known
as JAUNDICE .

41. FUNCTIONS OF LIVER
1. Synthesis of vitamin A from beta carotene.
2. Storage of vitamin A,D,E,K and vitamin B12.
3. Production of heparin (anticoagulant) and
fibrinogen .
4. Synthesis of RBC in embryo.
Trypsinogen is activated by an enzyme
Enterokinase secreted from succus entericus.
Pancreatic lipase – steapsin
Peptidases - Erepsin .

45. RESPIRATION

60. THANKS