CONCEPTUAL EXPLANATION OF CLASSICAL THEORISTS.

1. Classical
Theorists
Presented by:
Muhammad Faizan Jamil

2. Karl Hienrich Marx
Born in Trier-Germany (1818)
Main Intrests: Politics, economics,
philosophy, sociology, labour,
history and class struggle.
Notable Ideas: Surplus value,
Alienation, chass struggle etc.
Influenced by Hegal’s philosophy.

3. The Dialectic approach:
Relationship between Explanation of Ideas in
various things the Material world

4. Human potential and its components
• In capitalistic societies it is too hard to realize
their potentials.
• According to Marx communism can provide
better opportunities for people to express
their potentials.
• The Idea of Power and need.

5. Capitalism vs Communism

6. • Objectification:
Human produce objects that means, the actual potential is
in the labor class that manufacture any product.
• Sociability:
Participation of people and nature to express humaness and
capabilities.

7. Alienation
Distortion of Human Nature caused by the Capitalist
Structure.
 A way to exploite labor class.
 Breakdown production process.
 People get separated from each other.
 An individual can not select any other productive activity
by their own Individual will.
 Labor has no practical value.
 Capitalists decide what to produce and how to produce.
 Labor is un aware of their contributions.

8. Capatalism - A two class structure
Bourgeois Proletariats

10. The structures of Capitalist society
• Social Structures also support the will of
Capitalists e.g Politics, Education, Religion etc..
o Commodities:
– Labor make products not for their selves, but for
the capitalist class.
o fetishism of commodities:
– Social relationships involved in production, not as
relationships among people.
e.g. Name of the product matters.

11. Reification
• A type of falseness thinking, that:
– Social form are natural, Universal and abslute.
– They think, social structures are beyond their
control and un-changeable.
• The concept of private property in Capitalist system.
• Drived from the labor of the workers.
• To control labor class.

12. Division of Labor
• Seperation of skilled force.
• Separate Individuals from commodities.
• Labor process is breaken down.
• Small contributions to final product.
• Workers lose control over
»Products
»Market

13. Cultural aspects of Society
False consciences:
Propagating and making the lower, marginalize
class believe that, laws and policies were
created to protect the rights of all, when in
reality they are the very instrument of
exploitation through which the poor are
controlled.
E.g. Political speeches

15. Scientific sociology:
The study of social facts
Studying social facts as things
The nature of society
Self-interest vs Collective-interest
An army of one

16. Societal transformation and social
cohesion
1. Traditional society
2. Modern society
Characteristics of traditional society:
oSameness
oSocial ties and relationships
oCollective conscience
oLittle individualism
oMechanical solidarity

17. Characteristics of modern society:
o Diversity
o Individualism
o Specialized division of labor
o Social interdependence
o The density of social interaction
o Organic solidarity

18. Suicide:
Suicide: A social fact
Types of suicides:
oAltruistic suicide
oEgoistic suicide
oAnomie suicide
Constraining forces
oFamily

19. Types of suicides:
Altruistic suicide:
o Social expectations
o Fail to meet those expectations
o Collective conscience
Egoistic suicide:
o Self-oriented
o Loosely bound to individuals
Anomie suicide:
o Societal upheaval
o Rapid social change and crisis

20. Religious and the sacred:
Religion: a social fact or social phenomenon;
concern with the sacred in society
Religion as institutionalized
Sacred things
Collective feeling of people are attached to
every sacred thing.
Soccer in England and Brazil

21. Religion and science:
Science and religion have independent
functions
Science provides knowledge
Religion provides action- the moral remaking

22. MAX WEBER

23. Sociology:
 Verstehen
Historical and comparative research
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of
Capitalism
(link between religion and economics)

24. The protestant-capitalism puzzle:
Difference between Catholic and Protestant
Ethic
o The reformation: Martin Luther
The protestant Ethic:
o Asceticism
o Time is money– Benjamin Franklin
o Expression of virtue
o Expansion of capitalism

25. Salvation and Predestination:
Calvinism:John Calvin:
Predestination
How to prove one’s salvation?
Does Protestantism created capitalism?
Individualism

26. Social Action:
1. Value-Rational action
2. Instrumental-Rational action
3. Emotional action:
4. Traditional action:

27. Power, authority and domination:
Power
Legal authority
Traditional authority
Bureaucracy
o Bureaucratic authority
o Charismatic authority

28. Social stratification
o Social status
o Status and class
o Political power
The value neutrality of science