This document provides an overview of topics related to media in the online age, including: the historical development of online media and how the internet has transformed media production and audiences; debates around the future of media; and concepts from cultural theorists like Marx, Gramsci, and Chomsky regarding media control and cultural hegemony. It discusses the media's role as the "Fourth Estate" and Chomsky's view that people are meant to remain isolated spectators rather than organized participants in politics.

1. Media in the Online Age

2. Topic Objectives For this topic you need to learn about the following, in relation to at least two areas of the media: The historical development of online media Examples of how media production has been transformed by the internet and broadband access (and examples of the media that have been untouched by these developments) The impact of broadband internet access on audience behaviour. The importance of media coverage and the role of the internet in accelerating this. Debates around the future of the media in the web 3.0 era.

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4. Cultural Theorists Marxist ideology Gramsci, cultural hegemony Chomsky, media control Fourth Estate of democracy

5. Cultural Hegemony Denotes the predominance of one class over another This represents not only political and economic control, but also the ability of the dominant class to project its own way of seeing the world so that those who are subordinated by it accept it as 'common sense' and 'natural'.

6. Karl Marx 1818-1883 Philosopher, political economist, theorist, revolutionary, exile Published Capital (1867), and The Communist Manifesto (1984)

7. Capitalism A social &

20. Fourth Estate For years, the media has been known as the Fourth Estate of democracy, working as a channel of independent communication between the Government and society – being the watchdogs of a representative country According to Goodwin’s Low Conspiracy – Government interference in the BBC (2005), when the BBC once indicated they were broadcasting potentially controversial material, the government quietly recommended those programmes be scrapped.

21. Fourth Estate Many people generally agree that the fourth estate has immense political and social power, thanks to the fact that the press can be used to shape societies while imparting news of note and commentary of interest. Because the fourth estate is recognised as such an important body, many nations have laws which protect the rights of the press, ensuring that citizens have access to reporting on matters of interest and of note.

22. Fourth Estate Many journalists attempt to cultivate an air of neutrality, focusing on reporting of the issues as they are so that people can judge the facts for themselves, while others focus on offering commentary and analysis from the perspective of a particular position. Journalists are careful as a whole to protect the integrity of the press, protecting sources, verifying information before publication, and using a variety of other techniques to convey a trustworthy appearance to the public, encouraging people to put their faith in the press

23. Chomsky : Media Control People have to be atomised and segregated and alone. They're not supposed to organise, because then they might be something beyond spectators of action. They might actually be participants if many people with limited resources could get together to enter the political arena. That's really threatening. Democracy was regarded as entering into a crisis in the 1960s. The crisis was that large segments of the population were becoming organised and active and trying to participate in the political arena.

24. Research Task Noam Chomsky: Media Control What are the key ideas? Thinking about… How has the internet allowed the ‘bewildered herd’ to take some control?