This document provides information about microscopy and different types of microscopes. It discusses: - The definition and history of microscopy from its Greek roots to modern developments like the electron microscope. - Key figures in the development of microscopy like Anton van Leeuwenhoek who made early microscopic discoveries in the 1600s. - The main types of microscopes including light/compound microscopes, electron microscopes, and their variations. - Details on simple and compound light microscopes, describing their basic principles, components, and how they work to magnify microscopic specimens.

1. HAFIZ
MUHAMM
AD
WASEEM
BA BA G
LAHORE

2. MICROSCOPY
UNIVESITY OF EDUCATION
LAHORE PAKISTAN

3. Introduction
• Word microscope is a combination of two Greek
words: micron …means small and scopos …means
aim.
• Microscope: it is an instrument for viewing objects
that are too small to be seen by the naked or
unaided eye.
• Microscopy: The technique of investigating small
objects using such an instrument is called
microscopy.

4. Historical Background

5. • 1931… Ernst Ruska build the first electron microscope
(Transmission electron microscope also called TEM)
• 1953…Zernike invented Phase contrast microscope and
received “Nobel Prize in Physics” for this invention.
• 1981…Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer develop the
scanning tunneling microscope also called STM.
• 1986…Gerd Binning , Quate and Gerber invented
Atomic Force microscope also called AFM.
• 1988…Kingo Itaya invented the Electrochemical
scanning tunneling microscope.

6. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
• Leeuwenhoek is the one who brought microscope to
the attention of biologists.
• In 1661 he discovered
Bacteria
Free living and parasitic microscopic protists
Blood cells
Sperm cells
Microscopic nematodes etc.
• He is the father of Microscopy

9. Types of Microscope
Microscope
Light
Microscope
Simple
Microscope
Compound
Microscope
Electron
Microscope

10. Types of Compound Microscope
• Bright field microscope
• Dark field Microscope
• Phase Contrast Microscope
• Differential Interference Contrast Microscope
• Fluorescence Microscope
• Confocal Microscope

11. Simple microscope

12. Simple Microscope Principle
• It is used to obtain small magnifications.
• Light from a light source (mirror) passe
through a thin transparent object.
• A biconvex lens magnifies the size of the
object to get an enlarged virtual image.
• It is normally used for the study of
microscopic algae, fungi and other biological
specimens.

13. Components of a Simple Microscope
• Simple microscope has 2 types of components
• 1. Mechanical Components
• 2. Optical Components
Mechanical Components:
• These components support the optical components
and help in their adjustment for focusing the object.
• It includes
I. Metal stand and
II. Stage

14. Metal Stand:
• It has a heavy base plate and a vertical rod fitted to
it.
• Provide support and stability to other parts of the
microscope.
Stage
• It is a rectangular metal plate fitted to the vertical
rod.
• It has a central hole for light to pass from below.
• Slide with specimen is kept on the stage.
• Slanting wings are also present in some microscopes,
these provide support for manipulating the object.

15. Optical Components
• These components are involved in passing the
light through the object (specimen) and
magnifying its size.
• The optical components are
• I. Mirror
• II. Lens
Mirror
• A Plano-convex mirror is fitted below the stage and
focuses surrounding light on the object.

16. • Lens
• A biconvex lens is fitted above the stage to a vertical
rod with the help of a frame.
• It magnifies the size of the object.
• By keeping eye above the lens a large virtual image
formed can be observed.
• For focusing ,the lens can be moved up and down
with the help of frame.

17. Compound Microscope

18. Principle
• A compound microscope works on the principle that
when a tiny object is placed beyond the focus of its
objective lens, a virtual, inverted and highly
magnified image of the object is formed at the least
distance of distinct vision from the eye held close to
the eye piece.

19. Ray diagram of a compound
microscope