Reflection on learning at Gonzaga University by Michael Naumann 2021
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Reflection on learning at Gonzaga University by Michael Naumann 2021
- 1. Reflection on Learning Listen Discern Decide ORGL 535 Gonzaga University Michael Naumann, Servant-Leader in training July 8, 2021
- 2. Purpose Reflection and Evaluation of what I have learned in ORGL 535
- 3. Underlying Theme Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam (A.M.D.G.)
- 4. What did I learn? The five point Examen: 1. Begin by praying for light. 2. Pray in thanksgiving. 3. Review the emotions of the day. 4. Choose one of these emotions and pray from it. 5. Look forward to tomorrow.
- 5. 1.Begin by praying for light.
- 6. 2. Pray in thanksgiving.
- 7. 3. Review the emotions of the day.
- 8. 4. Choose one of these emotions and pray from it.
- 9. 5. Look forward to tomorrow.
- 10. 6. Listening first and Servant-leadership.
- 11. Seeker’s Journey as Servant-Leader in Training • Practice Silence • Listen first • Exercise discernment • Make a decision based on Servant-consciousness
- 12. Resources (for those seeking a path to the sea)
Editor's Notes
- Reflection on Learning: “A seeker means that one has not yet found what he or she may be looking for” (Leider, 2010, p. 40). “The most difficult step, Greenleaf has written that any developing servant-leader must take, is to begin the personal journey toward wholeness and self-discovery” (Ferch, 2015, p. vii) “Everything begins with conscious choice by an individual who wishes to serve first” (Frick, 1996, p. 2). Reflection on self: I am a Seeker. I am a Servant-leader in Training. I am an enthusiast of being a lifelong learner and consciously made the decision to begin and continue on the journey.
- The purpose of this PowerPoint presentation is to evaluate the key takeaways that I’ve learned specific to silence, listening, discernment and decision making in ORGL 535 and to reflect on how I can apply these insights as a Servant-leader in Training. M4 assignment: Write/Produce: Understand, explain, and practice listening and discerning to facilitate servant-leading and decision making. Produce a minimum 10-slide PowerPoint that evaluates what you have learned in this course on listening, discerning, and decision making. Use the six steps of the Examen as a framework for the reflection. For the 6th step refer to the Servant-leader Dispositions Capacities and Skills (p. 2 of the course syllabus) (listening-first and related values and skills) form and relate what you learned about Servant-leadership from completing this course that might be beneficial to you in your future (3-5 statements). Evaluation is based on clarity, persuasiveness, and on an integrated understanding of the course materials and processes. All productions are to be presented in professional format, and include at least three references.
- Reflection on the course overall. Recognizing that as a Christian, Servant-leader in Training and as an Active-Seeker, the underlying theme of my ORGL 535 coursework and it’s future application are congruent with my pursuit of actions that are Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam (For the Greater Glory of God). “To live Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam is a way of being that permeates every thought, every deed, every action and inaction—all is contemplated and weighed, all for the greater glory of God. To live Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam is to lay claim to a legacy of “other-ness” that sets us apart and puts us at ease with any culture or people, A completely integrated other-ness that seeks to make all things whole, That approaches the liminal without hesitation, Finds God in all things, finds the Good in all things, and seeks to proclaim His glory in all that we do” (Ruiz, n.d., p.1). Author Sarah Drummond astutely notes, “within the individual decision-maker—namely, ourselves—we often discover that our behaviors do not match with what it is we say we want. And this in not just in the case of moral failings, but even in our most noble pursuits” (Drummond, 2019, p. 25). While I am mindful and pursue actions that are Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam, as I reflect on my past, clearly I have fallen short. I continue to maintain a high level of idealism, hope and desire to become a better version of myself, this course supported that intentional effort by generating greater awareness of the concept, and application, of silence, listening, discernment and their influence on decision-making. Further, this course included more Jesuit teachings and Holy Spirit references than all previous Gonzaga classes. I found the insights inspiring as I grapple “with the deepest questions about life” prompted by political turmoil and work-related stress (Izzo, 2008, p. 62). It was a welcome cognitive refresher that “the Spirit counsels our conscience toward the deep things of God (1 Cor. 2:10)” (Chenoweth, 2021, p. 17). Additionally, I found the consolation, false-consolation and desolation enlightenment beneficial and I was reminded that “we ought not to think our Christian status makes us impervious to [Satan’s] deception because Jesus himself faced challenges of mind by Satan in the desert” (Chenoweth, 2021, p. 18). I take heed of the warning that, “generally speaking, consolation is the work of the Holy Spirit and desolation the evil spirit” (Sparough, 2010, p. 62). In addition to this approach to life, one additional consideration that’s highlighted in What’s Your Decision is the note “Ignatius says, first, that we need to keep our end in mind. Our end is not professional success, romantic fulfillment, or self-actualization. Our end is God” (Sparough, 2010, p. 44). Additionally, “our end is union with God, and our decisions are means to reach that end” (p.44). These two cornerstones, A.M.D.G and keeping our end in mind, support an intentional decision-making process and “for people who have religious faith an important part of what is at stake for them in their decisions is their companionship with God. Because of their belief, the desire to walk with God” (Wolff, 2003, p. ix).
- Overview: This slide notes the five point Examen as outlined in What’s Your Decision: How to Make Choices with Confidence and Clarity (2010) that will be utilized as the framework for the reflection. The image is of Saint Ignatius of Loyola’s Vision of Christ and God the Father at La Storta, painted in 1622 by Domenichino Zampieri previously on view at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, now available for viewing here: https://collections.lacma.org/node/224587 “The Daily Examen is a technique of prayerful reflection on the events of the day in order to detect God’s presence and discern his direction for us. The Examen is an ancient practice in the Church that can help us see God’s hand at work in our whole experience” (Loyola Press, n.d., p. 1). “St. Ignatius thought that the Examen was a gift that came directly from God, and that God wanted it to be shared as widely as possible” (p. 1). “We’re invited to encounter God, express gratitude for the gift and gifts of each day, and to commit to make up for any mistakes we may have made” (Jesuits, n.d., p. 1). Additionally, St. Ignatius “considered it the most important thing a person could do each day” (Jesuit Resource, n.d., p. 1). It was designed “to help us become more present and disciplined to the experience of God in everyday living, and to encourage us to live more consciously in and of the presence of God in our daily lives” (Marquette University, n.d., p. 1). Through reflection and introspective prompts that encourage us to review our day with a Spiritual discipline and to contemplate God’s active presence in our daily lives, we’re guided that “regular practice of the Examen will make us more aware of the ebb and flow of consolation and desolation in our spirits” (Sparough, 2010, p. 66). Further, I learned that “reflection on our emotions can thus become a trustworthy tool for making decisions” (Sparough, 2010, p. 62). The Silence and Discernment modules were particularly useful at this time due to an offer for employment as it helped me to reflect deeply, think through the options and engage at a different level in praying for guidance. We’ll explore each point as we move forward in the presentation.
- Key Points: “Humbly ask God for the grace to see clearly” as “praying for light is always the first step toward making a good decision” (Sparough, 2010. pp. 63-64). “It is helpful to set aside a time for quiet reflection every day [emphasis added], even if this requires us to be more disciplined and organized” (Kiechle, 2005, p. 70). “Light in the Bible stands for spiritual illumination and truth” and “light also reveals what is hidden” (Jesusway4you, 2016). Additionally, in John 1:5 (Life Application Bible, 1991, p. 1869) we’re reminded that “the light shines in the darkness, but the darkness has not understood it,” this Biblical statement communicates that “the darkness of evil never has and never will overcome or extinguish God’s light. Jesus Christ is the Creator of life, and his life brings light to mankind. In his light, we see ourselves as we really are sinners in need of a Savior.” We have flexibility how and where we pray for light. “Prayer can be silent or vocal, sung or spoken, whispered or shouted. We can pray with formulas (like the psalms) or without them. We can pray alone or with other. If with others, prayer can be formal and ‘high,’ as in the church’s liturgy, or informal and ‘low,’ as in popular piety. We can kneed, stand, or sit; we can dance or express ourselves through other gestures” (Brackley, 2019, p. 233). Sardello shared the viewpoint that “Prayer, though, is not really ordinary conversation; rather, it is conversation that takes pace in an explicit way through the depth of the Silence. (…) In previous times, when ego-consciousness was not so intense, it was sufficient to ensure soul’s engagement by simply praying. Now we are much further away from soul life, and we must actively enter into it in a conscious manner” (Sardello, 2008, p. 112). Reflection: When I consider this first step, also known as movement, I’m asking for support, greater understanding and refined inner clarify from the Holy Spirit as I seek to better understand “the deeper truth” of my life (Sparough, 2010, p. 64). Praying for light is perhaps best when enveloped in silence so as to fully experience the moment. Robert Sardello advises that “as Silence becomes more an ongoing aspect of our lives, our perception of things of the world, and of others, changes from one in which we perceive surfaces to one in which we perceive the soul qualities of what is around us. We no longer have the impression that there are only things and persons in the world and that each thing or person occupies its own space, separate from what is next to it. Instead, we live in a fluid medium rather than a world of separate entities” (Sardello, 2008, p. 74).
- Key Points: Movement two, Pray in thanksgiving, refocuses our mind and heart on gratitude. As I reflect on this step, I’m cognizant that being grateful, and praying a “thank you” can be very challenging when it seems the day has spiraled downward, trauma is experienced or there’s been significant setbacks. Sparough reminds us that this step “puts our problems in perspective” (Sparough, 2010, p. 64). While journeying through this course, I was simultaneously reading Meditations by Marcus Aurelius and he makes reference to “everything is just an impression” by Monimus the Cynic (Aurelius, 2003, p. 22). As I think about the significant challenges of that time period, including Christians “who confessed to the faith were to be executed” it helps me personally to level-set my perspectives and impressions of the challenges I face relative to those who were here before me as well as those who are in much greater dire straits today (p. xiv). While Aurelius’ thoughts can be rather dispiriting, nevertheless, they hold truth and provide clarity about our limited time on earth (e.g. “Nature gives and nature takes away. Anyone with sense and humility will tell her, ‘Give and take as you please,’ not our of defiance, but out of obedience and goodwill” and “Bear in mind that everything that exists is already fraying at the edges, and in transition, subject to fragmentation, and to rot. Or that everything was born to die”) (pp. 136-137). My seven years in law enforcement also exposed me to extreme trauma and I consider daily how much I am thankful for compared to what I witnessed on the streets of Oakland. Kiechle’s guidance is fitting, “Many people find it easy to pray following a negative experience. However, the moment things are going well for them, they forget about God rather quickly. We should make efforts to thank God for the good things in our lives, to laud and praise him. Then our lives will be freer, more content, and more joyful” (Kiechle, 2005, p. 71). Reflection: Oh give thanks unto the Lord is how I start our family prayer prior to enjoying a meal and I’ve now incorporated that into my daily Examen, recognizing goodness beyond the mental “thank you for” script created years ago. Additionally, expressing gratitude and appreciation, as best I can, for the failures, challenges and hardships that have turned into life-learning growth and development experiences.
- Key Points: “Every day is filled with events and encounters and thoughts that trigger emotions. Reflect on these feelings” (Sparough, 2010, p. 64). Sparough and team note that “the feelings are more important for discernment than the events that cause them” (p. 64). Reviewing the emotions of the day supports greater discernment because “discernment includes an array of cognitive and spiritual tasks: seeing, feeling, intuiting, interpreting, verbalizing, communicating” (Drummond, 2019, p. 17). Sparough recommends that we reflect on the day’s modulations, specifically, positive and negative emotions and whether they’re minor or major emotions that we experienced. Sparough also guides us to “let the Holy Spirit guide” us in these reflections (Sparough, 2010, p. 64). “We must pay attention to our emotions, appreciate them, and take them seriously—even and especially those emotions that are unpleasant or undesirable” (Kiechle, 2005, p. 111). “When we listen to ourselves, we can increase our self-awareness and begin to understand why we behave the way we do” (Burley-Allen, 1995, p. 88). Reflection: Ask, “What is going on here?” (Frick, 1996, p. 38). My impression is this daily debrief would be an appropriate time to also ask self-directed, exploratory, questions about the events and emotions as part of the “seeker’s journey” for greater self-awareness and that can lead into exploring a deeper relationship with the Holy Spirit and God. Finding connections between events and feelings can unveil themes that presented during the day and where there’s opportunity for improvement. While noted in an article by William Byron on Group Decision-Making (n.d.) I found the questions applicable to the daily Examen as they are designed to explore emotions of the day (e.g. “How do I feel about the issue? What is the origin of that particular feeling? Is if from God, or not from God?”).
- Key Points: Sparough guides us to “choose one of these feelings and probe it deeply” (Sparough, 2010, p. 65). The Loyola Press guides us to “pray about it. Allow the prayer to arise spontaneously from your heart—whether intercession, praise, repentance, or gratitude” (Loyola Press, 2021). Sparough also advises after praying on this emotion to lean into “quiet and listen to God’s response” (Sparough, 2010, p. 65). As we learned in Silence: The Mystery of Wholeness, “Silence is prior to sound, not the cessation of sound” (Sardello, 2008, p. 8). “As we enter the mystery of Silence, its presence resonates throughout the fibers of our flesh, while extending beyond the flesh to the soul inwardly and to the cosmos outwardly” (p. 8). “By listening to our hearts we hear the hidden will of God” (Kiechle, 2005, p. 39). “Of course, during these quiet periods we may also become conscious of the dark elements of fear, disorderly thoughts and urges, hurtful experiences, feelings of guilt, crazy images, chaotic thoughts, and burdens carrier over from our past” (p. 69). Reflection: My understanding is that through this deeper examination we are seeking greater understanding of ourselves and to know the Lord Jesus more fully. This may also be the time to jettison a toxic emotion that is heavy on our heart, mind or spirit to foster calmness and internal serenity. Its also perhaps the time to consider personal areas of growth.
- Key Points: “The last step in Ignatius’s Examen is about looking ahead” (Sparough, 2010, p. 65). Consider the events and emotions and identify the “lessons learned” to better prepare us for the future (p. 65). One of the top ten characteristics of a Servant-leader as identified by Larry Spears in The Power of Servant Leadership (1998) is “Foresight.” Spears notes that it’s the “characteristic that enables the servant-leader to understand the lessons from the past, the realities of the present, and the likely consequences of a decision for the future” (p. 7). Spears also notes that foresight is “deeply rooted within the intuitive mind” (p. 7). Reflection: As I reflect on unfolding tomorrow, I’m reminded of Parker Palmer’s insights on the tragic gap that exists “between potentiality and reality, between the contents of the human soul and what’s possible in our social relations with one another” and the resulting tension that’s present “living in that gap” (Palmer, n.d., p. 1). Palmer suggests that “at the heart of servant-leadership (...) “is the capacity to hold the tragic tension between possibility and reality” (p. 2). As we envision the future and work in the gap, we’re reminded in Isaiah 41:10, “Don’t be afraid, for I am with you. Don’t be discouraged, for I am your God. I will strengthen you and help you. I will hold you up with my victorious right hand” (Wayfinding Bible, 2013, p. 788). “Ignatius reminds us that God is always there for us, even when we don’t feel a divine presence” (Sparough, 2010, p. 76). Silence in the present, plays a role in the tomorrow. “Silence is the medium that brings toward us a sense of our becoming, of our being within a field of destiny, and of an orientation from the future. Due to Silence, we are not simply the products of our past, the carriers and enactors of memory, nor the playthings of archetypal imagination. Our future, however, is not yet formed, not anywhere. The future is an open field of possibilities, and Silence is the Mother of possibility” (Sardello, 2008, p. 66).
- Key Points: Listening is a top ten characteristic of Servant-leaders, and as noted by Greenleaf, “only a true natural servant automatically responds to any problem by listening first” (Frick, 2011, p. 4). “Servant-leader listening requires a heightened sense of what Greenleaf called awareness” (p. 17). Frick notes servant leadership “requires listening to one’s self first, and nurturing an emerging complexity of integration” (p. 5). Along those lines, Spears mentioned in The Power of Servant Leadership, that “Listening also encompasses getting in touch with one’s own inner voice, and seeking to understand what one’s body, spirit, and mind are communicating” (Spears, 1998, p. 5). “Effective listening involves not only tuning in to others, but tuning into ourselves. Listening carefully to what we say and how we say it can teach us an immense amount about ourselves” (Burley-Allen, 1995, p. 6). In addition to listening to our inner voice, when listening to others, we’re that Servant-leaders “listen receptively to what is being said (and not said!)” (Spears, 1998, p. 5). Spears notes in Conversations on Servant-Leadership that Robert K. Greenleaf states “that the process of evolving as a servant-leader is founded upon a desire to want to listen to other, to listen more than speak, and he sees it as a very strong foundation for growth as a servant-leader” (Spears, 2015, pp. 80-81). In On Becoming a Servant Leader, we’re advised that “Everyone who aspires to strength should consciously practice listening, regularly” (Frick, 1996, p. 70). Reflection: While I’ve understood listening to be an important component of leadership in the past, ORGL 535 elevated this Servant-leader characteristic to a much higher level within my thought processes. Empathy, also a Servant-leader characteristic, can be facilitated by “empathetic listening” as its “overall focus is to listen from the heart, which opens the doorway to understanding, caring and empathy” (Burley-Allen, 1995, p. 14). The challenge is that “it almost seems that humans are not listening-oriented beings” (p. 22). There are additional environmental and internal dynamics that also impact our listening, these “filters” are “memories, images of the past and future, expectations, attitudes, the physical environment, beliefs, values, interests, strong feelings, assumptions, past experiences, and prejudices” (p. 45). These insights in conjunction with Mental Models learned in a previous Gonzaga course are helpful to more fully understand as a Servant-leader in Training.
- Key Reflection Points: Practice Silence “Commitment is the best place to start with Silence” (Sardello, 2008, p. 35). “Frequent reading and contemplation of the gospels in our daily lives and during extended quite times help us shape our lives in accordance with Christ’s image” (Kiechle, 2005, p. 119). Silence has its “favorite gathering places, such as the natural world, a forest, the mountains, the empty plains; the outback is thick with it. Other places of subtle congregation are cathedrals, caves, sacred sites, and cemeteries” (Sardello, 2008, p. 11). “Be able to withdraw into the silence, but do not turn off the current to the antenna so that you miss the signal that will bring you back in a flash” (Frick, 1996, p. 39). Listen First Frick notes that “we tend to believe that we must do something to solve a problem. Sometimes this is true. It is also true, in a Zen-like way, that the most useful thing one can do in may situations is to be a deep listener” (Frick, 2011, p. 12). “It is difficult to understand others until we learn to listen effectively to ourselves” (Burley-Allen, 1995, p. 82). Exercise Discernment “Discernment relies heavily on the Holy Spirit, to which all have access by virtue of God’s grace and our faith” (Drummond, 2019, p. 17). I learned in this course that “discernment simply means developing a taste for what’s good” (Anderson, 2018, p. 13). It’s “the ability to sort between a host of options and pick what is good. It carriers the idea of judging the merits of something, being able to distinguish between good and bad and what is best” (p. 24). Greater discernment skills “does not change the challenges we face; it changes our ability to face them” (p. 25). “Practicing discernment through light and darkness will obviously take time, but it will also teach us something about ourselves that will be very fruitful for our future, fruitful in terms of Life and Love” (Wolff, 2003, p. 56) “Discernment of God’s will is the act of distinguishing between options while consciously calling on God for assistance” (Sparough, 2010, p. 51). Make a decision based on Servant-consciousness Make the conscious decision, and practice, to listen first. Greenleaf, quoted in Greenleaf and Servant-Leader Listening (2011) shared that by listening first, a leader will then be “seen as servant first” and through disciplined practice will create an “automatic response to any problem” of being one who listens first (Frick, 2011, p. 5). “During the decision-making process, we would do well to ask ourselves what the core of the matter really is. In the long run, which values and goals—and they may be few in number—are actually involved in the decision?” (Kiechle, 2005, p. 112). “Even deciding when to decide can be a big decision. The ordinary everyday decisions regarding the many small things in life can also affect, form and shape us” (Kiechle, 2005, p. 11). “We should hold the life of Jesus, as described by the gospels, particularly close while making decisions. They way Jesus conducted himself, what he taught, how he dealt with human beings, how he demonstrated mercy and love: All these will become guideposts for our own conduct” Kiechle, 2005, p. 72). One of five themes that Greenleaf referred to when discussing the “servant as leader” was a “commitment to practice” (Spears, 1998, p. xi). It is my belief that practicing decision-making now within the framework of Servant-consciousness, whether in simulation exercises or real life will hone our skills and increase our capacity. Conclusion: “What are we about?” (Spears, 1998, p. 79) As I consider these key reflection points and how best to integrate into my leadership being, I’m reminded of Greenleaf’s statement about the “age of the development of human potential” and how [he mentioned “Institutional leaders” but I believe it applies to all leaders] “leaders everywhere will become importantly concerned with how people think and feel and act and grow” (Frick, 1996, p. 215). Maintaining awareness of this focus in conjunction with the initial definition of Servant-leadership will enable me through authenticity and persuasion to influence others to become Servant-leaders and Difference-Makers. Recognizing that organizations are “habitats for human beings” and that the “workplace is where people spend an incredible number of hours of their lives” my hope is that as an Oldster, I have influence on younger-seekers such that I can see their growth materialize within our organization and I can view how they affect positive change in society for the underserved before I retire (Ferch, 2015, p. 255). I’d like to take a moment to share gratitude for Robert K. Greenleaf’s work on becoming a Servant-leader and his global influence and on me personally. Greenleaf’s initial Servant-leadership definition is noted here: “The servant-leader is servant first. It begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve. Then conscious choice brings one to aspire to lead. The best test is: do those served grow as persons; do they, while being served, become healthier, wiser, freer, more autonomous, more likely themselves to become servants?” (Spears, 1998, p. 1). “What do I really want?” (Sparough, 2010, p. 98) I aspire to lead as a Servant-leader as defined by Greenleaf. This course has encouraged me to lean into silence more regularly, to listen more actively, to follow a more defined discernment process and to maintain a Servant-leader consciousness when in the midst of making decisions. Additionally, I desire to work for and with Servant-leaders. Big idea I am mindful of Greenleaf’s belief that “servant-leadership starts with the individual, so servant-leadership is not something that you can just bring into an institution, it is something that beings in the hearts of a least a core group of folks within an organization. Once it does that, it is sometimes capable of changing organizations” (Ferch, 2015, p. 90). I aspire to be part of the core group of folks and to support the “production” of additional Servant-leaders to perhaps minimize our “courting of disaster by our neglect” in many areas (Spears, 1998. p. 25). Much like Greenleaf learned the motto in his youth, I too incorporated it into my psyche and it was reiterated in the Coast Guard as their motto is Semper Ready (Always Prepared). Greenleaf and I were took to heart the Boy Scout motto of “Be Prepared” and based on his essays, I see it applies not only to our lives, but helping those whom we serve to also prepare for the future.
- “Seeking is a path to the sea” (Leider, 2010, p. 43). References: Anderson, H. (2018). All that’s good: Recovering the lost art of discernment. Moody Publishers. Aurelius, M. (2003). Meditations. Modern Library. Brackley, D. (2019). The call to discernment in troubled times: New perspectives on the transformative wisdom of Ignatius of Loyola. The Crossroad Publishing Company. Burley-Allen, M. (1995). Listening: The forgotten skill (2nd ed.). Wiley. Byron, W. J. (n.d.). A method of group decision-making. Loyola Press. Chenoweth, G. (2021). Everyday discernment: The art of cultivating Spirit-lead leadership. The Foundry Publishing. Drummond, S. (2019). Dynamic discernment: Reason, emotion, and power in change leadership. The Pilgrim Press. Ferch, S. R., Spears, L. C., McFarland, M. & Carey, M. R. (Eds.). (2015). Conversations on servant-leadership: Insights on human courage in life and work. Suny Press. Frick, D. M. (2011). Greenleaf and servant-leader listening. The Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership. Izzo, J. & Spears, L. C. (2008). The seeker’s journey. The International Journal of Servant-leadership, 4(1), 61-74. https://01win-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/1egj8nh/TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2222525766 Jesuit Resource. (n.d.). Resources for the daily examen. Retrieved July 3, 2021, from https://www.xavier.edu/jesuitresource/resources-by-theme/daily-examen-resources Jesuits. (n.d.). The Ignatian examen. Retrieved July 3, 2021, from https://www.jesuits.org/spirituality/the-ignatian-examen/ Jesuswayforyou. (2016). Bible signs and symbols: Light. Retrieved July 4, 2021, from https://jesusway4you.com/2016/03/18/bible-signs-and-symbols-light/comment-page-1/ Kiechle, S. (2005). The art of discernment: Making good decisions in your world of choices. Green Press. Leider, R. J. & Spears, L. C. (2010). Seekers anonymous: On being a seeker in the twenty-first century. The International Journal of Servant-leadership, 6(1), 39-47. https://01win- primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/1egj8nh/TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2220697185 Life Application Bible. (New International Version). (1991). Tyndale House Publishers and Zondervan Publishing House. Loyola Press. (n.d.). The daily examen. Retrieved July 4, 2021, from https://www.ignatianspirituality.com/ignatian-prayer/the-examen/ Marquette University. (n.d.). The examen of consciousness. Retrieved July 1, 2021, from https://www.marquette.edu/faith/examen-of-consciousness.php Palmer, P. (n.d.). Sadness as Moral Virtue. Ruiz, R. (n.d.). Living Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam. Retrieved July 4, 2021, from https://www.ignatianspirituality.com/living-ad-majorem-dei-gloriam/ Sardello, R. (2008). Silence: The mystery of wholeness. Goldstone Press. Sparough, J. M., Manney, J., & Hipskind, T. (2010). What’s your decision: How to make choices with confidence and clarity. Loyola Press. Spears, L. C. (2015). Larry C. Spears. In S. R. Ferch, L. C. Spears, M. McFarland, & M. R. Carey (Eds.), Conversation on servant-leadership: Insights on human courage in life and work. Suny Press. Spears, L. C. (Ed.). (1998). The power of servant leadership. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Wayfinding Bible. (New Living Translation). (2013). Tyndale House Publishers. Wolff, P. (2003). Discernment: The art of choosing well, based on Ignatian Spiritualty. Liguori/Triumph.