This document outlines the scientific method process. It explains that scientists first make observations and develop questions to investigate. They then form a hypothesis to predict outcomes and design controlled experiments to test their hypothesis. Scientists carefully observe and document results to analyze whether their hypothesis is confirmed or needs revision. Findings are shared with others to advance scientific understanding through verification and building upon each other's work. The key elements of the scientific method are observation, questioning, hypothesis formation, experimentation, analysis and conclusions.

1. By Sajjad Ahmad Awan PhD
Scholar TE Planning
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2. HOW WE LEARN
10% READ
20% HEAR
30% SEE
50% HEAR & SEE
70% DISCUSS W/GROUPS
80% EXPERIENCE
95% TO TEACH OTHERS
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3. What is Science?
 As a way to explore
nature
 As a subject to
understand the
secrets of the
universe
 As a long list of
facts to be
memorized
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4. The Nature of science
• Science is a process of finding
facts, laws, principles, and concepts but the
content does not represent science.
• Science is the quest for knowledge, not the
knowledge itself.
• The nature of science is to investigate through
experiences and then to logically explain the
data gained through those experiences.
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5. • How science teaching tends to differ
from other teachings?
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6. The Scientific
Method
A Way to Solve a
Problem
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7. What is the Scientific
Method?
• It is the steps someone takes to identify
a question, develop a hypothesis, design
and carry out steps or procedures to
test the hypothesis, and document
observations and findings to share with
someone else.
• In other words, it’s a way to solve a
problem.
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8. Scientific Method
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9. Everyday Science
Scientific Method
Observation
Hypothesis (prediction)
Test
Observe result
Revise hypothesis?
New test?
Scientific Theory
Car Repair
Engine won’t turn over.
Predict battery is dead.
Replace battery.
Engine now turns over.
Not needed.
Not needed.
Cars won’t work without
a fully charged
battery.
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10. Scientist have to take the
time to think logically when
they are investigating a
question or problem.
• They break things
down into many
steps that make
sense.
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11. Observation
• Using the senses consciously or un
Consciously to notice relevant details
• Identifying similarities and
differences
• Making measurements or comparisons
using appropriate instruments
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12. The role of instruments in
science
• Extend our powers
of observation.
• Can be used to
quantify our
observations
• Help achieve
condition and
perform
manipulations
necessary to make
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observations and

13. Scientists develop a
question, gather
information:
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14. Scientific Questions?
A question is considered scientific when, in
order to find the answer, people usually
go through these steps
• Make careful observations
• Set up an experiment and explore the
results
• Test their ideas through further
experiments
• Ask others to repeat the experiments
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15. Scientific Hypothesis
• It is a testable assumption, or
guess, often used to explain an
observed phenomenon.
• We never prove a
hypothesis….Confirm or fail to
confirm
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16. Prediction
• Prediction means attempting to say
what might happen without being able
to explain why (early stage)
• Relating to a previous experience and
explaining how a prediction is derived
from it
• Basing a prediction on a pattern on an
observable pattern
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17. The next step scientists
take is to create and
conduct an experiment to
test their hypothesis.
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18. Test/Experiments
• To test their hypothesis and
prediction, the scientist conduct the
test. All scientific tests need to
minimize the number of possible
conclusions. Often this is done by
running an experimental test
alongside a control test.
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19. Control/Experimental
• What is a controlled experiment?
• In a controlled experiment there is generally only
one factor being tested. It is called the
independent or manipulated variable. A control is
a test in which the independent variable is kept
constant in order to measure changes in the
dependent variable. In a control, all variables are
identical to the experimental setup—your original
setup—except for the independent variable.
Factors that are identical in both the
experimental setup and the control setup are the
controlled variables.
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20. • The dependent or responding variable is
the factor that is measured.
• There are at least two test groups.
• Control Group
• Experimental Group
• All factors are held constant.
• All factors are constant except the one
factor being manipulated (variable).
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21. A key to experiments is
observing what happens and
writing it down.
• Gathering information
or data and
documenting it so it is
readable and makes
sense to others is really
important.
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22. Once a scientist completes
an experiment, they often
repeat it to see if they get
the same findings and
results.
• This is really what we call
verification, or checking
things out to make sure
everything was valid and
will happen again and
again. SAJJAD A AWAN Y804346

23. Scientists share their
experiments and findings
with others.
• Because they share their
experiments and
findings, scientists can learn
from each other and often use
someone else’s experiences to
help them with what they are
studying or SAJJAD A AWAN Y804346
doing.

24. Conclusions
• Scientist can follow many paths in doing
science regardless of which path is taken,
the key elements are same as mentioned in
the figures.
• The results of test invariably lead to
further observations, questions, and
scientific hypothesis, meaning that the
scientific process can never have any end.
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25. The steps of the
Scientific Method are:
•
•
•
•
•
Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Predication
Experiment
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26. Scientific Method
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